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Analysis of grid performance with diversified distributed resources and storage integration: A bilevel approach with network-oriented PSO
No full textThe growing deployment of distributed resources significantly affects the distribution grid performance in most countries. The optimal sizing and placement of these resources have become increasingly crucial to mitigating grid issues and reducing costs. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is widely used to address such problems but faces computational inefficiency due to its numerical convergence behavior. This limits its effectiveness, especially for power system problems, because the numerical distance between two nodes in power systems might be different from the actual electrical distance. In this paper, a scalable bilevel optimization problem with two novel algorithms enhances PSO's computational efficiency. While the resistivity-driven algorithm strategically targets low-resistivity regions and guides PSO toward areas with lower losses, the connectivity-driven algorithm aligns solution spaces with the grid's physical topology. It prioritizes actual physical neighbors during the search to prevent local optima traps. The tests of the algorithms on the IEEE 33-bus and the 69-bus and Norwegian networks show significant reductions in power losses (up to 74% for PV, wind, and storage) and improved voltage stability (a 21% reduction in mean voltage deviation index) with respect to the results of classical PSO. The proposed network-oriented PSO outperforms classical PSO by achieving a 2.84% reduction in the average fitness value for the IEEE 69-bus case with PV, wind, and storage deployment. The Norwegian case study affirms the effectiveness of the proposed approach in real-world applications through significant improvements in loss reduction and voltage stability.Publisher versio
Enhancing energy efficiency in distribution grids through load profile-driven mutual displacement of transformers
No full textTransformers are one of the grid assets necessary for energy transmission and are considered highly efficient devices; therefore, they are not generally considered in energy efficiency studies. However, the number of transformers is significantly high in the distribution grid, which means they have a significant share in total losses. This paper proposes an optimization model for loss minimization through the mutual displacement of the transformers deployed within the same region by considering the load profile. This study examines sub-hourly loads collected from real transformers with various installed capacities. The results indicate that up to 3.9 MWh per year can be saved by mutually displacing the transformers. Furthermore, the possible limitations of mutual displacement in real-world applications, including lack of candidates, technical and operational challenges, and regulatory borders, are discussed
Dış iskelet tasarımının geliştirilmesi: geleneksel tasarımın karşılaştırmalı bir çalışması ve pasif bağlantı.
No full textThis thesis present a passive detachable brace design and evaluation aiming to minimize undesirable forces arising from the mismatch between human and exoskeleton joints. The main goal is designing a brace that increases comfort by decreasing forces on the users' limbs, by decreasing the slippage of the brace on the limb, and to introduce a novel safety system for the exoskeletons on the physical connection. In this context, the mechanical design is explained with decision criteria used to make the necessary safe connections between the human and the exoskeleton. Furthermore, the designed brace is compared with a traditional connection both in simulation environment and experiments which have been carried out on an exoskeleton. The results significantly show that forces on the human limb are reduced at least by a 11% in favor of passive joints on the designed fixation. Moreover, the brace center of pressure (BCoP), angular velocity of the brace around the limb, and jerk results demonstrate that passive joints can reduce the slippage of the brace on the limb.Bu tezde, dış iskeletler ve kullanıcılar arasındaki bağlantılar için pasif bir bağlantı tasarımı anlatılmaktadır. Bu tezin amacı, kullanıcının uzuvlarına binen kuvvetleri azaltarak konforu arttıran, bağlantının uzuv üzerindeki kaymasını azaltan bir bağlantı tasarlamak ve bağlantı seviyesinde dış iskelet için yeni bir güvenlik sistemi ortaya koymaktır. Bu süreçte, mekanik tasarım anlatılmakta, tasarlanan bağlantı, simülasyon ortamında geleneksel düz bir bağlantı ile karşılaştırılmakta ve bir dış iskelet üzerinde yapılan deney ile uygulamalı olarak karşılaştırılmaktadır. Sonuçlar, bir insan uzvu üzerindeki kuvvetlerin tasarlanan pasif eklemli bağlantı lehine en az %11 oranında azaldığını açıkça göstermektedir. Ayrıca, bağlantı basınç merkezi (BCoP), uzuv etrafındaki açısal hız ve ani hareket sonuçları, pasif eklemli bağlantının uzuv üzerindeki kaymasını azaltabileceğini göstermektedir
Çizge sinir ağı tabanlı zamansal derin öğrenme modelleri ile finansal varlık fiyat tahmini.
No full textMultiple financial asset price changes over time can be characterized by their complex nature and the interdependence between them. More traditional forecasting approaches may overlook the interdependencies among these assets, since they may not fully consider the spatial-temporal dependencies between them. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful tool for modeling complex relational dependencies across various data types, recently taking more attention for their remarkable performance in areas such as social network analysis and traffic forecasting. The high capability of GNNs is mainly due to their permutation-invariance, and local connectivity. However, their application in asset price prediction remains relatively unexplored. Here, we investigate GNNs' effectiveness in forecasting multiple financial asset prices jointly, specifically focusing on Foreign Exchange (Forex) and cryptocurrency markets. We employ two spatio-temporal GNN frameworks: MTGNN and StemGNN where both are recognized for their state-of-the-art performance in forecasting multivariate time series. Both models are uniquely capable of transforming time series data into graphs, and capturing both spatial and temporal dependencies. Both methods significantly outperform LSTM in predicting financial asset prices, especially in highly volatile markets such as cryptocurrencies. However, the performance difference between these GNN-based multivariate approaches and LSTM is less obvious for the Forex market which is less volatile than cryptocurrencies. The ability to model interdependencies between multiple assets both temporally and spatially is the main reason StemGNN and MTGNN outperform LSTM. Through a series of experiments and backtesting strategies, we assess the predictive power and profitability of these models in portfolio construction. Our code can be found at https://github.com/seferlab/temporal_gnn.Çoklu finansal varlıkların zaman içindeki fiyat değişimleri, bu varlıkların karmaşık doğaları ve birbirlerine bağımlılıkları ile tanımlanabilir. Geleneksel tahmin yaklaşımları, bu varlıklar arasındaki uzaysal-zamansal bağımlılıkları tam olarak hesaba katmadığı için, varlıklar arasındaki bu bağımlılıkları göz ardı edebilir. Çizge Sinir Ağları (GNN), çeşitli veri türlerindeki karmaşık ilişkisel bağımlılıkları modellemek için güçlü bir araç olarak öne çıkmış ve son zamanlarda sosyal ağ analizi ve trafik tahmini gibi alanlarda gösterdikleri olağanüstü performanslarla dikkat çekmiştir. GNN'lerin bu yüksek kapasitesi, özellikle permutasyona karşı değişmezliği ve yerel bağlantıları sayesindedir. Ancak, varlık fiyat tahminindeki uygulamaları hala yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, özellikle Döviz (Forex) ve Kripto Para piyasalarını ele alarak, çoklu finansal varlık fiyatlarının tahmininde GNN'lerin etkinliğini incelemekteyiz. Çok değişkenli zaman serilerinin tahmininde en gelişmiş performanslarıyla bilinen iki uzaysal-zamansal GNN yapısı olan MTGNN ve StemGNN'i çalıştırıyoruz. Her iki model de zaman serisi verilerini çizgeye dönüştürme ve hem uzaysal hem de zamansal bağımlılıkları yakalama konusunda benzersiz yeteneklere sahiptir. Özellikle Kripto Para gibi son derece değişken piyasalarda bu iki yöntem de finansal varlık fiyatı tahmininde LSTM'den belirgin şekilde üstün performans göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, GNN tabanlı çok değişkenli yöntemler ile LSTM arasındaki performans farkı, Kripto Para piyasasına göre daha az değişken olan Döviz piyasası için daha az belirgindir. Çoklu varlıklar arasındaki karşılıklı bağımlılıkları hem zaman hem de uzay boyutunda modelleyebilme yetenekleri, StemGNN ve MTGNN'nin LSTM'den üstün performans göstermesinin ana sebebidir. Burada, bir dizi deney ve geriye dönük test stratejisi aracılığıyla, bu modellerin portföy oluşturmadaki tahmin gücünü ve karlılığını inceliyoruz. Kodlarımız şu adreste yer almaktadır: https://github.com/seferlab/temporal_gnn
Unveiling placental development in circadian rhythm-disrupted mice: A photo-acoustic imaging study on unstained tissue
No full textIntroduction: Circadian rhythm disruption has garnered significant attention for its adverse effects on human health, particularly in reproductive medicine and fetal well-being. Assessing pregnancy health often relies on diagnostic markers such as the labyrinth zone (LZ) proportion within the placenta. This study aimed to investigate the impact of disrupted circadian rhythms on placental health and fetal development using animal models. Methods and results: Employing unstained photo-acoustic microscopy (PAM) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE)stained images, we found them mutually reinforcing. Our images revealed the role of maternal circadian rhythm disrupted group (MCRD) on the LZ and fetus weight: a decrease in LZ area from 5.01 (4.25) mm2 HE (PAM) to 3.58 (2.62) mm2 HE (PAM) on day 16 and 6.48 (5.16) mm2 HE (PAM) to 4.61 (3.03) mm2 HE (PAM) on day 18, resulting in 0.71 times lower fetus weights. We have discriminated a decrease in the mean LZ to placenta area ratio from 64 % to 47 % on day 18 in mice with disrupted circadian rhythms with PAM. Discussion: The study highlights the negative influence of circadian rhythm disruption on placental development and fetal well-being. Reduced LZ area and fetal weights in the MCRD group suggest compromised placental function under disrupted circadian rhythms. PAM imaging proved to be an efficient technique for assessing placental development, offering advantages over traditional staining methods. These findings contribute to understanding the underlying mechanisms of circadian disruption on reproductive health and fetal development. Further research is needed to explore interventions to mitigate these effects and improve pregnancy outcomes.State Planning Organization of Turkey ; European Commission ; Koç Üniversitesi Translasyonel Tıp Araştırma Merkezi ; Department of Physical Therapy, Western Michigan University ; TÜBİTA
Channel modeling for mobile airborne fso backhauling
No full textWith its high capacity and immunity to electromagnetic interference, free space optical (FSO) communication is positioned to be a key connectivity solution for airborne backhauling. In this paper, we consider a scenario where a fleet of high-altitude platform stations (HAPSs) follow a pre-defined circular trajectory and provide airborne backhauling to ground base stations. Unlike terrestrial FSO links that are primarily limited by atmospheric turbulence-induced fading, aerial links between a HAPS and a ground station are subject to fading effects induced by mobility. The instantaneous transmission distance continuously changes due to movement, leading to a time-varying atmospheric attenuation loss and geometric loss. These mobility-induced variations in the average received power effectively introduce a fading effect. In this paper, we present a statistical model for the aggregate airborne channel coefficient. First, we derive a probability density function (PDF) to describe the instantaneous changes in the propagation distances as a result of mobility. Then, we derive the PDF for the aggregate channel coefficient that includes both geometric losses and atmospheric attenuation. We present numerical results to corroborate our analytical findings and discuss the effects of several system and channel parameters on the severity of fading.TÜBİTA
Analysis of offshore wind turbine by considering soil-pile-structure interaction: Effect of sea-wave load duration
No full textOffshore Wind Turbines (OWTs) confront different types of environmental loads during their lifetime. One of the most significant loads is the cyclic sea-wave load which affects the OWT system during the approximate 25 years of design life. This lateral cyclic load can influence the response of the OWT system because of accumulated permanent displacement and excess pore water pressure generation in soil. This procedure can change pile-soil stiffness. However, the behavior of OWT and its foundations is mostly studied under short-term cyclic loading, and the effects of duration of the cyclic loads on pile-soil interaction and performance of the foundation are not well understood and documented. Therefore, there is a lack of guidance in codes for the duration effects of cyclic loads on the structural and geotechnical response of OWTs. In this regard, the current study considers the effects of duration of the cyclic loads on serviceability and performance of the OWT system by considering soil-foundation-structure interaction using a 2-D finite element method. The behavior of the OWT system is evaluated based on the internal forces and deformation of the monopile foundation, shear strain, and excess pore water pressure ratio in the surrounding soil. Besides, liquefaction susceptibility in the sandy soil layer at the vicinity of the monopile and its effect on the performance of the foundation is investigated. Finally, the results can provide guidance on estimation of the dynamic performance of the OWT system during long-term cyclic loads. They can be used to specify the need for consideration of the duration of cyclic lateral loads for the design of OWT structures
Optimization of fractal antennas for RFID and wireless communication
No full textThe required antenna design should have a small size, lower weight, and should operate in multiple frequency bands, have high radiation efficiency, and low loss in high frequency while considering the minimum cost. By adopting the fractal geometries to create antenna-radiated elements, the designed antennas have significantly improved antenna features. Firstly, a rectangular microstrip antenna is designed and analyzed for the Radio Frequency Identification system. The reducing dimension of the antenna is achieved using the third iteration of the Koch fractal, which is optimized using Ansoft/HFSS software. Considering the results, the proposed antenna operated a stable radiation pattern at 868 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 6 GHz. Secondly, the fractal geometry was applied to the antenna radiator. The two-sided, third iteration of the Koch fractal has been used to increase the electrical current path on the radiating element surface. The proposed antenna is printed on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and a relative dielectric constant of 4.4 is fed with a 50-ohm microstrip supply line. The resulting antenna dimensions are approximately 45 mm x 41 mm. The dimensions of the antenna have been determined by using the parametric study to be more efficient. It demonstrates that the antenna offers a multiband performance with many resonance frequencies, including many other communication services, as well as the current 2.4 / 5.8 GHz WLAN applications
Breaking the borders: gender dynamics in stem portrayals in turkish netflix series
No full textThis study discusses the intricate relationship between science, technology, engineering and mathematics field representation by the media and the science, technology, engineering and mathematics field in reality, centring on two pivotal inquiries: (i) How is gender within science, technology, engineering and mathematics portrayed in visual culture? (ii) How do gendered representations in visual culture impact science, technology, engineering and mathematics professionals? By scrutinizing two Turkish TV series featuring science, technology, engineering and mathematics characters, namely, S & imath;cak Kafa (Hot Skull, 2022, by Mert Baykal) and Yakamoz S-245 (Into the Deep, 2022, by Tolga Kara & ccedil;elik and Umut Aral), we assert that recent Netflix productions in Turkey showcase science, technology, engineering and mathematics characters in a less marginalized manner compared to mainstream series content. The study explores the intersection of science, technology, engineering and mathematics portrayals with actual gender experiences in the Turkish context. Findings show science, technology, engineering and mathematics professionals, particularly women, to be rendered invisible in being confined to gender-based definitions. Despite portraying male and female science, technology, engineering and mathematics professionals as equal and non-marginalized, male characters predominate in decision-making and implementation processes within many series. Furthermore, science, technology, engineering and mathematics professionals do not identify with their own character representations in media content, as they express through interviews. The study underscores there is room to challenge patriarchal norms, fostering more equitable depictions of science, technology, engineering and mathematics professionals, including women, to dismantle gender biases and foster inclusivity within science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields
Optik kablosuz iletişim sistemlerinin enerji kısıtları altında tasarım ve analizi.
No full textOptical Wireless Communication (OWC) is a field in communication that employs light waves (i.e.,Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), or Laser Diodes (LDs)) for wireless data trans- mission, and provides a Line of Sight (LOS) link with a capacity comparable to fiber optics and much higher than those that can be supported by Radio Frequency (RF) counterparts. In addition, since they operate in optical spectrum, they are immune to interference. Further- more, unlike RF links which require either area or link license for operation, no licensing fee is required in OWC communication systems. OWC encompassing sub-branches like Free Space Optical (FSO) and Underwater Op- tical Wireless Communication (UOWC). FSO uses laser transmitters operating at infrared wavelengths through free space. It specifically offers faster data rates, improved security, and cost-effective connectivity suitable for high-data-throughput applications and scenar- ios where physical cables or RF networks are impractical. UOWC addresses the limitations of RF and acoustic signals in water, facilitating reliable and high-speed communication for marine applications. In OWC systems, particularly in underwater and outdoor environments, energy effi- ciency becomes a critical design criterion due to reliance on batteries with limited capacity, requiring regular and costly recharging or replacement. This dissertation focuses on the significance of energy efficiency in OWC, specifically targeting airborne and underwater networks facing energy resource limitations. In underwater environments, Underwater Sensor Networks (USNs) are deployed for collaborative tasks such as pollution monitoring, ocean currents analysis, equipment con- trol, and mineral exploration. Sensor nodes are scattered throughout the marine environ- ment, and data is collected at a gateway node, typically a buoy or support vessel. Data transmission can occur through single-hop or multi-hop routes, with multi-hop transmis- sions posing the risk of disruptions from individual node failures. In the case of multi-hop data transmission, sensor nodes consume power for data relaying and routing. To address this, the dissertation proposes the utilization of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for data collection, eliminating the need for data relaying and reducing energy consump- tion. The proximity of AUV to each sensor node also decreases the power required for their own data transmission. However, AUVs face challenges like latency in data delivery and high-power consumption. The dissertation explores the implementation of efficient trajectories in AUV-assisted data collection within USNs. Furthermore, the dissertation introduces solar-powered AUVs to further enhance en- ergy efficiency in underwater environments. By incorporating solar panels, AUVs achieve longer endurance, cost-effective operations, and environmentally friendly solutions. We model the energy harvesting from the Sun considering different geographical locations, different days of a year, different times in a day at different depths and types of water in- cluding pure see, clear water, coastal water, harbor water to asses the energy harvesting made possible from the Sun in underwater environments. The research addresses the chal- lenge of charging batteries during the day and conducting surveys at night, presenting an optimal Three-Dimensional (3D) trajectory that maximizes energy harvesting and survey efficiency. In outdoor environments, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) present versatile and cost- effective solutions for communication networks. This study explores both fixed-wing UAVs and rotary-wing UAVs for backhaul connectivity, with a particular emphasis on energy- efficient approaches utilizing solar-powered UAVs. Specifically, solar-powered rotary-wing UAVs are investigated for their potential to enable efficient backhauling in cellular net- works, leveraging FSO technology. The dissertation introduces an altitude optimization problem aimed at striking a balance between energy harvesting and consumption. Addi- tionally, the research includes an assessment of High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) which is a specific type of fixed-wing UAVs operating at high altitudes in the stratosphere layer (17km-20km). The evaluation focuses on analyzing the energy harvesting and consumption aspects of these platforms. Additionally, to enhance the energy efficiency of airborne networks, laser power beam- ing is proposed to charge the UAVs/HAPs wirelessly. This technology is gaining attention due to its high efficiency and ability to transfer power over long distances. It involves using powerful laser beams to transfer energy to a receiver equipped with a photovoltaic cell that converts the laser energy into electricity. In addition to that, to further enhance the efficiency of OWC systems, Simultaneous Lightwave Information and Power Transfer (SLIPT) is investigated. SLIPT utilizes light intensity to transfer both power and data at the same time. By combining power and data transfer in the same OWC link, SLIPT has the potential to enhance the performance and lifespan of the backhaul link.OWC, iletis¸im alanında, kablosuz veri iletimi ic¸in ıs¸ık dalgalarını kullanır (yani, LEDs veya LDs) ve fiber optiklere kıyasla kapasitesi c¸ok daha yuksek ve ¨ RF rakipleri tarafından desteklenemeyen bir LOS baglantısı sunar. Optik spektrumda c¸alıs¸tıkları m ˘ udahaleye kars¸ı ¨ bagıs¸ıktırlar. Ayrıca, is¸letim ic¸in alan veya ba ˘ glantı lisansı gerektiren ˘ RF baglantılarına ˘ kıyasla OWC iletis¸im sistemlerinde lisans ucreti gerekmemektedir. ¨ OWC, FSO ve UOWC gibi alt dalları ic¸erir. FSO, serbest uzayda kızılotesi dalga ¨ boylarında c¸alıs¸an lazer vericilerini kullanır. Ozellikle daha hızlı veri hızları, gelis¸mis¸ ¨ guvenlik ve fiziksel kablolar veya ¨ RF agları uygun olmayan y ˘ uksek veri gec¸is¸i uygula- ¨ maları ve senaryoları ic¸in maliyet etkili baglantı sunar. ˘ UOWC, suda RF ve akustik sinyal lerin sınırlamalarını ele alarak, deniz uygulamaları ic¸in guvenilir ve y ¨ uksek hızlı iletis¸imi ¨ kolaylas¸tırır. OWC sistemlerinde, ozellikle sualtı ve ac¸ık hava ortamlarında, enerji verimlili ¨ gi, sınırlı ˘ kapasiteli pillere dayanma gerekliligi nedeniyle kritik bir tasarım kriteri haline gelir ve ˘ duzenli s¸arj veya de ¨ gis¸tirme gerektirir. Bu tez, ˘ OWC ic¸inde enerji verimliliginin ˘ onemine ¨ odaklanır ve ozellikle enerji kaynakları sınırlamalarıyla kars¸ılas¸an hava ve sualtı a ¨ glarını ˘ hedefler. Sualtı ortamlarda, USNs, kirlilik izleme, deniz akıntıları analizi, ekipman kontrolu¨ is¸birligi gerektiren g ˘ orevler ic¸in da ¨ gıtılır. Sens ˘ or d ¨ u¨g˘umleri deniz c¸evresine yayılmıs¸tır ve ¨ veri genellikle bir kapı du¨g˘um¨ unde toplanır, genellikle bir batık veya destek gemisidir. Veri ¨ iletimi tek atlamalı veya c¸oklu atlamalı rotalar aracılıgıyla gerc¸ekles¸ebilir ve c¸oklu atlamalı ˘ iletimler, bireysel du¨g˘um arızalarından kaynaklanan kesinti riskini tas¸ır. C¸ oklu atlamalı ¨ veri iletimi durumunda, sensor d ¨ u¨g˘umleri veri aktarma ve y ¨ onlendirme ic¸in enerji t ¨ uketir. ¨ Bu sorunu ele almak ic¸in tez, veri iletimi gereksinimini ortadan kaldıran AUVs kullanımını onerir ve enerji t ¨ uketimini azaltır. ¨ AUV’lerin her bir sensor d ¨ u¨g˘um¨ une yakınlı ¨ gı ayrıca ˘ kendi veri iletimleri ic¸in gereken enerjiyi azaltır. Ancak, AUVs, veri iletiminde gecikme ve yuksek enerji t ¨ uketimi gibi zorluklarla kars¸ılas¸ır. Tez, ¨ USNs ic¸inde AUV destekli veri toplama ic¸in verimli rotaların uygulanmasını aras¸tırır. Ayrıca, sualtı ortamlarında enerji verimliligini daha da artırmak ic¸in g ˘ unes¸ enerjisiyle ¨ c¸alıs¸an AUVs tanıtır. Gunes¸ panellerini entegre ederek, ¨ AUVs, daha uzun dayanıklılık, maliyet etkili is¸letmeler ve c¸evre dostu c¸oz¨ umler elde eder. G ¨ unes¸ten enerji toplamanın ¨ mumk ¨ un oldu ¨ gu farklı co ˘ grafi konumlar, yılın farklı g ˘ unleri, g ¨ unde farklı saatlerde ve saf ¨ deniz, temiz su, sahil suyu, liman suyu gibi farklı su turlerinde modellenir. Aras¸tırma, ¨ gund ¨ uzleri pilları s¸arj etme ve geceleri anket yapma zorlu ¨ gunu ele alır ve enerji toplama ve ˘ anket verimini en fazla artıran en uygun 3D rotayı sunar. Ac¸ık hava ortamlarında, UAVs, iletis¸im agları ic¸in c¸ok y ˘ onl ¨ u ve maliyet etkili c¸ ¨ oz¨ umler ¨ sunar. Geri baglantı ba ˘ glantısı ic¸in sabit kanatlı ˘ UAVs ve doner kanatlı ¨ UAVs’lerin her ikisini de aras¸tırır ve ozellikle g ¨ unes¸ enerjisiyle c¸alıs¸an ¨ UAVs’ler kullanarak enerji ver imliligi sa ˘ glayan yaklas¸ımlara vurgu yapar. ˘ Ozellikle, g ¨ unes¸ enerjisiyle c¸alıs¸an d ¨ oner ¨ kanatlı UAVs’ler, hucresel a ¨ glarda verimli geri ba ˘ glantı sa ˘ glama potansiyelini aras¸tırır ˘ ve FSO teknolojisini kullanır. Tez, enerji toplama ve tuketimi arasında denge sa ¨ glamayı ˘ amac¸layan bir yukseklik optimizasyon sorununu tanıtır. Ayrıca, bu platformların enerji ¨ toplama ve tuketim y ¨ onlerini analiz eden bir de ¨ gerlendirmeyi ic¸erir. ˘ Ayrıca, havadaki agların enerji verimlili ˘ gini artırmak ic¸in, ˘ UAVs/ HAPs kablosuz olarak s¸arj etmek ic¸in lazer enerjisi iletimi onerilir. Bu teknoloji, y ¨ uksek verimlili ¨ gi ve uzun ˘ mesafelere enerji iletim yetenegini kullanması nedeniyle dikkat c¸ekmektedir. Bu, g ˘ uc¸l ¨ u¨ lazer ıs¸ınlarını, lazer enerjisini elektrige d ˘ on¨ us¸t ¨ uren bir fotovoltaik h ¨ ucre ile donatılmıs¸ bir ¨ alıcıya kablosuz olarak iletmek anlamına gelir. OWC baglantılarının enerji verimlili ˘ gini artırmak ic¸in ˘ SLIPT kullanılabilir. SLIPT, hem guc¸ hem de veri transferini aynı anda kablosuz olarak iletmek ic¸in ıs¸ık yo ¨ gunlu ˘ gunu ˘ kullanır. Guc¸ ve veri transferini aynı ¨ OWC baglantısında birles¸tirerek, ˘ SLIPT, geri baglantı baglantısının performansını ve ˘ omr ¨ un¨ u artırma potansiyeline sahiptir.