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Information about new photographic identification system, 1918 Feb 7 (2 of 4)
No full textMarketing material and a recommendation to consider photo IDs being used at the Norfolk and Philadelphia Navy Yards.https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/torpedo/1107/thumbnail.jp
Double Classification of Non-Consensual State Interventions: Magic Protection or Pandora’s Box?
Get PDFThe classification under international humanitarian law of certain cross-border armed conflicts against an organized armed group remains controversial. More specifically, cross-border armed conflicts resulting from a non-consensual State intervention, such as the United States’ intervention in Syria (without Syrian consent) against the Islamic State, still divide legal scholarship regarding their appropriate classification. One theory argues for a single classification of non-international armed conflict between the intervening State and the organized armed group; another theory relies on a double classification of non-consensual State interventions, adding to the non-international armed conflict an international armed conflict between the intervening State and the territorial State. This article demonstrates that this second theory, the double classification theory, is not desirable. First, it creates several problems concerning the traditional understanding of international armed conflict. Second, it causes significant problems with the determination of the applicable law to the intervening State’s armed forces. By underlining these problems with the double classification theory, this article favors a single non-international armed conflict classification between the intervening State and the organized armed group
War Is the Storm—Clausewitz, Chaos, and Complex War Studies
Get PDFComplexity theories indeed do apply to war, and Clausewitz’s theories were the first to grapple with them. War is nonlinear, but the parallels between war and complexity science, and between complexity science and Clausewitz, do not stop with nonlinearity. Clausewitz’s theory of war does not just allude to complexity; rather, complexity is at its very core
Can Turkey Legally Close Its Straits to Russian Warships? It’s Complicated
Get PDFThis article originally appeared in Foreign Policy, March 1, 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/ 01/turkey-black-sea-straits-russia-ships-ukraine-war/
Russia’s Twenty-First-Century Naval Strategy—Combining Admiral Gorshkov with the Jeune École
Get PDFBoth France after the Franco-Prussian War and post-Soviet Russia found themselves squeezed in multipolar worlds, with poor economies and loss of industrial power. Alongside Admiral Gorshkov’s continuing influence, modern Russian naval thinking has evolved toward an emphasis on smaller surface units with advanced capabilities—similar to the Jeune École concept—with implications for Western naval planning
Bliss-Leavitt torpedoes, 1905 Apr 7 (3 of 6)
No full textReport and photographs of the Bliss-Leavitt torpedoes at the Station, with descriptions of testing done. The photos show the damage of test fires.https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/torpedo/1049/thumbnail.jp
Cyber Peacekeeping Operations and the Regulation of the Use of Lethal Force
Get PDFPeacekeeping is an essential tool at the disposal of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security. The growing relevance of cyber technologies presents itself as an opportunity to adapt peacekeeping to the challenges of a rapidly evolving security landscape. This article introduces the notion of cyber-peacekeeping, defined as the incorporation and use of cyber capabilities by peacekeepers. It discusses the legal basis for cyber-peacekeeping and the foundational principles of consent, impartiality, and use of defensive force. The article examines the use of lethal force by cyber-peacekeepers under the law of armed conflict paradigm. It considers the circumstances under which cyber peacekeepers become a party to an international or non-international armed conflict, whether they become combatants, and under what circumstances cyber peacekeepers can commit direct participation in hostilities. The article also considers the use of lethal force under the law enforcement paradigm. In this respect, it discusses the applicability of International Human Rights Law to cyber-peacekeeping as well as its extraterritorial application by focusing on the right to life. It then goes on to examine the application of the requirements of necessity, proportionality, and precautions to the use of lethal force by cyber peacekeepers. The article is one of the first systematic expositions of how international law regulates the use of lethal force in the course of cyber-peacekeeping but its findings can also apply to traditional peacekeeping