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Finite Element Simulation of Interstitial–Lymphatic Fluid Flow and Nanodrug Transport in a Solid Tumor: An Intratumoral Injection Approach
Get PDFObjective: This study presents a mathematical model and finite element simulations to investigate interstitial fluid flow and nanodrug transport in a solid tumor, incorporating transvascular exchange, convection–diffusion–reaction dynamics, and intratumoral injection mechanisms. Impact Statement: Optimizing nanodrug distribution remains a critical challenge in cancer therapy. The proposed model advances nanomedicine by enhancing the mechanistic understanding of nanodrug transport in a solid tumor. Introduction: Cancer, a global threat, often manifests as solid tumors driven by uncontrolled cell growth. The heterogeneous microenvironment, lymphatic drainage, nano-bio interactions, and elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) hinder effective nanodrug delivery. Nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems offer a promising solution, with FES providing an effective approach to model and simulate the complex delivery process. Methods: The model considered a spherical and symmetrical tumor architecture comprising a central necrosis region, viable tumor, and surrounding healthy tissue with functional lymphatic dynamics. Substantial nanodrug carriers (dextran, liposomal, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold, and magnetic) and conventional doxorubicin are evaluated in the tumor. The governing fluid flow and solute transport equation along with the specified boundary conditions are solved using the finite element method through the Galerkin approach. Results: Simulations show that IFP peaks in the necrotic core and sharply declines at the viable–healthy tissue interface. Both fluid pressure and velocity are sensitive when fluid flow resistance drops below 5. Necrotic core size influences IFP, and critical necrotic radius ( R CN ) marks pressure stabilization and defines the threshold for effective nanodrug delivery. Vascular normalization and functional lymphatic dynamics show marginal impact. Smaller NPs (~10 nm) diffuse faster but undergo rapid degradation, while larger particles (\u3e30 nm) exhibit prolonged retention at the injection site. Liposomal, PEG-coated gold, and magnetic variants demonstrate superior therapeutic action compared to conventional doxorubicin. Conclusion: The findings of the study highlight its strong potential for optimizing nanodrug delivery and design, as well as hyperthermia treatment, enhancing personalized cancer therapy
Quantification of uncertainty propagation in transient heat transfer from flux-base extended surface
No full textOn Large Language Models in National Security Applications
Get PDFThe overwhelming success of GPT-4 in early 2023 highlighted the transformative potential of large language models (LLMs) across various sectors, including national security. This article explores the implications of LLM integration within national security contexts, analyzing their potential to revolutionize information processing, decision-making, and operational efficiency. Whereas LLMs offer substantial benefits, such as automating tasks and enhancing data analysis, they also pose significant risks, including hallucinations, data privacy concerns, and vulnerability to adversarial attacks. Through their coupling with decision-theoretic principles and Bayesian reasoning, LLMs can significantly improve decision-making processes within national security organizations. Namely, LLMs can facilitate the transition from data to actionable decisions, enabling decision-makers to quickly receive and distill available information with less manpower. Current applications within the US Department of Defense and beyond are explored, e.g., the USAF\u27s use of LLMs for wargaming and automatic summarization, that illustrate their potential to streamline operations and support decision-making. However, these applications necessitate rigorous safeguards to ensure accuracy and reliability. The broader implications of LLM integration extend to strategic planning, international relations, and the broader geopolitical landscape, with adversarial nations leveraging LLMs for disinformation and cyber operations, emphasizing the need for robust countermeasures. Despite exhibiting sparks of artificial general intelligence, LLMs are best suited for supporting roles rather than leading strategic decisions. Their use in training and wargaming can provide valuable insights and personalized learning experiences for military personnel, thereby improving operational readiness
Visualization and Measurement of Shock Movement during Transonic Limit-cycle Oscillation
No full textAtmospheric Water Generation to Support Indo-Pacific Operations
No full textDecentralized atmospheric water generators can support agile combat employment in contested, resource-scarce environments by harnessing ambient humidity and temperature to produce water supply at the point of need
Computer-Automated Systems and Methods for Using Language Models to Generate Text Based on Reading Errors
No full textA computer-implemented system and method generate personalized text based on statistics derived from input received from a user representing the user\u27s attempts to decode graphemes into phonemes. Such statistics may be measured and recorded at the grapheme-phoneme level, and may include substitutions, insertions, deletions, and correct utterances of phonemes by the user when reading text. A language model may be trained based on characteristics of the user, such as the user\u27s age and/or reading grade level, and the personalized text may be generated after such training of the language model. Generating the personalized text may include generating a text creation prompt based on the statistics. The resulting text creation prompt may include a set of target words. The text creation prompt may be provided to the language model, which may generate the personalized text in response. The personalized text may include some or all of the target words
Authenticating Electronic Devices Via Multi Tone Analysis
No full textMethods and systems for authenticating electronic devices via multi tone analysis. A method for authenticating a device under test (DUT) of a type of DUT includes imparting voltage tones to the DUT. The voltage tones are proximate a frequency of interest that is associated with the type of DUT. Using a measurement response of the DUT to the voltage tones, an electronic signature of the DUT is determined. The DUT is determined to be authentic when the electronic signature of the DUT substantially matches an electronic signature of an authority DUT of the type of DUT
Adaptive optics for single photons in orbital angular momentum modes with parametrically varied emulated turbulence
No full textCreep of polycrystalline Y\u3csub\u3e3\u3c/sub\u3e Al\u3csub\u3e5\u3c/sub\u3e O\u3csub\u3e12\u3c/sub\u3e and Lu\u3csub\u3e3\u3c/sub\u3e Al\u3csub\u3e5\u3c/sub\u3e O\u3csub\u3e12\u3c/sub\u3e garnet in air and steam
No full textCreep rates of polycrystalline yttrium–aluminum garnet (Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , YAG) and lutetium–aluminum garnet (Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 , LuAG) under 50 to 200 MPa compressive stress were measured at 1300°C in air and in steam. Measurements for 2% Er and 2% Yb doped YAG were also done at 1300°C, and for YAG at 1400°C. The effect of 0.3 to 8 µm grain size variation on creep rate was determined. Flow stress exponents for all materials were determined, and the creep rate activation energy for YAG was determined. Creep rates in steam were slightly faster than those in air. Er and Yb dopants in YAG had little discernible effect on creep rates. LuAG creep rates, adjusted for grain size, were consistently higher than those for YAG. The Nabarro–Herring mechanism best describes the creep of polycrystalline doped and undoped YAG in air and steam for all samples except those with a grain size less than 0.5 µm. The creep mechanism for polycrystalline LuAG was not determined and may be a complex combination of mechanisms. Creep mechanisms for polycrystalline garnets are compared and discussed