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Artificial intelligence and bias towards marginalised groups: Theoretical roots and challenges
No full textThis chapter explores the critical intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and systemic bias against marginalised communities, employing an intersectional lens to assess how AI systems perpetuate and amplify discrimination. Drawing on insights from sociology, science and technology studies, and critical management theory, we examine how AI, lacking innate human capacities for ethical reasoning, absorbs and reinforces societal biases encoded in its training data. Our analysis begins with an examination of the theoretical foundations of AI systems, highlighting their limitations as pattern recognition tools devoid of contextual understanding. We then investigate how bias permeates the entire AI lifecycle, from development to deployment, resulting in discriminatory outcomes across healthcare, employment, and criminal justice. This chapter explores the challenges of aligning AI with diverse human values and evaluates the fairness, accountability, and transparency (FAccT) framework as a cornerstone for ethical AI development. We assess techniques for detecting and mitigating biases and discuss the implications of pursuing 'super alignment' as AI systems advance. This comprehensive analysis carries urgent implications for management scholarship, emphasising the need for interdisciplinary approaches to ensure AI's development empowers rather than excludes diverse populations. We argue that addressing bias in AI requires not only technical solutions but also a fundamental re-evaluation of the socio-technical systems within which these technologies are developed and deployed. Our findings underscore the critical importance of embedding ethical considerations and diverse perspectives throughout the AI development process to create more equitable and inclusive technological futures
Core stability and strategy-proofness in hedonic coalition formation problems with friend-oriented preferences
No full textWe study hedonic coalition formation problems with friend-oriented preferences; that is, each agent has preferences over his coalitions based on a partition of the set of agents, except himself, into "friends" and "enemies" such that (E) adding an enemy makes him strictly worse off and (F) adding a friend together with a set of enemies makes him strictly better off. Friend-oriented preferences induce a so-called friendship graph where vertices are agents and directed edges point to friends. We show that the partition associated with the strongly connected components (SCC) of the friendship graph is in the strict core. We then prove that the SCC mechanism, which assigns the SCC partition to each hedonic coalition formation problem with friend-oriented preferences, satisfies a strong group incentive compatibility property: group strategy-proofness. Our main result is that on any "rich" subdomain of friend-oriented preferences, the SCC mechanism is the only mechanism that satisfies core stability and strategy-proofness.Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Agencia de Gestio D'Ajuts Universitaris de Recerca Agaur (AGAUR) Generalitat de Catalunya ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) - MCIN/AEIPublisher versio
Agroecology and back-to-land migration in Turkey: Asset or obstacle?
No full textThrough semi-structured interviews with 83 back-to-landers, this paper examines how differences in preferred production practices shape relations between these newcomers and the locals. The paper shows that production practices are more than just production practices; they signal identity: For both locals and back-to-landers, if someone is an agroecological producer, they are more likely to be a back-to-lander; and if they engage in conventional agriculture, they are more likely to be a local. That said, because back-to-landers usually come from non-agricultural backgrounds, they tend to rely on locals for skill, experience, and traditional knowledges critical for agroecology. Tapping into locals' social networks, however, is challenging given that two groups have different preferred production practices - and identities. To bridge this gap, back-to-landers follow a variety of strategies, none of which are failsafe. In the long run, the differences in preferred production practices (and by proxy, identities) often lead to disagreements, sometimes escalating into conflicts. Switch to agroecology among locals as well as integration into social networks - of either side's and for either side - remain tenuous.TÜBİTA
Impedance control for ankle preparation phase in balansens platform
No full textAnkle injuries and musculoskeletal disorders often necessitate long-term rehabilitation to restore mobility and balance. The BALANSens robotic platform, designed within the Integrated Balance Rehabilitation (I-BAR) framework, combines ankle, balance, and stepping therapies into a cohesive rehabilitation process. This paper focuses on implementing impedance control on the BALANSens platform, which regulates the dynamic interaction between human limbs and the robotic system, making it suitable for active rehabilitation exercises. Traditional impedance control methods rely on costly six-axis force sensors to measure applied torques. However, this work proposes an affordable alternative using multiple load cells placed under the foot sole. These load cells not only measure ankle joint torques but also capture foot pressure distribution data, a key factor in the later stages of rehabilitation. The paper presents the derivation of joint space impedance control for the platform, with force measurements using load cells, and evaluates the system in a real hardware environment. The results underscore the promise of this approach for active rehabilitation, offering a cost-effective solution that simultaneously enriches the scope of patient assessment data.TÜBİTA
Accuracy verification of protoacoustic measurements in a heterogeneous phantom by an optical hydrophone
No full textBackground: Protoacoustics has emerged as a promising real-time range measurement method for proton therapy. Optical hydrophones (OHs) are considered suitable to detect protoacoustic waves owing to their ultracompact size and high sensitivity. In our previous research, we demonstrated that the time-of-arrival (TOA) measured by an OH showed good agreement with the simulated ground truth in a homogeneous medium. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to experimentally evaluate the accuracy of the TOA and compression peak pressures detected by the OH. Protoacoustic waves that undergo the typical distortions occurring in the human body were investigated. In such cases, the use of small detectors such as OHs is desirable to minimize the effects of detector size and directivity. Methods: A 100-MeV proton pencil beam emitted from a fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator was irradiated onto a homogeneous water phantom and a water phantom with a half- or full-sized silicone plate downstream of the Bragg peak (BP) or a bone plate that covered half of the beam cross-section in the beam path. The OH was shifted 70 mm laterally across the beam axis downstream of the BP to measure the protoacoustic waves. The k-WAVE acoustic wave transport simulation was employed as the ground truth. The TOA and the first compression peak pressures were compared between the simulation and experiment. Results: The TOA deviation against the ground truth was primarily attributed to alignment errors of the measurement devices and phantoms, with deviations of < 1 mm. The peak pressure distribution closely resembled the ground truth, with FWHM differences of 0.0%-3.0% for the tested geometries. Conclusion: The OH was able to determine the TOA and peak pressures with sufficient accuracy in heterogeneous phantoms, even without considering the effect of the size of the detector or directivity on the measurements.Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) ;
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI
Kant’ın hukuk felsefesinin temel taşları
No full text2024 yılında doğumunun 300. Yılı kutlanan Kant, felsefede olduğu kadar hukuk felsefesi ve devlet kuramında da bir dönüm noktasıdır. Bu çalışmada Kant’ın modern hukuka yaptığı önemli katkılardan normatif temel norm, hukuk ve ahlak ayrımının perde arkasındaki tarihsel koşullar, Kant’ta hukuk devleti kavramı gibi Türk literatüründe tartışılmamış konular ele alınmaktadır. Kant’a göre akli hukuka göre temellendirilmiş pozitif hukuk, akli hukuktan kesin önceliğe sahiptir. Hukuka itaati ahlaki bir görev olarak da anlayan Kant açısından pozitif hukuk kesin önceliğe sahipse, devletin koyduğu yasaya, devlet başkanına karşı direnme de reddedilmelidir. Özgürlüğe yapılan atıfla, hukukun merkezi görevi bireyin dışsal özgürlüğünün korunması olarak ortaya çıkar. Ama hukuk bununla aynı zamanda temel meşruiyetini ve sınırlamasını da bulur. Kant açısından hukuka uygun bir durum, sadece hukuk devletinde etkili bir biçimde güvence altındadır ve adil olarak sürdürülebilir. Kamu gücünün, hukukun belirlenmesi, icrası ve denetiminde devlet öncesi doğal durumun yerine geçmesi hukuk devletini ortaya çıkartmaktadır. “Ebedi Barış Üzerine” isimli çalışmasının ilk maddesinde Kant “her ülkenin sivil anayasası cumhuriyetçi olmalıdır” diye yazar. Böylece cumhuriyet her gerçek yasa koyuculuğun zorunlu temeli olmaktadır. Kant bugün için de hukuk kuramında normlar hiyerarşisi bağlamında temel norm idesi, yine hukuk kuramında hukuk ve ahlak ayırımı, bunun Anayasa hukukunda, temel haklar ve özgürlükler kuramında özgürlüklerin korunması açısından önemi, kişilerin hiçbir zaman sırf araç olarak görülemeyeceği, bizatihi amaç olması anlamında araçsallaştırma yasağı, hukuk devletinde devletin özgürlük ve eşitlik ilkeleriyle bağlılığı, güçler ayrılığı, hukuk felsefesinde ve anayasa hukukunda cumhuriyetçilik idesi, devletler hukukunda barış içinde birlikte yaşamanın koşulları bağlamında günümüzde hala hararetle tartışılan bir düşünür olmaya devam etmektedir.Publisher versio
Dil ve bilişte olay temsilinin gelişimi: Türkçe konuşan çocuklardan örnekler.
No full textDuring language development, children need to make sense of a continuous stream of input into meaningful segments, known as events, and communicate about them. Here, we examine how preschoolers (4- and 5-year-olds) and adults segment events in language and cognition in the domain of motion events, focusing on Turkish, a verb-framed language that segments motion paths in separate verb phrases. In the non-linguistic Dwell Time task, participants viewed self-paced slideshows created with frames taken from videos of motion events that either involved a path change or did not involve a path change. Detection of an event unit is indicated by event boundaries, where the time spent looking at a slide is significantly longer compared to other slides. In the linguistic task, the same participants described the same events to a confederate addressee. Our findings revealed that participants described motion events that involve a path change with two or more path verbs more frequently than events that do not. We observed a developmental pattern in the linguistic descriptions: adults tended to use multiple verb phrases more frequently than younger children and older children tended to use them more frequently than their younger counterparts. This tendency was particularly evident in using two or more path verbs. However, despite the differences in linguistic descriptions, children and adults segmented the events similarly in the non-linguistic task. These findings suggest a lack of homology between cognitive and linguistic event segmentation throughout development.Dil gelişimi sürecinde, çocuklar çevrelerinde meydana gelen olayları anlamlı birimlere bölmeyi ve bunlar hakkında iletişim kurmayı öğrenmelidir. Bu çalışmada, Türkçe’ye odaklanarak dil ve biliş alanında çocukların ve yetişkinlerin hareket olaylarını nasıl birimlere ayırdığı incelenmektedir. Türkçe, hareketin yönünü ayrı fiillerle ifade eden fiil odaklı bir dildir. Sözel olmayan görevde katılımcılar yön değişimi içeren veya içermeyen hareket olaylarının videolarından alınan ekran görüntüleriyle oluşturulmuş slayt gösterilerini izlediler. Katılımcılar bir tuşa basarak bir sonraki resme geçtiler, yani resimlerin ekranda kalma süresini kendileri belirlediler. Bir olay sınırı, bir slayta bakılan sürenin diğer slaytlara göre anlamlı ölçüde daha uzun olmasıyla belirlendi. Sözel görevde aynı katılımcılar aynı olayları bir sahte katılımcıya anlattılar. Bulgularımız, katılımcıların yön değişikliği içeren hareket olaylarını, içermeyen olaylara göre daha sık iki veya daha fazla yol fiili ile anlattıklarını gösterdi. Sözel görevde bir gelişimsel farklılık görüldü: yetişkinler ve 5 yaş çocuklar olayları anlatırken 4 yaş çocuklardan daha sık olarak birden fazla fiil kullandılar. Bu farklılık, iki veya daha fazla yön fiili kullanımında özellikle belirgindi; yetişkinler, 5 yaşındakilere kıyasla birden fazla yön fiili kullanmaya daha meyilliydiler, 4 yaşındakiler ise bunları nadiren kullandılar, bu da henüz dile özgü yapıları tam olarak edinmediklerini göstermektedir. Ancak, sözel görevdeki farklılıklara rağmen, hem çocuklar hem de yetişkinler sözel olmayan görevde olayları benzer şekilde birimlere ayırdılar. Bu bulgular, olayları birimlere ayırmada gelişim boyunca bilişsel ve dilsel süreçlerin birbirinden bağımsız olduğunu göstermektedir
Elucidating the role of processing parameters on microstructure, grain refinement, and mechanical features of Al/Ti laminated composite fabricated by accumulative roll bonding
No full textMultilayered composites are widely used in automobile components. The properties of multilayered composites mainly depend on processing parameters. In this investigation, Al/Ti composites were fabricated by accumulative roll bonding (ARB). The influence of rolling parameters including rolling velocity (10 < v < 20 r/min), rolling cycle (7 cycles), and friction coefficient (0.08 < < 0.14) on the evolution of microstructure, grain refinement, variations of hardness, and tensile features were examined. The results of microstructural characterization showed that the layers became more discontinuous and the broken pieces of Ti were better distributed in the Al matrix when the rolling cycle and rolling friction increased and the rolling velocity decreased. In addition, the characterization of grain structure revealed grain refinement in Ti and Al layers after the 7(th) cycle. The grain structure was better refined when the friction coefficient was 0.14 and rolling velocity was 10 r/min. The hardness and strength values increased as the rolling cycle and friction coefficient increased and the rolling velocity decreased. When the friction coefficient was 0.14 and the rolling velocity was 20 r/min, the highest strength of 520 MPa was obtained and the maximum hardness of Ti and Al were 76 HV and 292 HV, respectively. Although the fracture surfaces showed delamination and different sizes of dimples, a larger number of dimples were observed at higher rolling velocities and lower friction coefficients
