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Optimal battery sizing & dispatch model for transformer loss reduction: A new local service
No full textThe possible services of batteries are expanding within the scope of transforming electricity networks. In this study, the potential of batteries to increase transformer efficiency is revealed. It is aimed to maximize the transformer efficiency depending on the demand and the installed power of the transformer. Based on this aim, optimization algorithms that can decide on the optimal battery size are developed. The daily charge-discharge cycle of the battery within the scope of transformer efficiency is explained. According to the pilot site studies carried out, up to 22% efficiency increase potential is discovered in a transformer with the battery. Considering this potential, the use of batteries to support transformer efficiency is recommended as a new local service concept
Aile bağlamında ergenlik dönemi temel kişisel ihtiyaçların karşılanması ile çatışma çözme stilleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
No full textIn light of the self-determination theory (SDT) the aim of the present study was to test a mediational model in which the associations between the gratification of basic psychological needs (GBPN; autonomy, relatedness, and competence) in relationship with one's mother and father and adolescents' conflict resolution styles (positive problem solving, conflict engagement, withdrawal, and compliance) through disclosure to and secrecy from parents are examined. A cross-sectional data was derived from adolescents (N= 1605; 59,3% girls and 40,4% boys; M=15.03, SD= 1.50; range = 11 - 19 years). They were Turkish adolescents from nine different public schools in different districts of İstanbul, Turkey. Direct and indirect links between the perceived gratification of basic psychological needs and conflict resolution styles were examined using a path analysis with a bootstrapping approach (with 2500 bootstrapped samples), and significant associations were reported. In general, results indicated that as GBPN in relationship with each parent increases, adolescents tend to share more information about their personal life, feelings, and thoughts with their parents, to hide less information from them, and they tend to utilize more positive conflict resolution strategies (e.g., positive problem solving) when managing conflict with parents.Öz-belirleme kuramı temel alınarak gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın amacı, ergenlerin anne ve babaları ile ilişkilerinde temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların karşılanması (TPİ; özerklik, yakınlık ve yetkinlik) ile çatışma çözme stilleri (problem çözme, uyum gösterme, çatışmaya girme ve iletişimi kesme) arasındaki ilişkiyi ergenlerin anne ve babalarına bilgi açıklama ile sır saklama aracılığıyla test etmektir. Çalışmanın örneklemi İstanbul'un dokuz farklı bölgesindeki devlet okullarından öğrenim gören 1605 ergenden (%59,3 kız ve %40,4 erkek; M= 15.03, SD= 1.50; aralık = 11 - 19 yaş) oluşmaktadır. Yol analizi kullanılarak ergenlerin anne ve babaları ile ilişkilerinde algılanan temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların karşılanması ile çatışma çözme stilleri arasındaki istatistiksel olarak anlamlı doğrudan ve dolaylı bağlantılar tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, ergenlerin anne ve babaları ile ilişkilerinde temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların karşılanma düzeyi arttıkça ebeveynleri ile özel yaşamları, duygu ve düşünceleri hakkında daha çok bilgi paylaştıklarını, anne ve babalarından daha az sır sakladıklarını, ve çatışma sırasında daha olumlu çözüm stilleri (örn., problem çözme) tercih ettiklerini göstermiştir
Makerspace'lerin sosyal inovasyona katkısının araştırılması
No full textMakerspaces are workshop areas or programs where communities or/ individuals collaborate together, share knowledge in an open source way, and produce products fast with an easy access to fabrication tools. According to my argumentation, makerspaces create a fertile atmosphere for social innovation by lowering the barriers in access to knowledge and tools and by improving the dialogue among various actors from different sectors. In this Masters Thesis study, I aim to discover in which ways makerspaces contribute to social innovation process. 4 makerspaces, established in Turkey, which are the pioneers of the Maker Movement in the region were chosen for case studies. The organizational models and diffusion models of these makerspaces are examined and the cross-case analysis of these makerspaces are discussed with the social innovation literature. As the studies on social innovation are still in early stages, this research aims to understand how social innovation is being practiced in the real world through makerspaces while contributing to the social innovation studies.Maker atölyeler, komünite ve/ya bireylerin işbirliği yaptığı, açık kaynak ile bilgi paylaştığı ve üretim araçlarına kolay erişim sağlayarak hızlı bir şekilde ürün üretebildikleri atölye alanları veya programlardır. Hipotezime göre, maker atölyeler bilgiye ve araçlara ulaşmaktaki bariyerleri aşağıya çekerek ve farklı sektörlerdeki çeşitli aktörler arasındaki dialogu arttırarak sosyal inovasyon için elverişli alanlar oluşturmaktadır. Bu Yüksek Lisans çalışmasında, maker atölyelerin hangi yollarla sosyal inovasyona katkıs sağladığını araştırmayı amaçlıyorum. Bu tez kapsamında, Türkiye'de, bölgedeki Maker Harekatı öncülerinin kurdukları 4 maker atölye vaka çalışması olarak seçildi. Bu çalışmada, maker atölyelerin organizasyonel modelleri ve dağılım modelleri inceleniyor ve maker atölyelerin karşılaştırmalı analizi sosyal inovasyon literatürü ile araştırılıyor. Sosyal inovasyon üzerine yapılan çalışmalar erken döneminde olduğu için bu araştırma sosyal inovasyonun pratikte maker atölyeler aracılığı ile nasıl gerçekleştiğini anlamayı ve sosyal inovasyon çalışmalarına katkı sağlamayı amaçlıyor
Inclusive nonresonant multilepton probes of new phenomena at √s = 13 TeV
No full textAn inclusive search for nonresonant signatures of beyond the standard model (SM) phenomena in events with three or more charged leptons, including hadronically decaying τ leptons, is presented. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb-1 of proton-proton collisions at s=13 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016-2018. Events are categorized based on the lepton and b-tagged jet multiplicities and various kinematic variables. Three scenarios of physics beyond the SM are probed, and signal-specific boosted decision trees are used for enhancing sensitivity. No significant deviations from the background expectations are observed. Lower limits are set at 95% confidence level on the mass of type-III seesaw heavy fermions in the range 845-1065 GeV for various decay branching fraction combinations to SM leptons. Doublet and singlet vectorlike τ lepton extensions of the SM are excluded for masses below 1045 GeV and in the mass range 125-150 GeV, respectively. Scalar leptoquarks decaying exclusively to a top quark and a lepton are excluded below 1.12-1.42 TeV, depending on the lepton flavor. For the type-III seesaw as well as the vectorlike doublet model, these constraints are the most stringent to date. For the vectorlike singlet model, these are the first constraints from the LHC experiments. Detailed results are also presented to facilitate alternative theoretical interpretations.BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC), and Helsinki Institute of Physics (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and Foundation NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS,RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MOSTR(SriLanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Rachada-pisek Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contracts No. 675440, No. 724704, No. 752730, No. 758316, No. 765710, No. 824093, No. 884104, and COSTAction No. CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation ; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation `a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie doorWetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F. R. S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science-EOS"-be.h project No. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy-EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe"-390833306, and under project number 400140256-GRK2497; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Program and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants No. 123842, No. 123959, No. 124845, No. 124850, No. 125105, No. 128713, No. 128786, and No. 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Center, contracts Opus No. 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 and No. 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 (Poland); the Fundacao para aCiencia e a Tecnologia, grant No. CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, projects no. 0723-2020-0041 and no. FSWW-2020-0008 (Russia); MCIN/AEI/10.
13039/501100011033, ERDF "a way of making Europe", and the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria deMaeztu, grant No. MDM-2017-0765 and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).Publisher versio
Measurement of the Drell-Yan forward-backward asymmetry at high dilepton masses in proton-proton collisions at s√ = 13 TeV
No full textA measurement of the forward-backward asymmetry of pairs of oppositely charged leptons (dimuons and dielectrons) produced by the Drell-Yan process in proton-proton collisions is presented. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1 collected with the CMS detector at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The asymmetry is measured as a function of lepton pair mass for masses larger than 170 GeV and compared with standard model predictions. An inclusive measurement across both channels and the full mass range yields an asymmetry of 0.612 ± 0.005 (stat) ± 0.007 (syst). As a test of lepton flavor universality, the difference between the dimuon and dielectron asymmetries is measured as well. No statistically significant deviations from standard model predictions are observed. The measurements are used to set limits on the presence of additional gauge bosons. For a Z′ boson in the sequential standard model the observed (expected) 95% confidence level lower limit on the Z′ mass is 4.4 TeV (3.7 TeV).BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).
Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 765710 and 824093 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Of-fice; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWTBelgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy -EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" -390833306, and under project number 400140256 GRK2497; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Program and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 (Poland); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, project no. 0723-2020-0041 (Russia); the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation;Publisher versio
Deterministik lineer eşik modeli altında iki-seviyeli etki enbüyükleme problemi
No full textData-driven decision-making strategies can make online marketing more efficient and help companies reach a larger number of customers using limited resources. In this respect, the Influence Maximization Problem searches for a certain number of influential individuals on a social network so that the information/product spread initiated from such individuals is maximized. We introduce a novel problem, the Two-Level Influence Maximization Problem, which allows influencing neighbors without eventually adopting the product. To solve this problem, we develop a Greedy Algorithm and two variants, namely Modified Greedy Algorithm and Update Limited Algorithm. Modified Greedy Algorithm reaches the same objective function value in a much lower runtime. In Update Limited Greedy Algorithm, runtime is further reduced but objective function value may be compromised. We also introduce a Simulated Annealing-based metaheuristic with a tabu strategy that exploits the problem-specific neighborhood moves. We apply the Simulated Annealing algorithm with the proposed Greedy Algorithm and its variants on small scale random networks and with PageRank and HITS algorithms as initial solutions on large scale real social networks. We also show that following alternative strategies such as maximizing number of individuals that influence their neighbors without adopting the product can also return an effective starting solution for Simulated Annealing algorithm. Computational experiments on simulated and real social networks show that our heuristics can provide high-quality solutions.Veri bazlı karar alma stratejileri çevrimiçi pazarlama yöntemlerini çok daha verimli hale getirebilir ve şirketlerin sınırlı kaynak kullanarak çok sayıda müşteriye ulaşmasına yardımcı olabilir. Bu amaçla Etki Enbüyükleme Problemi, sosyal ağlar üzerinde kendilerinden başlatılacak bir bilgi/ürün yayılmasının ençoklandığı belirli sayıda etkili bireyi bulmayı hedefler. Bireylerin ürünü satın almadan da komşularını etkileyebilmesine olanak sağlayan İki-Seviyeli Etki Enbüyükleme Problemi, tarafımızdan tanıtılmıştır. Bu problemi çözmek için, bir Açgözlü Algoritma ve iki varyantı, Değiştirilmiş Açgözlü Algoritma ve Güncelleme Kısıtlı Açgözlü Algoritma geliştirilmiştir. Değiştirilmiş Açgözlü Algoritma'da, aynı amaç fonksiyonu değeri daha kısa bir çalışma süresinde elde edilir. Güncelleme Kısıtlı Açgözlü Algoritma'da, Açgözlü Algoritma'nın amaç fonksiyonuna yakınsaması garanti edilmez ancak çalışma süresi çok daha kısaltılmıştır. Ayrıca probleme özgü komşuluk hareketlerini hedefleyen ve tabu stratejisi kullanan Benzetimli Tavlama bazlı metasezgisel algoritması önerilmiştir. Bu algoritmayı küçük ölçekli ağlar üzerinde önerilen Açgözlü Algoritma ve varyantları ile ve büyük ölçekli ağlar üzerinde literatürde iyi bilinen bağlantı analizi algoritmaları ile birlikte uyguluyoruz. Ayrıca, ürünü satın almadan komşularını etkileyen kişi sayısını ençoklamaya çalışmak gibi alternatif stratejilerin de Benzetimli Tavlama bazlı algoritma için etkili başlangıç sonuçları oluşturabildiğini gösteriyoruz. Simüle edilmiş ve gerçek ağlar üzerindeki hesaplamasal sonuçlar sezgisel algoritmalarımızın yüksek kaliteli sonuç elde edebildiğini gösteriyor
Digital technology and the stages of digital business transformation
No full textCompanies use digital technology to transform their business. Digitization, digitalization, and digital transformation have been proposed as stages in this business transformation process. Researchers have also proposed a variety of maturity models to assess this transformation. The distinctions and the ontology between the stages of digital transformation are not always clearly defined. Using expert interviews and literature review this paper derived a domain-specific ontology from commonly expressed keywords. Based on this, five stages of digital transformation were distinguished and defined: (i) digital passive, (ii) digitization, (iii) digitalization, (iv) digital transition and (v) digital transformation. These five stages may be used in further research as a rubric to assess digital business transformation
ProbC: joint modeling of epigenome and transcriptome effects in 3D genome
No full textBackground: Hi-C and its high nucleosome resolution variant Micro-C provide a window into the spatial packing of a genome in 3D within the cell. Even though both techniques do not directly depend on the binding of specific antibodies, previous work has revealed enriched interactions and domain structures around multiple chromatin marks; epigenetic modifications and transcription factor binding sites. However, the joint impact of chromatin marks in Hi-C and Micro-C interactions have not been globally characterized, which limits our understanding of 3D genome characteristics. An emerging question is whether it is possible to deduce 3D genome characteristics and interactions by integrative analysis of multiple chromatin marks and associate interactions to functionality of the interacting loci. Result: We come up with a probabilistic method ProbC to decompose Hi-C and Micro-C interactions by known chromatin marks. ProbC is based on convex likelihood optimization, which can directly take into account both interaction existence and nonexistence. Through ProbC, we discover histone modifications (H3K27ac, H3K9me3, H3K4me3, H3K4me1) and CTCF as particularly predictive of Hi-C and Micro-C contacts across cell types and species. Moreover, histone modifications are more effective than transcription factor binding sites in explaining the genome’s 3D shape through these interactions. ProbC can successfully predict Hi-C and Micro-C interactions in given species, while it is trained on different cell types or species. For instance, it can predict missing nucleosome resolution Micro-C interactions in human ES cells trained on mouse ES cells only from these 5 chromatin marks with above 0.75 AUC. Additionally, ProbC outperforms the existing methods in predicting interactions across almost all chromosomes. Conclusion: Via our proposed method, we optimally decompose Hi-C interactions in terms of these chromatin marks at genome and chromosome levels. We find a subset of histone modifications and transcription factor binding sites to be predictive of both Hi-C and Micro-C interactions and TADs across human, mouse, and different cell types. Through learned models, we can predict interactions on species just from chromatin marks for which Hi-C data may be limited.Publisher versio
Nanokristallerin yapısal analizinde X ışını kırınımı verisinin çift dağılım fonksiyonu (Pair Distribution Function) methodu ile incelenmesi
No full textPair Distribution Function analysis is a local characterization method gaining momentum recently. Conventional X-ray diffraction and Rietveld methods have proven not to be accurate in the case of analysis of diffraction data from nanocrystalline powders. In this thesis, we evaluate the accuracy of this alternative technique, which is based on a refinement algorithm in real space, and because of being in real space, the properties obtained from this method are more intuitive. Structural parameters like particle size, neighbor atomic distances, etc. are obtained by directly calculating the distances and area of each peak or distance. Large surface to volume atom ratio is stated to be the reason that makes it hard for conventional X-ray diffractive methods to characterize nanocrystals. Because conventional methods have a fundamental assumption about the materials and that is large crystalline domains in the scattering material. Unfortunately, nanocrystalline powders do not satisfy this assumption. Surface atoms, because of lack of neighbor atoms around them, have a small coordination number, as a result, they do not fulfill crystallinity. However, Pair Distribution Function can obtain the structure of the materials, regardless of their crystallinity. It is claimed that amorphous materials can also be analyzed in this method. The probability of finding two atoms at a special distance from each other, is the basic point of view. This method is being used in different areas of study including drug delivery, materials characterization, fracture mechanics, condensed matter physics, etc. and recently it has been gaining momentum, especially where the conventional diffractive characterization methods cannot have an exact answer for structural properties. Although being a fairly developed algorithm, Pair Distribution Method still needs work to become perfect. For instance, the strain of the particles still cannot be calculated directly in this method, and Diffpy-Complex Modeling Infrastructure is intricate for the ones who are not familiar with object-oriented programming. In this research, we are looking at different approaches towards obtaining the necessary parameters from Pair Distribution Function fitting, goodness of the fits, and validity of the results. The systematic analysis of our work consists of five different nanocrystalline sizes and five different wavelengths, for both ideal nanocrystalline materials and energy minimized nanocrystals in 0 K temperature. The results of Pair Distribution Function show as the nanocrystalline size decreases the amount of crystallinity for the energy-minimized nanocrystals decrease. As the nanocrystals decrease in their size, the obtained values of lattice parameter decrease in comparison with the nominal lattice parameters. Atomic Displacement Parameters for the energy-minimized nanocrystals show a higher value for the smallest nanocrystalline sizes. Also, the predicted nanocrystalline size from this method gives slightly smaller size values which are attributed to the prediction of the peak attenuation. The lowest wavelength X-ray has the highest energy. For the highest energy wavelength, the Pair Distribution Function fit results of the particle size shows the size of the minimized particles is slightly less than the size of the ideal counterparts.Çift Dağılımı Fonksiyonu (Pair Distribution Function) analizi, son yıllarda kullanımı artan bir lokal içyapı inceleme metodudur. Son yıllardaki literatür, nanokristal tozların içyapı analizlerinin X ışını kırınımı verisiyle yapılmasında geleneksel kırınım teorisinin geçersizliğini göstermiştir. Bu tezde, geleneksel kırınım teorisinin yetersizliği üzerine geliştirilen Çift Dağılımı Fonksiyonunun nanokristal tozların içyapı analizlerinde kullanımının doğruluğu ve analizin hata payları incelenmiştir. Bunun yanısıra, Çift Dağılımı Fonksiyonu analizinde kullanılan fonksiyonların ölçülen veya simüle edilen kırınım verisine uyumluluk limitleri, bu limitlerin fiziksel geçerliliğine odaklanılmıştır. Bu tezde sunulan sistematik çalışma, 5 farklı yarıçapta simüle edilen altın nanoküreciklerinden oluşmuş monodisperse tozların, 5 farklı dalgaboyunda X-ışını kullanılarak 0 Kelvin sıcaklıkta beklenen en düşük enerji atom konfigürasyonları ve ideal bir kristal yapıya ait atom konfigürasyonlarından elde edilen 2 çeşit modeli üzerine yapılan kırınım verisi analizlerini içerir. Çift Dağılımı Fonksiyonu analizi, nanoküreciklerin yarıçapları azaldıkça minimum enerji atom konfigürasyonlarının ideal kristal yapıya ait konfigürasyonlardan giderek uzaklaştığını x ışını kırınımı verisi üzerinden göstermiştir. Nanoküreciklerin yarıçapları azaldıkça kafes (lattice) sabiti de giderek azalmış, X ışını kırınımı verisinden elde edilen atom yerdeğiştirme sabiti (atomic displacement parameter) artmıştır. Kırınım verisinin analizinden elde edilen kristal boyutu gerçek boyuta göre küçüktür. 5 farklı X ışını dalgaboyu analizi, Çift Dağılımı Fonksiyonu metodunun X-ışını kırınımından elde ettiği kristal boyutunun dalgaboyu küçüldükçe gerçek boyuta yakınsadığını göstermiştir