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Bringing Self-Determination Theory to the Forefront: Examining How Human Resource Practices Motivate Employees of All Ages to Succeed
No full textSelf-determination theory (SDT) is widely used in human resource (HR) practice studies to explain how HR practices impact work outcomes. However, there is little empirical evidence establishing the complete SDT mediational process in the HR domain, which entails basic psychological needs and motivation acting as mediators of relations between HR practices and work outcomes. The present study addresses this issue with a mixed methods approach. Using an item classification task with subject matter experts (N = 48), HR practices were classified as autonomy-, competence-, and relatedness-supportive. Based on this scheme, we tested an SDT-based conceptual model in a three-wave sample of working adults (N = 818). Results from Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling (MSEM) support the hypothesized model: basic psychological need satisfaction and autonomous motivation mediate the relationship between HR practice perceptions and work outcomes (performance, thriving, affective organizational commitment, and turnover intentions). Autonomy-supportive practices had a positive effect on autonomy need satisfaction, while competence-supportive practices had positive associations with all three basic psychological needs. Counterintuitively, relatedness-supportive practices had negative effects on autonomy and competence need satisfaction, and the relationship between relatedness-supportive practices and autonomy need satisfaction was moderated by chronological age. We discuss our findings in the context of prominent HR studies that utilize SDT and offer a supplemental age-inclusive HR practice scheme for HR managers interested in understanding the benefits of supporting basic psychological needs from both a motivation and workforce retention standpoint
Acute Response of Hepatocyte MRP2 Internalization as an Indicator of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Liver Transplantation
No full textBackground.
The introduction of normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) offers new opportunities to evaluate liver graft viability before liver transplantation (LT). Under ischemic stress, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) translocates from the hepatocyte membrane to the cytoplasm, resulting in loss of function. Methods.
We measured the cytoplasmic proportion of MRP2 (MRP2 internalization index, MII) by immunofluorescence colocalization analysis using CD13 as a canalicular membrane marker. Results.
The data showed that MII significantly correlated with ischemia time in both in situ ischemia-reperfusion injury and NMP rat models (R2 = 0.331, P \u3c 0.0001; R2 = 0.632, P \u3c 0.0001, respectively). Perfusate levels of liver injury markers at the end of NMP showed a significant positive correlation with MII for aspartate aminotransferase (R² = 0.444, P = 0.0013) and arginase 1 (R² = 0.637, P \u3c 0.0001). Conversely, bile production exhibited a significant inverse correlation with MII (R² = 0.618, P \u3c 0.0001). The maximum transport rate of MRP2 (Vmax,MRP2), derived from kinetic modeling of sodium fluorescein biliary excretion, showed a significant inverse correlation with ischemia time (R2 = 0.326, P = 0.0086) and MII (R2 = 0.554, P = 0.0002). In human LT, MII values from donor liver biopsies preLT correlated significantly with peak postLT serum aminotransferase levels (R2 = 0.398, P = 0.0007). Conclusions.
MRP2 is a putative biomarker for the assessment of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The biliary excretion kinetics of sodium fluorescein reflects MRP2-mediated transport activity, providing a novel diagnostic method for predicting liver graft viability after LT
Physical Interactions Shape Collective Thermoregulatory Behavior in Honey Bees
No full textSocial animals exhibit complex, coordinated behaviors that can drive significant environmental change. Within groups, individuals sense their environment and share information to facilitate collective action. Direct physical contact is a key mechanism of communication in many social species, yet its role in organizing collective behaviors remains underexplored. Here, we investigate how tactile interactions influence thermoregulatory fanning behavior in honey bees (Apis mellifera), a critical collective response to environmental stress. By reducing the ability of bees to engage in physical contact, we demonstrated that direct tactile interactions are necessary to initiate and coordinate fanning. Increasing social density by spatially constraining movement enhanced the likelihood of fanning. Using video tracking, we confirmed that elevated social densities resulted in more frequent direct contacts, identifying tactile interactions - specifically head-to-head contacts - as a driver of fanning behavior. Our findings highlight tactile communication as mechanism for information transfer in an ecologically relevant collective behavior. This work shows how social interactions mediate environmental responses, advancing understanding of the resilience of social systems in a rapidly changing world
HSP70 Chaperones, SSA1 and SSA2, Limit Poly(a) Binding Protein Aggregation
No full textMolecular chaperones play a central role in maintaining protein homeostasis. The highly conserved Hsp70 family of chaperones have major functions in folding of nascent peptides, protein refolding, and protein aggregate disassembly. In yeast, loss of two Hsp70 proteins, Ssa1 and Ssa2, is associated with decreased cellular growth and shortened lifespan. While heterologous or mutant temperature-sensitive proteins form anomalous large cytoplasmic inclusions in ssa1Δssa2Δ strains, it is unclear how endogenous wild-type proteins behave and are regulated in the presence of limiting Hsp70s. Using the wild-type yeast Poly A binding protein (Pab1), which is involved in mRNA binding and forms stress granules (SGs) upon heat shock, Pab1 forms large inclusions in approximately half of ssa1Δssa2Δ cells in the absence of stress. Overexpression of Ssa1, Hsp104, and Sis1 almost completely limits the formation of these large inclusions in ssa1Δssa2Δ, suggesting that excess Ssa1, Hsp104, and Sis1 can each compensate for the lower levels of Ssa proteins. Upon heat shock, SGs also form in cells whether large Pab1 inclusions are present or not. Surprisingly, cells containing only SGs disassemble faster than wild type, whereas cells with both large inclusions disassemble slower albeit completely. We suspect that disassembly of these large inclusions is linked to the elevated heat shock response and elevated Hsp104 and Sis1 levels in ssa1Δssa2Δ strains. We also observed that wild-type cultures grown to saturation also form large Pab1-GFP inclusions. These inclusions can be partially rescued by overexpression of Ssa1. Taken together, our data suggest that Hsp70 not only plays a role in limiting unwanted protein aggregation in normal cells, but as cells age, the depletion of active Hsp70 possibly underlies the age-related aggregation of endogenous proteins
Understanding Parents’ Beliefs about the Etiology of Youth Mental Health Problems: Differences across Race/Ethnicity
No full textParents’ etiological explanations for youth mental health problems are relatively understudied; most studies focus on adult beliefs about the causes of mental disorders experienced by adults. This is concerning given research demonstrating that parents’ causal beliefs may influence several aspects of youth mental health service utilization including whether parents seek help for their youth and how they engage in treatment. The current study used a novel methodology to examine causal beliefs about youth mental health problems among a diverse group of parents (N = 417; 36.9% non-Hispanic White; 33.3% Black/African American; 29.8% Hispanic/Latino) who completed a series of questionnaires via an online survey. Results indicate that parents recognize the important role of parenting and family functioning in the development of psychological issues among youth while believing a multitude of factors contribute to youth mental health problems. These beliefs were mostly consistent across racial/ethnic groups; however, some noteworthy differences emerged. Overall, findings have meaningful implications for deepening our understanding of the beliefs parents hold regarding the development of youth mental health problems and offer a foundation for additional research to inform the advancement of clinical practice with youth
Beliefs Regarding the Use of Imaging Among Patients with Low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Context of a Middle-Income Country
No full textIntroduction: Patients with low back pain may play an active role in the pre-scription of excessive spine imaging.
Objective: To determine the proportion of patients with low back pain who have beliefs not aligned with current evidence regarding the use of imaging and to identify factors associated with these beliefs.
Design: Secondary analysis of baseline data of a previously published randomized clinical trial.
Setting: Outpatient physical therapy clinic in a middle-income country.
Patients: Individuals with non-specific low back pain.
Methods: Outcome variables were two statements assessing the extent of patient agreement on the need for imaging in the management of low backpain. The predictor variables were age, educational level, duration of symptoms, disability level, pain intensity in the last 24 hours, beliefs about inevitable consequences of low back pain (assessed using the Back Belief Questionnaire), and having received imaging previously. Multivariable logistic models were used for data analysis.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Level of agreement with Statement 1: X-rays or scans are necessary to get the best medical care for low back pain and Statement 2: Everyone with low back pain should have spine imaging.
Results: A total of 159 patients were included. Of these, 88.1% believed that imaging was necessary for the best medical care for low back pain and 62.9%believed that everyone with low back pain should obtain imaging. Lower scores on the Back Belief Questionnaire were associated with beliefs that imaging was necessary (odds ratio [OR]
Results: A total of 159 patients were included. Of these, 88.1% believed that imaging was necessary for the best medical care for low back pain and 62.9%believed that everyone with low back pain should obtain imaging. Lower scores on the Back Belief Questionnaire were associated with beliefs that imaging was necessary (odds ratio [OR = 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81,0.99) and low education level was associated with the belief that everyone with low back pain should obtain imaging (OR = 3.03, 95% CI: 1.38, 6.61), after controlling for potential confounders.
Conclusion: Nearly 90% of patients believe that spine imaging is necessary for the management of low back pain. Beliefs about the inevitable consequences of low back pain and low education level may be factors that need to be considered when developing new interventions
Comparison of the Effects of Metacognition Instruction, Voices of Role Models, and the Synergy of the Interventions on Students’ Achievement Scores and Perceived Belonging in a General Chemistry Course
No full textTeaching students metacognition, the awareness of what they know and how they know it, and integrating role models in STEM courses have been shown to improve performance scores and students’ learning experiences in college classrooms. Importantly, students’ sense of belonging to their domains of study is critical for progression into STEM programs and careers. However, there are limited comparative studies, if any, that have investigated the effects of metacognition instruction versus exposing students to role models-people they can emulate, on students’ achievement scores and perceived belongingness in postsecondary chemistry education. The current experimental study investigated the effects of three treatment conditions, namely: voices of role models in STEM (Condition 1), metacognition instruction (Condition 2), and the two combined approaches (Condition 3), on General Chemistry I students’ achievement scores and perceived general belongingness. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between the averaged belonging scores and the final exam scores. A 5-point Likert-scaled belonging survey was utilized to measure belongingness and exam scores to measure the achievement variable. The treatment conditions were implemented after the course participants completed Exam 1. One-way ANCOVA results showed that when controlling for exam 1 score, statistically significant differences between the treatment conditions were evident on the final exam only, with a small effect size (ηp 2 = 0.031). Posthoc tests revealed participants in the “combined” treatment conditions performed significantly better than those in the role models condition. The estimated marginal means showed that although participants assigned to Condition 1 performed significantly better than those in Conditions 2 and 3 prior to the implementation of the interventions, the opportunity gaps in the achievement scores were closed in the final cumulative exam. One-way ANOVA showed nonsignificant differences in mean rating scores among the three treatment conditions on the reported belonging (p \u3e 0.05). However, the Pearson correlation showed the final exam score increased with the increase in the belonging score. Belonging explained 9.5% of the final exam for the entire study sample and 11.4% for Condition 3 (medium correlations), about 25.3% for Condition 2 (strong correlation), and 0.9% for Condition 1 (weak correlation). These results emphasize the importance of metacognition instruction and the need to blend it with inclusive teaching practices in General Chemistry classrooms
Chronic Ankle Instability Affects the Association Between Knee Joint Angle and Loading: Musculoskeletal Simulation Study
No full textThe purpose of this study was to calculate and compare (1) knee loads, (2) muscle-specific contributions to knee loads, and (3) effects of knee flexion angle on knee loads and muscle-specific load contributions during a forward jump-landing task in people with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). Eight CAI patients and seven healthy controls performed a forward jump-landing task. We collected 3D kinematics, ground reaction force, and muscle activation and used musculoskeletal modeling. The results showed that only healthy controls exhibited an association between knee flexion angle and knee compressive impulse (r = 0.854, p = .014). The lack of association in CAI group may lead to knee instability and increase knee injury risk in people with CAI
