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Artificial Intelligence Must Operate Ethically in Health Care and Not Be Prone to Racist or Sexist Biases
No full textArtificial intelligence (AI) promises to transform modern health care on multiple fronts, whichmay continue the long history of health care improvement enabled by the advancement of technology. 1 However, the complexity of AI systems poses questions regarding their reliability and safety in the health care context, particularly in the light of recent evidence of biases in the operation of AI systems.2 Additional concerns include uncertainty around the strengths and limitations of AI systems, and the lack of clear strategies for the safe integration of AI with existing health care technology, presenting clinicians and health care leaders with difficult and potentially very expensive choices. In the following, we outline the underlying nature of AI systems, their limitations, and the risks that their use may pose in health care and anesthesia
Fostering team resilience with servant leadership: A multi-level study of the construction industry
Get PDFConstruction project teams operate in demanding and high-pressure environments, necessitating the development of team psychological resilience to achieve project goals effectively. Using the conservation of resource theory, we propose team-level servant leadership as an enabling style that facilitates team resilience development, subsequently affecting project success (team-level) and organizational citizenship behavior (individual level). The multi-level data was collected from 70 construction teams with 549 members. The multi-level analysis was performed using Mplus. The results of our study reveal a positive and significant connection between servant leadership, project success, and organizational citizenship behavior. Additionally, team resilience mediated the link between servant leadership and project success and organizational citizenship behavior. This research offers practical insights for project managers to nurture sustainable work practices within the construction industry through servant leadership
Advancing Cities’ Sustainability: Exploring the Effects of Interaction on the Public’s Perceived Efficacy of Emergency Infrastructure Projects—A Psychological Distance Perspective
Get PDFConsidering that emergency infrastructure projects (EIPs) play a significant role in the response to urgent events globally, the public’s perceived efficacy with respect to EIPs has become increasingly critical guidance for infrastructure systems and advancing cities’ sustainability. The interactions between the public and governments are deemed to be instrumental in enhancing the perceived efficacy. Concurrently, psychological distance, which can influence individuals’ thoughts and behaviors, is seen as a beneficial method of boosting the public’s perception of the effectiveness of EIPs. However, the underlying mechanism linking interaction, psychological distance, and perceived efficacy in relation to EIPs remains largely unexplored. In the current study, a theoretical framework was established through a literature review, leading to the formulation of four hypotheses. These hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling based on data collected from a questionnaire survey of 337 residents regarding Leishenshan Hospital. The findings indicate that, firstly, interaction directly affects the public’s psychological distance and perceived efficacy. Secondly, the public’s psychological distance from EIPs directly affects the public’s perceived efficacy. Thirdly, the public’s psychological distance from EIPs plays a mediating role between interaction and perceived efficacy. These findings enhance the theoretical understanding of Environmental Innovation Policy (EIP) governance, aiming to maximize public welfare by effectively addressing unexpected crisis events and promoting the sustainable development of cities and society.</p
Introduction: Sport in the 21st Century: A Complex, evolving and challenging landscape
No full textThe Routledge Handbook on Sports Law and Governance provides a definitive guide to the regulation of international and national sport through the lens of both regulatory, governance and legal frameworks.Over the past several decades, law, regulation, and governance associated with international and national sport has grown exponentially, aligned with professional and elite level sport development. The organisation and sophistication of international and national sporting competitions creates an environment where pressures such as the sports ethic and strong incentives to win give rise to both novel problems and reoccurring themes. Exploring a wide range of perspectives across disciplines and transcending jurisdictional boundaries, the handbook analyses complex international and national sports challenges. Taking a nuanced approach to traditional themes, it recognises the context and sport as a regulatory domain when applying law and legal frameworks.This book is an essential resource for students and academics exploring issues in international and national sports law, sports regulation and sport governance.<br/
Guidance for protocol content and reporting of factorial randomised trials: explanation and elaboration of the CONSORT 2010 and SPIRIT 2013 extensions
Get PDFThis report presents the explanation and elaboration paper for the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) 2010 and SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) 2013 extensions for factorial trials. Factorial trials involve randomising participants to more than one intervention, often with the aim of evaluating multiple interventions in one study or assessing whether treatments interact. The CONSORT and SPIRIT statements have been extended to allow for the unique features of the factorial design. Reporting items along with detailed explanations and examples of good practice are provided, as well as a glossary of key terms and an overview of the methodological features of factorial trials
Exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Iranian English language teachers’ professional identity: a study of influential factors
No full textThe impact of peer returns in social trading
Get PDFThis paper studies the impact of peers’ performance on social traders’ trading behavior. We analyze a large sample of trading records from a social trading brokerage service that allows its investors to interact with their peers in a social-media-like setting. We investigate how individuals’ trading activities change with respect to the outcomes of their peers in the network. We show that investors’ trading activities increase in their peers’ trading performance. As a result, the trading performance decreases, and the volatility of returns increases. We exploit plausibly unexpected performance shocks to address the endogeneity concern inherent in the analysis of peer effects
Does energy access matter for achieving inclusive growth? Insight from a global perspective
No full textWe examined the role of energy access in promoting inclusive growth, which takes income inequality into account when measuring economic development. Unlike studies that focus separately on economic growth, energy consumption, or inequality, our research explores the intersection of these factors. We specifically emphasize access to electricity, clean cooking fuels and technologies rather than just total energy consumption. Using panel data from 154 countries between 2000 and 2020, we discovered that a 1% increase in access to electricity and clean cooking fuels and technologies is associated with a 1.65% and 0.39% increase in inclusive growth, respectively. These findings are consistent across various methods of analysis, and the relationship is influenced by different employment types: vulnerable (contributing family workers) and non-vulnerable (wage and salary workers). Our results underscore the urgent need for energy policy reforms and investments aimed at improving access to modern, clean, and reliable energy in energy-poor regions. This access is essential for fostering equitable and inclusive economic growth
The Multilateralism of Space Governance: Assessing the Legal Framework for Potential Future Space Resource Activities
No full textRenewed global interest has emerged regarding the possible benefits that might bederived from the future exploration, exploitation, and utilization of the natural resourcesof the Moon and other celestial bodies. While such ≫space resource activities≪may give rise to such benefits, there are also some significant risks and challenges tobe considered. Increasingly, the international community has come to recognise thatgovernance mechanisms must be developed to ensure that any future space resourcesactivities are to be undertaken in a manner that is safe and sustainable and minimisesthe risk of misunderstandings, miscalculations, and conflicts.In 2021, the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the PeacefulUses of Outer Space established a ≫Working Group on Legal Aspects of SpaceResource Activities≪ to further a multilateral process to examine and assess the legalframework that would be appropriate for any future space resource activities. TheWorking Group has made steady progress in accordance with its mandate and theMember States have been highly supportive of the process. This chapter will providean update of the work of the Working Group and highlight the various issues identifiedby Member States<br/
A Co-Designed Patient Decision Aid Supports the Decision Quality of Patients Considering Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial
No full textIntroduction:The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a co-designed patient-facing decision aid compared to standard care alone for patients making a high-quality, informed decision regarding the decision to undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods:A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was undertaken in a multi-surgeon public hospital arthroplasty clinic and private clinics of orthopaedic surgeons in Australia. A total of 216 patients were randomized before seeing an orthopaedic surgeon to either receive standard care or a printed decision aid in addition to standard care. The primary outcome was whether patients made a high-quality decision (defined as patients being knowledgeable of TKA outcomes and choosing a goal-concordant treatment) two weeks post-consultation. Secondary outcomes included how much the decision aid helped make a decision, satisfaction with the decision, and decisional conflict.Results:At the two-week follow-up, the primary outcome was provided by 173 (80.1%) participants. Participants receiving the aid were more likely to make a high-quality decision (OR [odds ratio]: 3.72, 95% CI [confidence interval]: 1.77 to 7.83, P < 0.001) and had lower associated decisional conflict using the Decisional Conflict Scale (MD [mean difference]: -5.7, 95% CI: -10.9 to -0.5, P = 0.033). Participants receiving the decision aid were more likely to report that they felt informed (MD: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3 to 3.1, P < 0.001). There was no difference in the rate of surgery election or short-term satisfaction with the decision-making process.Conclusions:The decision aid markedly improved the likelihood of a patient making a high-quality decision and had less decisional conflict. Use of the aid in practice was feasible