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Interpretations on movement and affordances in the built environment
No full textIs it possible to discuss behaviour pertaining to movement and affordances depending on its potentials for social and physical reflections? To answer such a theoretical question, this study brings forward space syntax with its broader concepts and morphology studies in the building scale. Movement, whether it is guided or not, can be examined as a consequence of people’s interaction with the space, related to their activities of exploring, navigating, and also getting into a congruent relationship with it. This study aims to tackle three major discussions and their interrelationships. Firstly, affordance and syntactic relationship in relation to the nature of the movement through space; secondly the relationship between building programming and its behavioural occurrences, and finally presenting a dialectic discussion about human movement and building function through case studies of the authors’ previous works. Herein, the discussions on how movement occurs in spaces and how architecture and configurative conditions change the nature of the movement as well as how the behaviour patterns emerge in this framework are important. The main emphasis of this study is not only the configurational effects of the space on movement but also the various multi-layered movement that occur in space and change over time depending on behaviour settings. In the framework of the methodology, the presented case study sections on various building types reflect the outcomes of behavioural observations of various individuals’ movement which act as liberating outcomes where the discussions on copresence, encounter, and coawareness are crucial. Thus, it is aimed to gain insight into a comparative discussion between the behavioural and syntactic datasets related to typologies such as a hospital setting and an elderly institution where the movement is assumed to be more dictating as well as other typologies such as university buildings and exhibition halls where the movement is assumed to be more spontaneous. With this in-depth synthesis and discussion based on the previous case study findings of the researchers, it has been noticed that many variable situations can be observed in which behaviour settings are highly influential on movement regardless of the building program depending on people's age, professional roles, gender, and life cycles
Exploiting user-generated content for service improvement: Case airport twitter data
No full textThe study illustrates how airport collaborative networks can profit from the richness of data, now available due to digitalization. Using a co-creation process, where the passenger generated content is leveraged to identify possible service improvement areas. A Twitter dataset of 949497 tweets is analyzed from the four years period 2018–2021 – with the second half falling under COVID period - for 100 airports. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) method was used for topic discovery and the lexicon-based method for sentiment analysis of the tweets. The COVID-19 related tweets reported a lower sentiment by passengers, which can be an indication of lower service level perceived. The research successfully created and tested a methodology for leveraging user-generated content for identifying possible service improvement areas in an ecosystem of services. One of the outputs of the methodology is a list of COVID-19 terms in the airport context.Ministry of Education and Culture in Finlan
Apartman tipi konutlara ilişkin mantıksal bir argumentasyon: 1950 – 2020 İstanbul Feneryolu örneği
No full textThis study endeavours to demonstrate how spatial arrangement in the modernised Turkish apartment-type dwelling has evolved depending on infrastructural, legislative, technological, and social factors. The aim of this study is to shed light on the diversity in the spatial configurations of apartment-type dwellings in Istanbul between 1950-2020 and the relationship between syntactic transformations, semantic values, and the historical breaking points. It is explicit that the transformation in residential interiors is linked to social transformations as well as external factors. Housing policies in Turkey, industrialisation, standardisation and transition to mass production in construction materials, apartmentisation, modernisation in domestic life, change in family structure and their impact on the interior space are all taken into significant consideration in this study. Furthermore, in the theoretical discussion section, the meaning of space, society – space and the formation of dwelling are discussed. As a case study, the transformations in the spatial configuration of Istanbul-Feneryolu residences from the 1950s, when the first apartment type residences were seen in the neighbourhood, to 2020 are examined. External factors, which are the radical cause of the change in housing forms, were defined as the breaking point and divided the seventy-year period into 4 periods. These periods are 1950-1965, 1965-1980, 1980-2000, and 2000-2020. In analyses conducted with Syntax 2D software, mean isovist area, perimeter, compactness, circularity, radial mean, standard deviation, mean depth, and integration parameters are utilised. The dwellings are examined over four periods and three functional areas for each apartment, namely Living Area, Bedroom Area and Service Area. The relationship is established between the syntactic values of the functional areas and the infrastructural, legislative, technological, and social factors of the periods. One example of this is the living area gained a central importance in the plan scheme and became the unit where socialisation is highest. In the service area, a new unit, 'corridor', which is the only multipermeable unit in the planning scheme, emerged. Furthermore, with the increasing the importance of social spaces such as the kitchen, the syntactic values of the Service Area increased in general, except for the mean depth value. Due to land subdivision works, appropriate and rational plan solutions were produced in accordance with the land geometry. As a result of this, the bedroom areas became secondary units with high depth value, although residential users spend time individually in bedroom areas thanks to the introduction of heating systems, the internet, and smartphones. Briefly, this study scrutinizes the relation of syntactic transformation in the Living Area, Service Area, and Bedroom Area of the apartment type dwellings with the infrastructural, legislative, technological, and social factors.Bu çalışma, modernize edilmiş Türk apartman tipi konutlarında mekânsal düzenlemenin altyapı, yasal, teknolojik ve sosyal faktörlere bağlı olarak nasıl geliştiğini ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1950-2020 yılları arasında İstanbul'daki apartman tipi konutların mekânsal konfigürasyonlarındaki çeşitliliğe, sözdizimsel (syntactic) dönüşümler ve anlamsal değerler arasındaki ilişkiye ve tarihsel kırılma noktalarına ışık tutmaktır. Konut iç mekânlarındaki dönüşümün dış etkenlerin yanı sıra toplumsal dönüşümlerle de bağlantılı olduğu açıktır. Türkiye'de konut politikaları, sanayileşme, yapı malzemelerinde standardlaşma ve seri üretime geçiş, apartmanlaşma, ev yaşamında modernleşme, aile yapısındaki değişim ve bunların iç mekâna etkileri tez kapsamında dikkate alınmaktadır. Ayrıca teorik tartışma bölümünde mekânın anlamı, toplum-mekân ilişkileri ve konutun biçimlenmesi tartışılmaktadır. Bu tezde İstanbul-Feneryolu mahallesindeki ilk apartman tipi konutların görüldüğü 1950'lerden 2020 yılına kadar apartman tipi konutların mekânsal konfigürasyonundaki dönüşümleri incelenmiştir. Konut formlarındaki değişimin radikal nedeni olan dış etkenler birer kırılma noktaları olarak belirlenmiş ve yetmiş yıllık süreci dört döneme ayırmıştır. Bu dönemler 1950-1965, 1965-1980, 1980-2000 ve 2000-2020'dir. Syntax 2D yazılımı ile yapılan analizlerde ortalama eş görüş alanı (mean isovist area), çevre (perimeter), kompaktlık (compactness), dairesellik (circularity), radyal ortalama (radial mean), standart sapma (standard deviation), ortalama derinlik (mean depth) ve integrasyon (integration) parametreleri kullanılmaktadır. Konutlar, Yaşam Alanı, Yatak Odası Alanı ve Hizmet Alanı olmak üzere daire için üç işlevsel alan ve dört dönem üzerinden incelenmiştir. İşlevsel alanların sözdizimsel değerleri ile dönemlerin altyapısal, yasal, teknolojik ve sosyal faktörleri arasında ilişki kurulmuştur. Örneğin; Yaşam Alanı plan şemasında merkezi bir önem kazanmış ve sosyalleşmenin en yüksek olduğu birim haline gelmiştir. Hizmet Alanı'nda, planlama şemasındaki tek "çok geçirgen" ve yeni bir birim olan 'koridor' ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca mutfak gibi sosyal mekânların öneminin artmasıyla birlikte ortalama derinlik değeri dışında Hizmet Alanının sözdizimsel değerleri genel olarak artmıştır. Parselasyon çalışmaları nedeniyle arazi geometrisine uygun ve akılcı plan çözümleri üretilmiştir. Bunun sonucunda ve ısıtma sistemleri, internet ve akıllı telefonların devreye girmesi ile konut kullanıcılarının yatak odalarında bireysel olarak vakit geçirmesi, yatak odalarını derinlik değeri nispeten yüksek ikincil birimler haline getirdi. Özetle bu çalışma apartman tipi konutların Yaşam Alanı, Hizmet Alanı ve Yatak Odası Alanındaki sözdizimsel dönüşümün altyapısal, yasal, teknolojik ve sosyal faktörlerle ilişkisini irdelemektedir
SiameseFuse: A computationally efficient and a not-so-deep network to fuse visible and infrared images
No full textRecent developments in pattern analysis have motivated many researchers to focus on developing deep learning based solutions in various image processing applications. Fusing multi-modal images has been one such application area where the interest is combining different information coming from different modalities in a more visually meaningful and informative way. For that purpose, it is important to first extract salient features from each modality and then fuse them as efficiently and informatively as possible. Recent literature on fusing multi-modal images reports multiple deep solutions that combine both visible (RGB) and infra-red (IR) images. In this paper, we study the performance of various deep solutions available in the literature while seeking an answer to the question: “Do we really need deeper networks to fuse multi-modal images?” To have an answer for that question, we introduce a novel architecture based on Siamese networks to fuse RGB (visible) images with infrared (IR) images and report the state-of-the-art results. We present an extensive analysis on increasing the layer numbers in the architecture with the above-mentioned question in mind to see if using deeper networks (or adding additional layers) adds significant performance in our proposed solution. We report the state-of-the-art results on visually fusing given visible and IR image pairs in multiple performance metrics, while requiring the least number of trainable parameters. Our experimental results suggest that shallow networks (as in our proposed solutions in this paper) can fuse both visible and IR images as well as the deep networks that were previously proposed in the literature (we were able to reduce the total number of trainable parameters up to 96.5%, compare 2,625 trainable parameters to the 74,193 trainable parameters).TÜBİTA
Towards crutch-free 3-D walking support with the lower body exoskeleton Co-Ex: Self-balancing squatting experiments
No full textIn this paper, we succinctly present the hardware properties and capabilities of the lower body exoskeleton Co-Ex, which was developed to attain self-balancing and crutch-free walking support for those experiencing ambulatory difficulties in general. To provide full 3-D walking support while containing the number of required actuators, it includes 4 active joints per leg. Custom-built series elastic actuators enable the torque sensing and controllability at each joint, enhancing the robot’s physical interaction capabilities. While limiting the number of active joints minimizes the weight and energy requirements, the underactuated leg configuration increased the computational load. The preliminary squatting experiments revealed that Co-Ex may provide crutch-free 3-D movement support
A study on the use of urban spaces in historical environments through behaviour mapping and space syntax: The case of Mudanya
No full textUrban spaces which play a key role in the understanding of the historical attributes of cities are effective in the formation of the behavioural patterns of the citizens with their morphological and historical characteristics. Armistice Neighbourhood, located in the Mudanya district of Bursa, where Greek and Ottoman structures exist together, has an important role in its historical significance as a place of encountering where citizens engage through social interactions. The research which started with the hypothesis that the urban spaces in front of such monumental structures should be generating more behavioural patterns focuses on revealing the reasons behind the behavioural frequency of the citizens who use the urban spaces in Mudanya. In the study, it is aimed to investigate the factors affecting the usage of urban spaces that are in front of historical buildings and to understand the relationship between the behavioural data and syntactic data. The methodology of the research was conducted in two phases; first, behavioural maps were revealed through observations of the behavioural patterns of the citizens according to the specified criteria. Second, connectivity, integration, and visibility parameters were revealed through DepthmapX and examined whether there is any significant correlation between the behavioural and syntactic dataset. As a result, the behavioural frequency in front of the Armistice House, located on the coastline where visibility is high, was more intense. Despite the high connectivity of the street near the Uğur Mumcu Cultural Centre is located, where the visibility rate was low, the behavioural frequency was less intense
Effects of cultural processes on heterotopic spaces: The case of Bomonti, Istanbul
No full textThe cultural change model covers the cultural change processes and their effects on different spaces in the urban environment. Cultural processes constitute cultural change and may in turn alter the lifestyle of individual human beings and societies. The cultural change model for heterotopic spaces proposes that heterotopic spaces and their close environment physically change by the cultural processes that are taking place in the related society. A case study was conducted in the Bomonti region to obtain the cultural changes and their relations and effects on heterotopic spaces. The Bomonti beer factory which is defined as a heterotopic space in the region that functioned as cultural and recreational facilities, is the focus of this article. In 2015, the Bomonti Brewery was transformed into Bomontiada, which is a creative culture campus. A cultural change model based on observations were used in this case study at Bomontiada.Publisher versio
Actor-critic reinforcement learning for bidding in bilateral negotiation
No full textDesigning an effective and intelligent bidding strategy is one of the most compelling research challenges in automated negotiation, where software agents negotiate with each other to find a mutual agreement when there is a conflict of interests. Instead of designing a hand-crafted decision-making module, this work proposes a novel bidding strategy adopting an actor-critic reinforcement learning approach, which learns what to offer in a bilateral negotiation. An entropy reinforcement learning framework called Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) is applied to the bidding problem, and a self-play approach is employed to train the model. Our model learns to produce the target utility of the coming offer based on previous offer exchanges and remaining time. Furthermore, an imitation learning approach called behavior cloning is adopted to speed up the learning process. Also, a novel reward function is introduced that does take not only the agent’s own utility but also the opponent’s utility at the end of the negotiation. The developed agent is empirically evaluated. Thus, a large number of negotiation sessions are run against a variety of opponents selected in different domains varying in size and opposition. The agent’s performance is compared with its opponents and the performance of the baseline agents negotiating with the same opponents. The empirical results show that our agent successfully negotiates against challenging opponents in different negotiation scenarios without requiring any former information about the opponent or domain in advance. Furthermore, it achieves better results than the baseline agents regarding the received utility at the end of the successful negotiations.Scientific and Research Council of Turkey ; TÜBİTAKPublisher versio
On the optimization of underwater quantum key distribution systems with time-gated SPADs
No full textIn this paper, we study the effect of various transmitter and receiver parameters on the quantum bit error rate (QBER) performance of underwater quantum key distribution. We utilize a Monte Carlo approach to simulate the trajectories of emitted photons transmitting in water from the transmitter towards the receiver. Based on propagation delay results, we first determine a proper value for the bit period to avoid intersymbol interference as a result of possible multiple scattering events. Then, based on the angle of arrival of the received photons, we determine a proper field of view to limit the average number of received background noise. Finally, we determine the optimal value for the single photon avalanche diode gate time in the sense of minimizing the QBER for the selected system parameters and given propagation environment