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Liquid cooling of data centers: A necessity facing challenges
No full textThe evolving data generation landscape requires faster and more efficient microprocessors, prompting innovative manufacturing methods for smaller and faster transistors. Transistor congestion and rising demand for parallel processing are pushing the thermal design power of microprocessors well beyond 280 W, a limit for air cooling, and are expected to surpass 700 W by 2025. Consequently, transitioning towards liquid cooling is necessary. This article is intended to serve as a comprehensive roadmap to understanding this shift. It covers four major liquid cooling techniques: indirect water cooling with rear door heat exchangers, direct liquid cooling using water blocks or evaporators, single-phase, and two-phase immersion cooling. Indirect water cooling with rear door heat exchangers is a simple water cooling adaptation for reducing the power consumption of existing air-cooled data centers, but it faces the same limitations as air cooling for high-power servers. With enhancements such as reduced hot air leakage, active rear door heat exchangers, and deployment in locations conducive to free cooling, this approach could provide highly efficient data centers for the foreseeable future. Direct liquid cooling is well suited to meet rising thermal design power demands with the highest heat transfer coefficient report of 25 W/ cm2-K, using water-based manifold microjet impingement on die. Emerging technologies are new thermosyphon systems, on-die/on-lid refrigeration/impingement, two phase impingement, and on/in die microchannel cooling. Air cooling is still required for peripheral equipment in this method, adding to the complexity and power consumption. Immersion cooling has the potential of reducing infrastructure size by one-third of air cooled data centers. Single-phase immersion cooling, while the most simple to implement, is limited by the low thermophysical properties of the dielectric liquids, and lack of flow control mechanism. In contrast, two-phase immersion cooling faces significant challenges related to the use of engineered fluids with global warming potential, health hazards, and long term reliability.Auburn University Samuel Ginn College of Engineerin
Perceptions of Hungarian political elites of the EU's foreign and security policy during the war in Ukraine
No full textThe outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war as a geopolitical confrontation between the East and the West has necessitated a reconfiguration of the EU's global role and actorness and its foreign and security policy priorities. Such a recalibration necessarily involves defining how the EU is perceived by national political elites. Therefore, this chapter examines how Hungarian political elites perceive the EU's actorness and foreign and security policy priorities concerning the specific challenges of the Russia-Ukraine war. To this end, it conducts a critical discourse analysis of the minutes of parliamentary debates to consider statements uttered by elected members from both the opposition and the government within the Hungarian national parliament. The selected timeframe of the analysis covers the period from the outbreak of the crisis, 24 February 2022, to the Hungarian national consultation on EU sanctions against Russia, 15 January 2023.Publisher versio
DeepPTM: Protein post-translational modification prediction from protein sequences by combining deep protein language model with vision transformers
No full textIntroduction More recent self-supervised deep language models, such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), have performed the best on some language tasks by contextualizing word embeddings for a better dynamic representation. Their protein-specific versions, such as ProtBERT, generated dynamic protein sequence embeddings, which resulted in better performance for several bioinformatics tasks. Besides, a number of different protein post-translational modifications are prominent in cellular tasks such as development and differentiation. The current biological experiments can detect these modifications, but within a longer duration and with a significant cost.Methods In this paper, to comprehend the accompanying biological processes concisely and more rapidly, we propose DEEPPTM to predict protein post-translational modification (PTM) sites from protein sequences more efficiently. Different than the current methods, DEEPPTM enhances the modification prediction performance by integrating specialized ProtBERT-based protein embeddings with attention-based vision transformers (ViT), and reveals the associations between different modification types and protein sequence content. Additionally, it can infer several different modifications over different species.Results Human and mouse ROC AUCs for predicting Succinylation modifications were 0.793 and 0.661 respectively, once 10-fold cross-validation is applied. Similarly, we have obtained 0.776, 0.764, and 0.734 ROC AUC scores on inferring ubiquitination, crotonylation, and glycation sites, respectively. According to detailed computational experiments, DEEPPTM lessens the time spent in laboratory experiments while outperforming the competing methods as well as baselines on inferring all 4 modification sites. In our case, attention-based deep learning methods such as vision transformers look more favorable to learning from ProtBERT features than more traditional deep learning and machine learning techniques.Conclusion Additionally, the protein-specific ProtBERT model is more effective than the original BERT embeddings for PTM prediction tasks. Our code and datasets can be found at https://github.com/seferlab/deepptm.TÜBİTA
Sualtı kuantum anahtar dağıtım sistemlerinin derin öğrenme tabanlı optimizasyonu.
No full textThe rapid advancements on quantum computers with high computational capabilities have raised concerns regarding the use of classical cryptography methods. As we enter the era of advanced quantum computing, traditional key generation methods commonly used in wireless systems will encounter substantial security vulnerabilities. These methods rely on computational complexity assumptions, which render them susceptible to attacks by powerful computers. In contrast, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) technique leverages the principles of quantum mechanics, enabling it to provide a high level of security that is theoretically unconditional. One of the emerging applications of QKD is to provide quantum-secure communication in maritime missions, such as submarine-to-submarine communication, autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) data offloading, underwater sensor network (USN) data fusion, etc. In this study, we consider underwater QKD systems with time-gated single photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD) and present a comprehensive performance analysis and optimization. The main contribution of this research study is to investigate the quantum bit error rate (QBER) performance of the well-known QKD protocol, namely the BB84 protocol, with respect to different system and transceiver parameters in underwater channels. Our aim is to optimize the bit time and field of view (FoV) parameters in order to minimize the QBER performance metric. Through a meticulous analysis of the propagation delay and angle of arrival results, we determine the bit time and FoV, respectively, by striking a balance between the average number of received photons and background noise. Furthermore, our study provides critical insights into determining the optimal gate time in an underwater QKD system based on the optimal bit time and FoV to minimize the QBER. Given the inherent computational complexity associated with this optimization process, we identify the most influential transceivers and channel parameters that exert an impact on the determination of bit time and FoV, and utilize a deep learning model for the system optimization. We first perform Monte Carlo simulations for a subset of possible scenarios and train the deep learning model on them. Then, we use this model to extract the optimum values for possible underwater scenarios.Yüksek hesaplama kapasitesine sahip kuantum bilgisayarlarındaki hızlı ilerlemeler, klasik kriptografi yöntemlerinin kullanımıyla ilgili endişeleri artırmıştır. Gelişmiş kuantum hesaplama çağına girdiğimizde, kablosuz sistemlerde yaygın olarak kullanılan geleneksel anahtar üretme yöntemleri önemli güvenlik açıklarıyla karşılaşacaktır. Bu yöntemler, onları güçlü bilgisayarların saldırılarına açık hale getiren hesaplama karmaşıklığı varsayımlarına dayanır. Buna karşılık, QKD tekniği, kuantum mekaniği prensiplerini kullanarak teorik olarak koşulsuz bir güvenlik düzeyi sağlama yeteneğine sahiptir. QKD'nin ortaya çıkan uygulamalarından biri, denizaltından denizaltıya iletişim, AUV veri aktarımı, USN veri füzyonu vb. gibi denizcilik görevlerinde kuantum güvenli iletişim sağlamaktır. Bu çalışmada, su altı QKD sistemlerini zaman geçitli SPAD ile ele alıyor ve kapsamlı bir performans analizi ve optimizasyon sunuyoruz. Bu araştırmanın temel katkısı, su altı kanallarında farklı sistem ve alıcı-verici parametrelerine göre BB84 protokolü olarak bilinen QKD protokolünün QBER performansını incelemektir. Amacımız, QBER performans metriğini en aza indirmek için bit süresi ve FoV parametrelerini optimize etmektir. Çalışmamız, su altı QKD sistemlerinde optimal geçit süresini belirleme konusunda, optimal bit süresi ve FoV temel alınarak kapsamlı bir analiz sunmaktadır. Yayın gecikmesi ve varış açısı sonuçlarının dikkatli bir analiziyle, ortalama alınan foton sayısı ile arka plan gürültüsü arasında denge kurarak bit süresini ve FoV'yi belirlendi. Ardından, önceki adımlardan elde edilen uygun bit süresi ve FoV kullanılarak QBER'yi en aza indirmek anlamında optimal geçit sürelerini belirlendi. Bu optimizasyon süreciyle ilişkilendirilen hesaplama karmaşıklığı göz önüne alındığında, bit süresi ve FoV'nin belirlenmesinde etkili olan en önemli alıcı-verici ve kanal parametreleri belirlendi ve sistem optimizasyonu için derin öğrenme modeli kullanıldı. İlk olarak, olası senaryoların bir alt kümesi için Monte Carlo simulasyonları gerçekleştirildi ve bu simulasyonlar üzerinde derin öğrenme modeli eğitildi. Sonra, bu model su altı senaryoların'da optimum değerleri çıkarmak için kullanıldı
Higher-order moments of the elliptic flow distribution in PbPb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV
No full textThe hydrodynamic flow-like behavior of charged hadrons in high-energy lead-lead collisions is studied through multiparticle correlations. The elliptic anisotropy values based on different orders of multiparticle cumulants, v2{2k}, are measured up to the tenth order (k = 5) as functions of the collision centrality at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of sNN = 5.02 TeV. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 0.607 nb−1. A hierarchy is observed between the coefficients, with v2{2} > v2{4} ≳ v2{6} ≳ v2{8} ≳ v2{10}. Based on these results, centrality-dependent moments for the fluctuation-driven event-by-event v2 distribution are determined, including the skewness, kurtosis and, for the first time, superskewness. Assuming a hydrodynamic expansion of the produced medium, these moments directly probe the initial-state geometry in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Science Committee, project no. 22rl-037 (Armenia); the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation \u00E0 la Recherche dans l\u2019Industrie et dans l\u2019Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the \u201CExcellence of Science \u2014 EOS\u201D \u2014 be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010 and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, grant FR-22-985 (Georgia); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy \u2014 EXC 2121 \u201CQuantum Universe\u201D \u2014 390833306, and under project number 400140256 \u2014 GRK2497; the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI), Project Number 2288 (Greece); the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program \u2014 \u00DANKP, the NKFIH research grants K 124845, K 124850, K 128713, K 128786, K 129058, K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, and TKP2021-NKTA-64 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; ICSC \u2014 National Research Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, funded by the EU NexGeneration program (Italy); the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Education and Science, project no. 2022/WK/14, and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369 and 2021/43/B/ST2/01552 (Poland); the Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia, grant CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, ERDF \u201Ca way of making Europe\u201D, and the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigaci\u00F3n Cient\u00EDfica y T\u00E9cnica de Excelencia Mar\u00EDa de Maeztu, grant MDM-2017-0765 and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project, and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation, grant B37G660013 (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).
We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: SC (Armenia), BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF (Georgia); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MES and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); MHESI and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TENMAK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).
We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: SC (Armenia), BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF (Georgia); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MES and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); MHESI and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TENMAK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).Publisher versio
From loewner-captive hermitian diffusions to risk-captive efficient frontiers
No full textWe address the following problem: Can we construct a class of stochastic covariance processes that are bounded to evolve "between" a given pair of covariance-valued trajectories? We ask this question to solve a class of quadratic optimization problems that can compute what we call risk-captive efficient-frontiers encapsulated by a pair of efficient-frontier-valued boundaries, which allow for covariance-controlled optimal strategies and decisions. We first introduce a family of Hermitian matrix-valued stochastic processes on a partially-ordered convex cone restricted by a pair of time-dependent positive semi-definite matrices under the Loewner order. These captive matrices follow reflection or absorption attributes at their matrix-valued boundaries; never to break outside from their respective subspaces, albeit by retaining their stochastic fundamentals. We construct a Markovian subclass of these processes as solutions to stochastic differential equations by using spectral decompositions, where the eigenvalues are captive diffusions. We study various mathematical properties of these processes, apply them in solving the aforementioned class of optimization problems and provide the computational algorithm.Publisher versio
Social Security Institution's sanction authority against private hospitals in practice and its results.
No full textBu çalışma kapsamında Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu'nun özel hastanelere yönelik yaptırımı ve sonuçları incelenmiştir. Bu yaptırımlar; özel sağlık sunucusunun hak edişinden doğan kesinti, uyarı cezası, idari para cezası, faaliyet durdurma cezası ve sözleşme feshi/ruhsatın geri alınması olarak incelenmiştir. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu yaptırım yetkileri ile idari yaptırımlar açısından sorun, özellikle de hak edişinden doğan kesintilerde yaşanmaktadır. İdari yaptırımlar açısından Yargıtay kararları incelendiğinde ise, kesintilerin ya da hizmet aksamalarının yaşanmasındaki temel neden, acil hasta olmayanların 'acil hasta girişi' olarak gösterilmesidir. Ancak davalı tarafların idari yaptırımın iptaline ilişkin yargısal merci başvuruları; Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu'nun idari para, kesinti, uyarı cezası gibi işlemlerinin denetlenmesini gerektirmektedir. Ayrıca sağlık hizmeti verilmesini önleyen sorunların ortadan kaldırılmasını amaçlayan "idari tedbir" odaklı hukuki yaptırımların da "idari ceza" niteliği taşıması gerekir. Bu ise, hastanelerin kurallara daha çok uyabileceğini ve yasaların da caydırıcı olabileceğini göstermesi bağlamında önemlidir. Bu çalışmada ifade edilen konu üzerine öneriler geliştirilmiştir; idari yaptırımların hukuki işlevleri bağlamında idari-yargısal talepte bulunabildikleri ve cezalara ilişkin kesintilerin haksız işlem olması halinde iade edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu gibi yerlerin gereksiz işlemlerden doğan cezalardan kaynaklı idari ceza işlem sorumluluklarını alabilmeleri gerekmekte olup yargısal mercide bunun önemli olabileceği belirlenmiştir.Within the scope of this study, the sanction and consequences of the Social Security Institution for private hospitals were examined. These sanctions; The deduction arising from the progress of the private health provider was examined as a warning penalty, administrative fine, stopping penalty and contract termination/recovery of the license. The Social Security Institution is experienced in terms of sanction powers and administrative sanctions, especially in the deductions arising from the entitlement. When the decisions of the Supreme Court of Appeals are examined in terms of administrative sanctions, the main reason for interruptions or service disruptions is that non -emergency patients are shown as 'Emergency Patient Introduction'. However, the judicial authority applications of the defendant parties regarding the cancellation of administrative sanctions; The Social Security Institution requires supervision of the transactions such as administrative money, deduction and warning penalties. In addition, the "administrative measure" focused legal sanctions aimed at eliminating the problems that prevent health care services should be "administrative punishment". This is important in the context of showing that hospitals can comply with the rules and laws may be deterrent. Suggestions were developed on the subject expressed in this study; In the context of the legal functions of administrative sanctions, they could make administrative-aggressive requests and that the deductions regarding the penalties were returned in case of unfair proceedings. Places such as the Social Security Institution should be able to obtain administrative penalty responsibilities due to unnecessary procedures and it is determined that this may be important in the judicial authority
Accreditation and certification system for the protection of personal data in the light of GDPR.
No full textKişisel verilerin teknolojinin gelişimine paralel olarak hem çeşitlerinin hem de işlenme yöntem ve hacimlerinin gelişimi, bu verilerin bir süre sonra sadece kişilik haklarını koruyan hükümler veya cezai hükümlerle değil, kendine özgü bir mekanizma çerçevesinde korunmasını gündeme getirmiştir. Aynı zamanda teknolojik gelişime bağlı bu durum kişisel verilerin daha üst seviyede bir koruma altına alması gerekliliği düşüncesini ortaya çıkarmış ve kişisel veriler anayasalar kapsamında korunan haklar olarak anayasa hukuku kapsamındaki yerini almıştır. Türkiye'de Anayasa'nın 20. maddesinde yapılan değişiklik ile kişisel verilerin korunması hakkı bir anayasal hak olarak düzenlenmiştir. 2016 yılında yürürlüğe giren 6698 sayılı Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu ile de AB ve dünya düzenlemeleri ile uyumlu bir kişisel verileri koruma hukuku düzenlemesi benimsenmiştir. AB'de 95/46 sayılı Yönerge döneminde uygulamaları görülen "e-mahremiyet mühürleri" uygulamaları ile veri sorumluları, veri işleme süreçlerinde bir nevi sertifikasyona tabi tutularak, veri işleme süreçlerinin mevcut hukuki düzenlemelere uygun olduğu yönünde karineler meydana getirilmiştir. GDPR'ın yürürlüğe girmesinden sonra ise GDPR'ın akreditasyon ve sertifikasyona dair düzenlemelerinin yanı sıra bu düzenlemelere açıklamalar getirmek üzere, AB çapında kişisel verilerin korunmasında bir akreditasyon ve sertifikasyon sistemini yürürlüğe sokmaya dair rehberler yayınlanmıştır. GDPR'da yapılan düzenlemeler ve çıkarılan rehberlerin ardından, AB'de, kişisel verilerin korunmasında akreditasyon ve sertifikasyon sistemi, "EUROPRIVACY" adı ile çok yeni kurulmuştur.The evolution of personal data, both in terms of its types and methods and volumes of processing, parallel to the advancement of technology, has brought to the forefront the necessity for its protection not only through provisions safeguarding personality rights or penal provisions but also through a unique mechanism framework. Simultaneously, due to technological advancements, this situation has necessitated a higher level of protection for personal data, prompting the consideration of personal data as rights protected within the scope of constitutional law. In Turkey, the right to the protection of personal data was regulated as a constitutional right through an amendment to Article 20 of the Constitution. With the enactment of Law No. 6698 on the Protection of Personal Data in 2016, a personal data protection law compatible with EU and global regulations was adopted. During the period of Directive 95/46/EC in the EU, the "e-privacy seals" practices were observed, where data controllers were subjected to a sort of certification, indicating compliance of data processing processes with existing legal regulations. Following the enforcement of the GDPR, in addition to the accreditation and certification provisions of the GDPR, guidelines have been published at the EU level to provide explanations and further clarifications to these regulations in the context of personal data protection. Subsequently, in the EU, a system of accreditation and certification for the protection of personal data, under the name "EUROPRIVACY," has been newly established
Improving the explain-any-concept by introducing nonlinearity to the trainable surrogate model
No full textIn the evolving field of Explainable AI (XAI), interpreting the decisions of deep neural networks (DNNs) in computer vision tasks is an important process. While pixel-based XAI methods focus on identifying significant pixels, existing concept-based XAI methods use pre-defined or human-annotated concepts. The recently proposed Segment Anything Model (SAM) achieved a significant step forward to prepare automatic concept sets via comprehensive instance segmentation. Building upon this, the Explain Any Concept (EAC) model emerged as a flexible method for explaining DNN decisions. EAC model is based on using a surrogate model which has one trainable linear layer to simulate the target model. In this paper, by introducing an additional nonlinear layer to the original surrogate model, we show that we can improve the performance of the EAC model. We compare our proposed approach to the original EAC model and report improvements obtained on both ImageNet and MS COCO datasets
Effect of lateral displacement distribution on vehicular visible light communication
No full textThe availability of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in vehicle exteriors (i.e., headlights and taillights) enables visible light communication (VLC) to be used as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless access technology. Initial works on vehicular VLC (V-VLC) build upon the assumption that vehicles may have fixed lateral displacement with respect to other vehicles or with respect to the center of the lane. In fact, the vehicles do not stay at a fixed distance from the center of the lane while they are moving. Instead, they move left and right with a distribution known as a lateral displacement distribution (LDD), which is well represented by a Gaussian distribution. In this paper, we consider two vehicles following each other where the LDD of two traveling vehicles are modeled by independent and non-identically distributed (i.n.i.d) Gaussian random variables. We first derive a probability distribution function (PDF) for the relative displacement of one vehicle to another. Utilizing our derived expression, we further drive a closed-form BER expression for two vehicles following each other and investigate the effect of vehicular LDD on the error rate performance. We finally present numerical results to confirm our findings.European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST