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Basic psychological needs in relationships with parents and best friend and identity statuses among Turkish emerging adults
No full textThe present study a) compared emerging adults’ perceived basic psychological needs (autonomy, relatedness, competence) satisfaction (BPNS) in their relationships with their parents and best friends b) examined the links between BPNS and identity statuses (achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, diffusion) c) examined the links between each psychological need and identity statuses in each relationship. A total of 396 emerging adults participated in the study. The perceived BPNS in one’s relationship with his/her mother and one’s best friend was found to be higher than the BPNS with one’s father; further, the BPNS in one’s relationship with one’s best friend was higher than that in one’s relationship with one’s mother – but only among females. Structural equation modeling (SEM), conducted to examine the links between BPNS and identity statuses, showed that the BPNS in participants’ relationship with their friend was positively linked with achievement and inversely linked with moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion. The BPNS in one’s relationship with one’s mother was positively linked with achievement and negatively linked with moratorium. Higher BPNS in one’s relationship with ones’s father was linked only with higher foreclosure. BPNS in their relationships with best friends predicted four identity statuses. Competence was linked positively with identity achievement and negatively linked with the other identity statuses across the three relationships. Overall, findings underlined the importance of close friendships in the pursuit of identity and the satisfaction of the basic need for competence across the three relationships
Being a forestry labourer in the late Ottoman Empire: Debt bondage, migration, and sedentarization
No full textThis article examines the survival strategies of forestry workers and craftspeople in the late Ottoman Empire. Through the example of the Tahtacl, a semi-nomadic community specialized in lumbering in the forests along the western and southern coasts of Anatolia, it visualizes the adaptation strategies of forestry labourers in the changing economic and ecological environment of the Mediterranean Basin, which became warmer, less forested, and more integrated into regional and global markets after the mid-nineteenth century. Contrary to the generally accepted view that perceives the Tahtacl as a self-isolated, authentic clan with a static way of life, this article considers them a highly adaptive community that developed a wide range of strategies to earn their livelihood under intense commercialization in forestry and agriculture.Publisher versio
Human-centred performance criteria for adaptive façade design: Based on the results of a user experience survey
No full textIndoor environmental conditions have significant effects on the user, in terms of comfort, satisfaction, and well-being. Even though the façade is one of the main systems that shape the indoor environment, there is a lack of research on how it affects the user. In work environments, not only indoor conditions but also the daily interactions with the building's façade (i.e. opening a window, closing a window blind, or simply looking through a window) have a consequential impact on the user experience. In that respect, as a part of ongoing doctoral research, an international online survey study was conducted to investigate users' experiences in their work environments, related to the building's façade. The questionnaire was structured not only to understand the users' current experiences but also their anticipations in terms of a preferred user experience concept. Hence, portrays a perspective on the question: what do users want from the façade that they are interacting with, in work environments? This paper primarily presents the effects of the human factors on the preference levels of different user experiences and interpretation of the results leads to the determination of human-centred performance criteria for adaptive façade design.Istanbul Teknik Üniversites
Inclusive and differential cross section measurements of single top quark production in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at s√ = 13 TeV
No full textInclusive and differential cross sections of single top quark production in association with a Z boson are measured in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1 recorded by the CMS experiment. Events are selected based on the presence of three leptons, electrons or muons, associated with leptonic Z boson and top quark decays. The measurement yields an inclusive cross section of 87.9−7.3+7.5(stat)−6.0+7.3(syst) fb for a dilepton invariant mass greater than 30 GeV, in agreement with standard model (SM) calculations and represents the most precise determination to date. The ratio between the cross sections for the top quark and the top antiquark production in association with a Z boson is measured as 2.37−0.42+0.56(stat)−0.13+0.27(syst). Differential measurements at parton and particle levels are performed for the first time. Several kinematic observables are considered to study the modeling of the process. Results are compared to theoretical predictions with different assumptions on the source of the initial-state b quark and found to be in agreement, within the uncertainties. Additionally, the spin asymmetry, which is sensitive to the top quark polarization, is determined from the differential distribution of the polarization angle at parton level to be 0.54 ± 0.16 (stat) ± 0.06 (syst), in agreement with SM predictions.BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).
Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 884104, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy -EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" -390833306, and under project number 400140256 -GRK2497; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Program and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 (Poland); the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, grant CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, projects no. 14.W03.31.0026 and no. FSWW-2020-0008, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No.19-42-703014 (Russia); the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).Publisher versio
İnsan-etmen müzakerelerinde cisimleştirmenin etkisi
No full textWith the current advancement in artificial intelligence, intelligent systems interacting with humans are becoming more prevalent in our lives. One of the challenges is building socially intelligent agents who can effectively negotiate with their human counterparts. While designing such agents, it is essential to consider humans' bounded-rationality, emotions, facial expressions, arguments, and gestures. Apart from this, the perception of a physically embodied agent might be different from the virtually embodied one. It might influence human negotiators' decisions and responses. Accordingly, this thesis focuses on the effect of bidding strategy, gestures, and embodiment in human-agent negotiations where the human participants negotiate with a humanoid robot. Our experimental results show that taking the human opponent's bidding behavior into account while generating an offer improves the robot's negotiation outcome. Another important observation is that an agent designer should be careful while designing gestures compatible with the agent's behavior since the gestures may also negatively affect the negotiation result. Furthermore, the experimental results showed that the social welfare was higher when the negotiation was held with a virtual robot rather than a physical robot. We observed that human participants made more collaborative moves during the negotiation in the virtual setting compared to the physical environment.Yapay zekadaki mevcut ilerlemeyle birlikte, insanlarla etkileşime giren akıllı sistemler hayatımızda daha yaygın hale gelmektedir. Bu alandaki zorluklardan biri, insan rakipleriyle etkili bir şekilde müzakere edebilecek sosyal akıllı etmenler oluşturmaktır. Bu tür etmenleri tasarlarken, insanların sınırlı rasyonelliğini, duygularını, yüz ifadelerini, argümanlarını ve vücut hareketlerini dikkate almak önemlidir. Bunun dışında, fiziksel olarak cisimleştirilmiş bir etmenin algılanması, sanal olarak cisimleştirilmiş olandan farklı olabilir. Bu farklılık, insan müzakereci- lerin kararlarını ve etkileşimlerini etkileyebilir. Bu doğrultuda, bu tez, insanlar ile insansı robotların müzakere ettiği insan-etmen müzakerelerinde, akıllı etmenin teklif stratejisinin, beden hareketlerinin ve fiziksel cisimleştirmenin müzakere üzerindeki etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Deneysel sonuçlarımız, robotun teklif oluştururken insan rakibinin teklif verme davranışını dikkate almasının, robot için pazarlık sonucunu iyileştirdiğini göstermektedir. Bir diğer önemli gözlemimiz ise, beden hareketleri müzakere sonucunu olumlu etkileyebileceği gibi olumsuz da etkileyebilir. Dolayısıyla, etmen tasarımcılarının etmenin davranışına uygun beden hareketlerini tasarlarken dikkatli olması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca, müzakerenin fiziksel bir robot yerine sanal bir robotla gerçekleştirilmesi durumunda sosyal refahın daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sanal ortamda katılımcıların müzakere sırasında fiziksel ortama göre daha işbirlikçi yaklaşım benimsediği dikkat çekmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, katılımcılar fiziksel olan robotla beden dilini daha uygun bulmuşlardır ve robot etmenin daha insansı bir algı oluşturduğunu belirtmişlerdir
Plastik enjeksiyon prosesinde eksik enjeksiyon hatasının engellenmesi
No full textThe Plastic injection molding machine (IMM) has been one of the most preferred manufacturing methods since its invention and continues its development in parallel with the advancing technology. The demand for faster, better quality, and cheaper parts with improved quality output is increasing day by day. Manufacturers are dealing with quality errors in production while trying to meet this demand. The most common of these quality errors are the short shot missing injection error. The special mold investment, changing of part design, and usage of distinct plastic raw materials are carried out to solve this error. The most practical temporary action taken to prevent this error in production is to increase the raw material's weight by optimizing the process parameters. Unfortunately, all of these solution methods increase the product cost. This thesis aims to develop a system for preventing short shot quality failure without using a solution to massive increase the part's cost. Firstly, the finite element analysis (FEA) for the short shot quality defect in injection machinery molding (IMM) is performed via Autodesk Moldflow Analysis. The mold flow FEA model is verified in serial production. Then, IMM is integrated into manufacturing execution system (MES) and a quality control system with cameras installed at the end of the production line. The relationship between short shot quality defect and IMM critical process parameters extracted with data analytic. The model is generated and commissioned in the production line. The integration of each production line into MES and installing a camera measurement system can adversely affect industrial deployment sustainability. Therefore, a different approach is developed with in-mold pressure/temperature sensors. The production parameters affecting the short shot quality failure are determined via the data analytics. The goal is to produce the system in the ideal range in each cycle by giving feedback to the IMM according to the in-mold sensors' data during production. The main aim of this thesis is to avoid short-shot quality failure in plastic part production. The short-shot quality defect has not been eliminated in this study. However, it has decreased from 3.7% error rates to 0.82%. This dramatic reduction results in an overall 80% improvement in short shot quality failure without increasing product cost.Plastik enjeksiyon prosesi, ilk üretimde kullanıldığından bu yana en çok tercih edilen imalat yöntemlerinden biri olmuş ve gelişen teknolojiye paralel olarak gelişimini sürdürmektedir. Plastik parçalara olan daha hızlı, daha kaliteli ve daha ucuz talebi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Üreticiler bu talebi karşılamaya çalışırken üretimde kalite hataları ile uğraşmaktadırlar. Bu kalite hatalarından en yaygın olanı, kalıbın dolmaması olarak bilinen eksik enjeksiyon hatasıdır. Bu hatayı seri imalatta gidermek için özel kalıp yatırımı, parça tasarımının değiştirilmesi ve farklı plastik hammaddelerin kullanılması denenmektedir. Hata üretimde bu hatayı önlemek için alınan en pratik geçici eylem, proses parametrelerini optimize ederek hammadde ağırlığını artırmaktır. Ne yazık ki tüm bu çözüm yöntemleri ürün maliyetini artırmaktadır. Bu tez, plastik parçanın maliyetini artırıcı bir çözüm kullanmadan eksik enjeksiyon kalitesi önlemek için bir sistem geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. İlk olarak, potansiyel eksik enjeksiyon hatasının bölgelerinin tespit edilemesi için sonlu elemanlar yöntemi kullanılarak kalıp akış analizi yapan Autodesk Moldflow programı kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları üretimde denenerek doğrulanmıştır. Ardından plastik enjeksiyon makinesi ve hat sonuna kurulan kamera kontrol sistemi üretim yönetim sistemine entegre edilmiştir. Kritik proses parametreleri ile eksik enjeksiyon kalite çıktısı veri madenciliği ile istatistisel olarak ilişkilendirilip, seri üretimde devreye alınmıştır. Her üretim hattının sonuna kamera kurmak, plastik enjeksiyon makineleri üretim yönetim sistemine almak endüstriyel yaygınlaştırmayı olumsuz etkileyebileceğinden kalıp içi basınç/sıcaklık sensörleri ile farklı bir yaklaşım getirilmiştir. Data analitik sonucunda bulunan eksik enjeksiyona etki eden üretim parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda üretim sırasında kalıp içi sensörlerin verilerine göre plastik enjeksiyon makinasına geri bildirim vererek sistemi her çevrimde ideal aralıkta üretmek amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalarda eksik enjeksiyon hatası tamamen giderilememiştir. Ancak ilk durumdaki %3.7 rework oranından %0.82 seviyelerine düşürülmüştür. Bu azalma ürün maliyetini artırmadan eksik enjeksiyon hatasını %80 iyileştirmiştir
Search for resonances decaying to three W bosons in proton-proton collisions at √s =13 TeV
No full textA search for resonances decaying into a W boson and a radion, where the radion decays into two W bosons, is presented. The data analyzed correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb-1 recorded in proton-proton collisions with the CMS detector at s=13 TeV. One isolated charged lepton is required, together with missing transverse momentum and one or two massive large-radius jets, containing the decay products of either two or one W bosons, respectively. No excess over the background estimation is observed. The results are combined with those from a complementary channel with an all-hadronic final state, described in an accompanying paper. Limits are set on parameters of an extended warped extra-dimensional model. These searches are the first of their kind at the LHC.BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MOSTR (SriLanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).Publisher versio
Seismic performance assessment of concentrically braced steel frames designed to the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018
No full textThe Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC 2018) came into force in 2019 and superseded the previous code, the Turkish Earthquake Code 2007 (TEC 2007). Compared to TEC 2007, TBEC 2018 includes new design approaches as well as significant changes in the design of steel structures which are likely to notably affect the seismic design and performance of concentrically braced frames (CBFs). This study aims to quantify the seismic performance of CBFs designed to TBEC 2018. To this end, a set of archetypes was designed, covering a wide range of building heights, bay widths, and seismic hazard levels. Nonlinear numerical models of the archetype buildings were built to perform nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. The seismic performance assessment framework outlined in FEMA P-695 was adopted. The effects of build height, bay width, and seismic hazard levels were investigated and reported. The results of the study revealed that CBFs located in moderate-seismic regions showed acceptable performance while CBFs designed to TBEC 2018 performed poorly in high-seismic regions.Ozyegin University ; Texas Advanced Computing Cente
Evidence for WW/WZ vector boson scattering in the decay channel ℓνqq produced in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeVeV
No full textEvidence is reported for electroweak (EW) vector boson scattering in the decay channel ℓνqq of two weak vector bosons WV (V=W or Z), produced in association with two parton jets. The search uses a data set of proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV collected with the CMS detector during 2016–2018 with an integrated luminosity of 138fb−1. Events are selected requiring one lepton (electron or muon), moderate missing transverse momentum, two jets with a large pseudorapidity separation and a large dijet invariant mass, and a signature consistent with the hadronic decay of a W/Z boson. The cross section is computed in a fiducial phase space defined at parton level requiring all parton transverse momenta pT>10GeV and at least one pair of outgoing partons with invariant mass mqq>100GeV. The measured and expected EW WV production cross sections are 1.90−0.46+0.53 pb and 2.23−0.11+0.08(scale)±0.05(PDF) pb, respectively, where PDF is the parton distribution function. The observed EW signal strength is μEW=0.85±0.12(stat)−0.17+0.19(syst), corresponding to a signal significance of 4.4 standard deviations with 5.1 expected, and it is measured keeping the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) associated diboson production fixed to the standard model prediction. This is the first evidence of vector boson scattering in the ℓνqq decay channel at LHC. The simultaneous measurement of the EW and QCD associated diboson production agrees with the standard model prediction.BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, ROSATOM, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AE and PCTI (Spain); MoSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie -Curie Program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 884104, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy -EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" 390833306, and under project number 400140256 -GRK2497; the Lendtilet ("Momentum") Prog ram and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 (Poland); the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, grant CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, projects no. 14.W03.31.0026 and no. FSWW-2020-0008, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 19-42703014 (Russia); MCIN/AEI/10.
13039/501100011033, ERDF "a way of making Europe", and the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigation Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2017-0765 and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).Publisher versio
Capacitated assortment planning of a multi-location system under transshipments
No full textWe analyze a joint assortment optimization problem for multiple locations of a firm, where each of those locations has an assortment capacity. When one location does not keep a product in its assortment, it transships the requested product from another location when needed. If this is not possible, then demand may be fulfilled by a substitutable (second choice) product from the current location or another demand location through transshipment. We show that the resulting assortment planning problem is NP-complete. We provide structural properties of the optimal assortments that would simplify and speed up the search for the optimal solution. We specifically obtain the optimal product assortment in polynomial time when no substitutions are present. When both transshipments and substitutions are considered, the products adopted by all locations form a common assortment that includes the most popular products among customers, i.e., a popular set, which may not be valid for the individual assortment of each location. We derive an upper limit on customers' substitution probability for each location, such that at optimality, the location's capacity is utilized in full when the substitution probability is below this threshold value. Moreover, we show that when all locations have the same assortment capacity, utilizing theirs to the maximum reduces costly transshipment opportunities. Extensive numerical analyses are also conducted that illustrate the sensitivity of the optimal assortments to system characteristics and the benefits of allowing transshipment and demand substitution in multi-location assortment planning