11115 research outputs found
Sort by
A Survey of Power and Electromagnetic-Based Side-Channel Attack Countermeasures
No full textCryptography is a cornerstone of modern computing security, but it remains vulnerable to Side-Channel Attacks (SCAs), which exploit hardware implementations to compromise encryption. SCAs pose significant cybersecurity risks by extracting sensitive information, such as encryption keys, through passive observation of side-channel leakage or active manipulation of system operations. This paper reviews non-invasive power and EM-based SCAs, evaluates the effectiveness and limitations of existing countermeasures, and identifies gaps that warrant further research. The analysis aims to guide the development of robust defenses and inform future efforts to secure cryptographic systems against evolving threats
Cybersecurity Challenges and Mitigations for LLMs in DoD Applications
No full textGreat power competition has escalated globally, making it increasingly important for the Department of Defense (DoD) to adopt artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that are advanced and secure. Large language models (LLMs), which generate text, code, images, and other digital content based on data sets used in training have gained attention for their potential in DoD applications such as data analysis, intelligence processing, and communication. However, due to the complex architecture and extensive data dependency of LLMs, integrating LLMs into defense operations presents unique cybersecurity challenges. These risks, if not properly managed, could pose severe threats to national security and mission integrity. This survey paper categorizes these challenges into vulnerability-centric risks, such as data leakage, and misinformation, and threat-centric risks, including prompt manipulation and data poisoning, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the potential risks of LLMs in DoD settings. Each category is reviewed to identify the primary risks, current mitigation strategies, and potential gaps, ultimately identifying where further research is needed. By summarizing the state of the art in LLM cybersecurity, this paper offers a foundational understanding of LLM security within the DoD. By advocating for a dual approach that considers both the evolving nature of cyber threats and the operational needs of the DoD, it aims to provide actionable recommendations to guide ongoing research in the integration of LLMs to DoD operations
Ballistic Penetration Simulation of Various Composite Armor Panels
No full textAdvanced composite materials with strength-to-weight advantages and selected directional qualities are needed for modern warfare settings. Particularly, the ductile materials used in current armor cause significant deformation and enhance the ballistic limit V50, the velocity at a 50% probability of penetration. This study delves into the simulation method and results of ballistic penetration of various composite armor panels. Using results from tests conducted to determine V50 and secondary impact, the simulation aims to closely mirror test results and accurately depict structural responses, including damage modes and deformation behaviors. Full three-dimensional finite element modeling and three-dimensional/two-dimensional material assumptions are employed to realize detailed ply-to-ply and through-thickness damage, such as interlaminar delamination, to achieve a higher correlation with test V50 results. With the ability to handle a wide range of composite materials, this study pursues the establishment of a simulation methodology that effectively predicts and minimizes test conditions
Articulating Spacecraft Chassis
No full textThe present invention relates to articulating spacecraft chassis and methods of making and using same. The present invention relates to spacecraft chassis and methods of making and using same. Such spacecraft chassis have a dynamic movement capability that allows the spacecraft to alter its structure while still maintaining industry volumetric launch standards. This capability increases opens up a wide range of achievable volumetric states and increases the ability to meet mission requirements by introducing a new tunable parameter. In addition, the judicious selection of certain dynamic movement parameters can result increased payload capabilities and improved maneuverability
Experimental Validation of Sparse Sensor Placement Optimization for Flight-By-Feel
No full textThe Sparse Sensor Placement Optimization for Prediction (SSPOP) algorithm is a data-reducing approach for extracting maximum information from a low-order sparse approximation of a dense dataset for use in continuous prediction of one or more system parameters. The SSPOP algorithm can work directly with discrete data, such as the calculated velocity at nodes in a computational fluid dynamics model, and is simpler and faster to implement than conventional gradient-based optimization methods. This research is the first experimental validation of an SSPOP-selected design point (DP), or set of sensor locations, for a flight-by-feel flow-sensing system on a wing. We evaluate the absolute and relative computational and experimental performance of five three-sensor DPs on a NACA 4415, 45°-swept delta wing for predicting the angle of attack (AoA) from airflow velocity and pressure measurements. The experimental results from artificial hair-cell airflow velocity sensors qualitatively validate the computer models but are subject to large errors. The pressure sensor experimental results quantitatively validated the models, with the SSPOP DP error of 0.703° AoA nearly matching the optimum DP error of 0.692°, confirming that SSPOP finds a near-optimal sensor placement solution for flow sensors
Collaboration is Key for National Preparedness: The Hospital\u27s Role in Whole Blood Rotation Models
No full textExcerpt: Pre-hospital whole blood (PHWB) transfusion has rapidly expanded across the United States (US) over the last decade, with more than 300 agencies now carrying low-titer O positive whole blood (LTOpWB). These programs, spanning private, public, and hybrid systems, have markedly improved outcomes for patients with life-threatening hemorrhage.1 However, those agencies with PHWB transfusion only correlate to roughly 1.3% of the nearly23,000 Emergency Medical Services (EMS) agencies that exist in the US
Non-stationary Precipitation Design Standards for Stormwater Infrastructure Modernization at USAF Installations
No full textThe resilience of defense infrastructure systems to a changing climate is critical for national security. Climate induced recurrent flooding is already impacting over 20 U.S. Air Force installations, underscoring the urgency of revisiting precipitation standards and stormwater infrastructure design. Despite growing scientific knowledge and an expanding set of tools for updating outdated precipitation standards based on the assumption of climate stationarity, the adoption of climate informed analyses remain limited in practice. This study utilizes an existing framework to update Intensity (or Depth)-Duration-Frequency (DDF) curves using an ensemble of future climate projections. Change factors in precipitation estimates are derived and applied to six USAF installations across the U.S. The analysis is further extended to evaluate the implications of climate-informed DDFs on stormwater infrastructure performance and flood analysis at Tyndall AFB. Results indicate that the current design precipitation estimates are likely to become obsolete in all six USAF bases by the end of the century. The wide range of change factors across 32 GCM ensembles highlights the need to integrate uncertainty and evolving scientific data into infrastructure planning. The study also finds that the impacts of a changing climate vary spatially and temporally, emphasizing the value of localized analysis for infrastructure decision-making. The work advances ongoing DoD and societal efforts to implement adaptation strategies aimed at enhancing infrastructure resilience
Quality Insights: Leadership Quality Assessment
No full textAs a quality insight research column, the purpose of this article is to spark interest in new research studies into modelling the assessment of leadership quality. The article makes a case for developing a set of organisational criteria for assessing the quality of leadership, within the same framework that we pursue for assessing the quality of physical products. Quality is an asset of an organisation and, as such, it should be assessed, evaluated, and managed within organisational goals and objectives. The article presents a hypothetical quality scale for leadership assessment that can be adapted for specific needs of readers. It is presented that good quality of leadership leads to good quality of products. A leadership quality scale is postulated, not as a solution, but as a kicker for further research into measuring, assessing, and evaluating the quality of leadership, both from quantitative and qualitative perspectives
Focus: A One-vs-All Resolution Strategy for Temporal Metadata Analysis
No full textIn digital forensics, temporal metadata analysis involves collecting, examining, and extracting time-related trace data to find answers to investigative questions. To answer questions, experts apply platform-specific knowledge to identify and group corroborating traces. This paper extends previous work with rule-based binary classifiers by introducing a novel resolution strategy inspired by human expert methods of analyzing temporal metadata. The presented approach represents expert knowledge as rule-based binary classifiers to group patterns associated with specific activities and leverages these rules over time similar to how experts reason over the same data. Focus distinguishes itself by dynamically highlighting the most relevant label from each classifier by creating a working and long-term memory of the most relevant classifier based on rules with weighted values that increase and decrease over time. The system is evaluated across 10 scenarios on a Windows 10 workstation. Results show a 190% increase in F1 score from 0.31 to 0.90, highlighting the efficacy of Focus as an OvA resolution strategy for temporal metadata machine learning classification applications
Uncertainty propagation in transient heat transfer from an extended surface
No full textThe uncertainty propagation and transient heat transfer from an extended surface are studied. The stochastic Biot number, the fin number and initial and convection boundary conditions define the uncertainty propagation for the temperature distribution in the extended surface. The amplitude of the propagated uncertainty was observed to have a transient evolution. The uncertainty may increase or decrease depending on the stochastic input parameters. Results are presented for the variation of temperature and heat flux due to uncertainties in the initial condition and conditions at the boundaries where heat is rejected