Northwestern University Illinois, School of Law: Scholarly Commons

Judicial Decisions on Criminal Law and Procedure

Notes on Current and Recent Events

Editorial

Koren, John

English

Report of Committee on Statistics of Crime

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
Volume 1 | Issue 3 Article 14
1910
Bibliography of Periodical Literature
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc
Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal
Justice Commons
This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for
inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons.
Recommended Citation
Bibliography of Periodical Literature, 1 J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 512 (May 1910 to March 1911)
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE.'
Concdtning Impfisoifm'fnt, by One Who Has Suffered It. Iibbert Journal,
Apiril.
Administration of Criminal Justice in" Borma (1908). International Police'
Service Magazine, April.
Amschl, A. Der Osterreichische Strafgesetzentwurf. Arcbiv ffir Kriminal-
Aitthropologie und Krimifialistik.
Anderson, Sir 1?. Scotland Yard, The Lighter Side of My Official Life.
Bla'ecwood's, April.
Anderson, Sir Roliert The Lighter Side of My Offiii Life, VIII, Sharps
and Flats. Blackwood's, May.
Bartel, J. Patliologic Anatomy of Suicide. Weirfer Ydinische Wochen-
schrift, Vienna, April 7.
Boas, T. Fo rensisch-psycliiatrische Kfiniinalistik, I. Archiv ffur Kriminal-
Arithrtopologie uild Xrinrinalistik, June 9.
Brwer, Charles B. Some Follies in Our Criminal Procddure. McClure's,
April.
Burdick, W. L. The Failure of Remedial Justice. Yale LaW Journal, April.
Carrington, C. V. Hereditary Criminals. Virginia Medical Semi-Monthly,
April 8.
Clark, Pierce L., and Cohen, Martin. Study of the Eye in Mental Defect-
ives. Journal of tfie American Medical Association, April 16.
Champcommunal, G. Le Probldme des Cours d'assi±es en Prance. Revista
Penale, June.
Criminal Statistics (1908). Law Magazine and Review, May.
Dalton, C. F. Sudden Death and Its Medico-Legar Aspects. Vermont
'Medical Monthly, April.
Da-uis, C. G. Medical Jurisprudence with Special Reference to Criminals
and the Stigma of Degeneration. Criminal Law Journal of India, April.
Disclosure and Punishment. Nation, April i.
Fernald, W. B. The Imbecile with Criminal Instincts. Journal of Psycho-
Asthenics, March-June.
Ferris, A. W. Economics of State Care of the Insane. Medical Record,
May 2&
Franiklin, Thos. A. Technical Error vs. Substantial Justice. Central Law
Jouinal, June io.
Gitternian, J. M. The Cruelties of Our Courts. McClure's, June.
Ginanovitch, T. De la notion du dglit. Schweizerische Zeitschrift ffir
Strafrecht. Heft i, 191o.
Gottlieb, T. -D. A Legal Clinic. New Jersey Law Journal, June.
'This list covers the periodical literature for the months of April, May
afd June of the present year. the bibliography will be continued in ffufure
numbers of the JOUINAL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE.
Hammond, H. C. Reforms in Judicial Procedure. Lawyer and Banker,
April.
Hatschek, 0. Studien Zum Osterreichischen Polizeistrafrecht. Archiv ffir
Strafrecht und Strafprozess, Bd. 57.
Henderson, C. R. Ethical Problems of Prison Science. International Jour-
nal of Ethics, April.
Hiller, A. C. The Law's Delays. Docket, June.
Holmes, Arthur. A Moral Imbecile o.r a Bad Boy: Which? Psychological
Clinic, June.
Howe, F. C. A Golden Rule Chief of Police. Everybody's, June.
Hovey, C. The Polices Question. Metropolit n Magazine, May io.
Important Bill Hastily Passed. Nation, May 6.
Insanity as a Defense to Crime. Central Law Journal, May 2o.
.ohnson, E. F. B. The Art of Cross-Examination. Canadian Law Times,
May.
Kenney, Courtney. The Death of Lombroso. Journal of the' -Society of
Comparative Legislation, April.
Kernan, J. G. Tests of Insanity in the Criminal Courts. Lawyer and
Banker, April.
Law, A. M. Miscarriages of Justice.
Lewis, 0. F. Administration of Justice in' the United States. Survey,
April i6.
Lewiston, A. B. The Alien Peril. Metropolitan, June.
Les Colonies Penitentiaires. Revue Pevitentiaire et de Droit Penal, March.
Lombroso, C. Criminal. Putnam's, April Io.
Lombroso, C. La Nuoya Scuola" Penale. Archivo di Antropologia Criminale,
etc.,. Jan.-April.
L'unification du droit penal en Suisse. Revue de droit P6nal et de Crim-
inologie, April.
Mabon, T. Some Facts the General Practitioner Should Know Regarding
the Treatment and Care of the Insane. Medical Record, May 28.
Matter, E. Assassinio sadistico in un accesso di transitoria follia alcoolia.
Archivo di Antropologia Criminale, etc., Jan-April.
Marx, H. Enlarged. Suicide (Parent Killing Self and Children). Berliner
klinische Wochenschrift, April i8.
McDottgall'C. S. Progress of Alienism. Ohio State Medical Journal, May.
Meyer, A. The Problems of the Physician Concerning the Criminal Insane
and the Borderland Cases. Journal of the American Medical Asso-
ciation, June ii.
Osborn, A. S. Traced Forgeries. Docket April-May.
Overbeck 'von, A. Der Vorentwurf zu einem deutschen Strafgestezbuche
Schweizerische. Zeitschrift ffir Strafrecht, Heft I, 19IO.
Pagani, Pietro. La Nave Mercantile e il Diritto p6nale Internationale.
Revista P~nale, May.
Phelan, D. The Mental and Physical Characteristics of the Criminal and
Degenerate. International Police Service Magazine, April.
Power, H. Identity of the Criminal Established Through Examination of
the Fatal Bullet. Northwest Medicine, May.
Re-establishment of Torture. Harper's Weekly, April 23.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE.
Robert, Henri. La Justice et le Crime. Revue Politique et Parlementaire,
May.
Roux, J. A. L'Avant-Projet du code penal autrichien. Revue Peniten-
tiaire et de droit Penal, March.
Schafer, T. W., and Wilson, A. M. Expert Medical Evidence at One Dollar
a Day. Medical Herald, May.
Scoville, Samuel, Jr. Slow Justice. Saturday Evening Post, June 4.
Sharp,-F. 'C., and Otto, M. C. Study of the Popular Attitude Towards
Retributive Punishment. International Journal of Ethics, April io.
-Sinons, -R. -L'abus de --la --condamnation conditionelle. Revue de Droit
Penal et de Criminologie, May.
Spencer, A. G. Is the PagecBill All Right? Survey, May 28.
Statistique penale italienne 1905-6. Revue de Droit et de Criminologie, May.
Statistique penitentiaire prussiene. Revue de Droit Penal et de Criminologic,
June.
Statistique penitentiaire Seudoise 1907. Revista de Droit P6nal et de Crim-
inologie, June.
Spurr, H. C. The Third Degree. Case and Comment, May.
Stout, R. L. Where the Law Fails. Lawyer and Banker, April.
Symposium on Mentally Defective Children-Held by the Philadelphia
Pediatric Society. Journal of the American Medical Association,
April 16.
Terenzio, Laud Rocco G. Della Prova peritale nel Giudizio Penale. Revista
Penale, June.
Thomas Byrnes and the Third Degree. Bench and Bar, June.
To Reform Courts of Inferior" Jurisdiction. Survey, April 30.
Underwood, R. H. The Prison Warden' and His Wbrk. International
Police Service Magazine, April.
Unterineyer, Samuel. Evils and Remedies in the Administration of the
Criminal Law. Chicago Legal News, May.
"Ieir, H. C. The Delays of Justice. World Today, June.
Winter, N. 0. Policemen Around the World. World's Work, June.'
Zander, M. Die Zfichtigung: Eine psychologische Studie fiber die Strafe.
Piidogogisch-Psychologische Studien, June.
Zingerle, H. Zur Pathologische Anatomie der Dementia praecox. Monat-
schrift ffir Psychiatrie und neurologie, April.,
J. W. G.


Bibliography of Periodical Literature

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
Volume 1 | Issue 1 Article 7
1910
Bulletins of the American Institute of Criminal Law
and Criminology
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc
Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal
Justice Commons
This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for
inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons.
Recommended Citation
Bulletins of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1 J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 118 (May 1910 to March
1911)
BULLETINS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CRIM-
INAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY.
BULLETIN NO. I, JULY, I9o9.1
OBJECT, ORGANIZATION, OFFICERS. [See the inside cover page of this JOURNAL.]
WORK OF THE INsTITUTE. The work of the Institute for the first year
has been mapped out and assigned to several committees. These commit-
tees will welcome the help of all members interested and able to contribute.
Application should be made to the chairman of each committee.
The work to be done consists largely of scientific investigation and of
preparatory propaganda and diffusion of information to interested workers.
The committees are of two sorts--general committees and section committees.
The latter have charge of the investigation of topics assigned for consideration
at the next annual meeting of the Institute. The former have charge of
measures of general importance to all parts of the work.
SECTION COMMITTEES. Out of the one huridred and seventy-five topics
submitted to the Conference for consideration and assigned to section com-
mittees for selection, sixteen were reported back to the Conference as of prime
importance for immediate attention. These sixteen were assigned to the
Executive Board for further selection. The Board selected five. These five
topics, with the committees charged to investigate and report at the next an-
nual meeting, are as follows:
A.-SysETm OF RECORDING DATA OF CmIINALS. "Investigation of an
effective system for recording the physical and moral status-and the heredi-
tary and environmental conditions of delinquents, and in particular of the
persistent offender; the same to contemplate, in complex urban conditions, the
use of consulting experts in the contributory sciences."
Edward A. Ross, Madison, Wis. (sociologist), chairman.
Horace M. Brown, Milwaukee, Wis. (physician).
Arthur MacDonald, Washington, D. C. (anthropologist).
Wm. Healy, Chicago, Ill. (physician).
D. P. McMillan, Chicago, Ill. (psychologist).
Harold N. Moyer, Chicago, (physician).
F. Emory Lyon, Chicago, Ill. (penologist).
Harry Olson, Chicago, Ill. (judge).
John L. Whitman, Chicago, Ill. (penologist).
B.-DRuGs AND INTOXICANTS. "Investigation of the influences attaching
to the traffic in drugs and intoxicants as a widespread excitant to instability,
in turn provocative of crime."
Sidney I. Schwab, St. Louis, Mo. (physician), chairman.
Edwin A. Fredenhagen, Kansas City, Mo. (penologist).
James Hagerman, St. Louis, Mo. (lawyer).
Charles T. Hughes, St. Louis, Mo. (physician).
Sidney E. Mezes, Austin, Tex. (psychologist).
Harold N. Moyer, Chicago, 111. (physician).
Haldor Sneve, St. Paul, Minn. (physician.)
'Other bulletins will appear in the succeeding numbers of the joURNAt.
-THE EDITORS.
BULLETINS OF THE INSTITUTE.
C.-PROBATION, PAROLE, PARDON AND INDETERMINATE SENTENCE. "Inves-
tigation of the most advisable methods of establishing and extending the
allied measures of adult offenders' probation, of parole, of indeterminate sen-
tence and of suspended sentence, including a consideration of (I) the re-
sults of such measures as hitherto used, (2) the organization of boards of
pardon and of parole and officers of probation, and (3) the correlation of
such boards and officers with courts and court methods."
Wilfred Bolster, Boston, Mass. (judge), chairman.
Homer Folks, New York (penologist).
Edwin Mulready, Boston, Mass. (penologist).
Morton Prince, Boston, Mass. (physician).
Henry N. Sheldon, Boston, Mass. (judge).
Arthur W. Towne, Albany, N. Y. (penologist).
Brand Whitlock, Toledo, Ohio (lawyer).
Richard Sylvester, Washington, D. C. (police official).
Frederick Kohler, Cleveland, 0. (police official).
D.-ORGANIZATION OF COURTS. "Investigation of the possibilities of the
unification of the state and local courts, so as to do away with the burden-
some cost of transcripts, bills of, exceptions, writs of error, and so forth,
allowing the appellate tribunal to pass upon and use the same papers and the
original evidence and comments used at the trial, and to take further evi-
dence on formal matters or matters not controvertible for the purpose of up-
holding judgments."
(Nominations postponed till after conference at meeting of the American
Bar Association, Detroit, August 27.)
E.-CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. "Investigation of the feasible methods of (I)
simplifying pleadings in criminal cases, (2) eliminating unnecessary technical-
ities in the procedure of appeals and reversals of judgment in criminal cases."
Topic E.
Roscoe Pound, Chicago, Ill. (professor of law), chairman.
Albert C. Barnes, Chicago, Ill. (judge).
Frederick Bausman, Seattle, Wash. (lawyer).
William E. Mikell, Philadelphia, Pa. (professor of law).
Howard L. Smith, Madison, Wis. (professor of law).
And as a sub-committee on the investigation of European methods:
Everett P. Wheeler, New York (lawyer).
J. W. Garner, Urbana, Ill. (professor of political science).
Edwin R. Keedy, Chicago, Ill. (professor of law).
John D. Lawson, Columbia, Mo. (professor of law).
Charles R. Henderson, Chicago, Ill. (sociologist and penologist).
Marcus A. Kavanagh, Chicago, Ill. (judge).
Gino C. Speranza, New York (lawyer).
GENERAL COMMITTEES. The four general committees, with the resolutions
defining their tasks, are as follows:
(I) COMMITTEE ON C06PERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS. "Resolved,
That the president be empowered to appoint delegates to arrange for co~peration
with the following organizations for the jurpose of avoiding duplication of
work and of combining effective effort, and to attend on behalf of this or-
ganization, but without expense to it, their sessions: International Prison
COMMITTEES OF INVESTIGATION.
Congress, l'Union Internationale de Droit Penal, American Bar Association,
American Prison Association, International Congress of Criminal Anthropol-
ogy, National Conference of Charities and Correction, American Political Sci-
ence Association, National Conference on Uniform State Laws, and other
kindred organizations."
Joseph P. Byers, New York, N. Y. (penologist), chairman.
Homer Folks, New York, N. Y. (penologist).
J. V. Garner, Urbana, Ill. (political scieitist).
Charles R. Henderson, Chicago, Ill. (penologist).
Joseph Jastrow, Madison, Wis. (psychologist).
Adolf Meyer, Baltimore, Md. (physician).
Boris Sidis, Brookline, Mass. (physician).
William W. Smithers, Philadelphia, Pa. (lawyer).
And a special committee of delegates to the annual meeting of the
American Prison Association, as follows:
Charles F. Amidon, Fargo, N. D. (judge).
Frederick Bausman, Seattle, Wash. (lawyer).
Theodore Brantley, Helena, Mont. (judge).
Alfred Budge, Paris, Idaho (judge).
Hiram E. Hadley, Seattle, Wash. (lawyer).
Albert H. Hall, Minneapolis, Minn. (lawyer).
Charles A. Pollock, Fargo, N. D. (judge).
(2) COmMITTEE ON TRANSLATION OF EUROPEAN TREATIsES. "Whereas, It
is exceedingly desirable that important treatises on criminology in foreign
languages be made readily accessible in the English language,
"Resolved, That the president appoint a committee of five with power
to select such treatises as in their judgment should be translated and to ar-
range for. their publication, without expense to the Institute"
William W. Smithers, Philadelphia, Pa. (lawyer), chairman.
Ernest Freund, Chicago, Ill. (professor of law).
Maurice Parmelee, Lawrence, Kan. (sociologist).
Roscoe Pound, Chicago, Ill. (professor of law).
Robert B. Scott, Madison, Wis. (political scientist).
John H. Wigmore, Chicago, Ill. (professor of law).
(3) COM MITTEE Oi ESTABLISHMENT OF A JOURNAL. "Whereas, There
is at the present time no periodical in the English language devoted to the
scientific study of criminal law and criminology, although there are some
twenty-five such journals published in foreign countries, including Austria,
Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, South America, Spain
and Switzerland,
"Resolved, That the president appoint a committee of five to take under
consideration the establishment of such a journal with power to do so, with
the approval of the Committee on Details of Organization."
Adolf Meyer, Baltimore, Md., till January, i9io, Ward's Island, N. Y.
(physician), chairman.
H. C. Carbaugh, Chicago, Ill. (lawyer and U. S. A. judge-advocate).
Hastings H. Hart, New York, N. Y. (philanthropist).
Edwin R. Keedy, Chicago, Ill. (professor of law).
Charles A. Eliwood, Columbia, Mo. (professor of sociology).
120
BULLETINS OF THE INSTITUTE.
(4) COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS. "Whereas, There is a widespread and
increasing popular desire thoroughly to understand and perfect the criminal
law of our country, and a growing belief that some of our methods are
capable of improvement; and
"Whereas, Full and reliable information regarding the actual administra-
tion of the criminal law, both federal and state, is necessary to wise and.
efficient legislation and administration,
"Resolved, That this Conference urge upon Congress to provide for the
collection, through the agency of the Census Bureau, of criminal and judicial
statistics covering the entire United States, as early as practicable.
"Resolved, That it is the sense of this Conference that legislation ought
to be enacted by the several states, making it the duty of prosecuting attorneys,
magistrates and justices of the peace to report annually to some state central
officer, preferably the attorney-general or the secretary of state, full informa-
tion regarding the administration of the criminal law.
"Resolved, That a committee of six be appointed to report on the present
methods of keeping criminal judicial records of the courts of the several
states and territories, as well as of the federal courts, and to recommend
an adequate and uniform system of recording and reporting such statistics.
"Resolved, That the system formulated by the above-mentioned committee,
when approved by a subsequent Conference, be recommended to the several
states and to the Congress of the United States for their consideration and
adoption."
John Koren, Boston, Mass. (statistician), chairman.
Roger M. Baldwin, St. Louis, Mo. (penologist).
J6seph P. Byers, New York, N. Y. (penologist).
William H. DeLacey, Washington, D. C. (judge).
Roland P. Falkner, Washington, D. C. (statistician).
E. J. McDermott, Louisville, Ky. (lawyer).
FUNDS. The funds needed for the work of the Institute are to be ob-
tained (I) from the annual subscriptions of members; (2) from special
donations by benefactors for the purposes of the Institute.
By vote of the Conference, every member is appointed a committee of
one to solicit special donations. The beneficent purposes of the Institute
will undoubtedly appeal to persons of means who are ready to aid good
causes and responsible workers for them.
ANNUAL MEETING. The next annual meeting will be held at the time
and place of the Eighth International Penitentiary Congress, that is, in
Washington, D. C., October I, i9io.
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE. The printed proceedings of the National
Conference on Criminal Law and Criminology, which organized the Institute,
will be ready for distribution to members in April, 191o.


Bulletins of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology

Gemmill, William N.

Crime and Its Punishment in Chicago

Sylvester, Richard

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
Volume 1 | Issue 3 Article 7
1910
Principles of Police Administration
Richard Sylvester
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc
Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal
Justice Commons
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for
inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons.
Recommended Citation
Richard Sylvester, Principles of Police Administration, 1 J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 411 (May 1910 to March 1911)
PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION.
RICHARD SYLVESTER.'
When the rules of conduct established by a community for
peace and good order-and the preservation of life and property
are transgressed, crime is the product, and it may be either inten-
tional or accidental. ""hile all violations come within the purview
of the statutes, certain exemptions in the imposition of penalties
prevail when the act is unintentional or the perpetration the re-
sult of unsound mind. Those who commit an offense wilfully, ma-
liciously and premeditatedly become the unquestioned enemies of"
society, and in the warfare against them the good citizens look
to the police as their agents and defenders. The battle against
crime has been waged for ages, it is still in progress and will con-
tinue so long as mankind inhabit the earth.
There are some who are criminals by inheritance and some
who are made so through domestic neglect. While the function of
the police in the past has been to deal with criminals as they find
them, in this progressive age those who, in addition to preventing
a crime or solving a mystery, exercise an influence for the eradica-
tion of criminal instincts where they may be early brought to their
attention, whether they be hereditary or the result of environment,
are rendering a service to humanity.
The value of such service has been practically demonstrated
by the heads of police departments in some of our cities, who have
c~operated in eliminating slum resorts, reducing overcrowded tene-
ments, furnishing and protecting public playgrounds, protecting
children against dissipated and criminal parents, enforcing the
gambling and cigarette laws, rescuing girls under age from evil re-
sorts, excluding youths from disreputable localities and aiding in
the maintenance of houses of detention and juvenile courts.
The two last named institutions go hand in hand and operate
as valuable preventative agencies. The former is a substitute for
a station house, wherein children and female prisoners who are first
offenders may be restrained and yet kept free from the contami-
nating influences which follow the confining of such prisoners
'Chief of Police, Washington, D. C., and President International Associa-
tion of Chiefs of Police.
POLICE ADMINISTRATION.
with hardened characters. In construction iA should bear the least
resemblance to a prison. Steel wires instead of iron bars, iron beds
rather than wooden lounges, clean night clothing and bed clothing,
with ample shower and other bathing facilities, should be provided.
After arrest the prisoner should be conveyed to that institution
in a vehicle least resembling a patrol wagon. There the usual
record and search -hould be made, to be followed by a bath and
disinfection, if necessary. At night retirement in a genteel man-
ner should be required. iBoys should be mastered by a guard, girls
and women by a matron. These prisoners should be taken in as un-'
ostentatious a manner as possible to the juvenile court, there to be
again kept away from the usual court surroundings. When a
stage of probation follows, there are possibilities of effective work
in some cases and unfavorable results in others. If children be-
come imbued with the idea, after being arrested once or twice, that
they are free from punishment beyond temporary -restraint in
the house of detention and court, then new difficulties beset the
police. The latter condition can be largely obviated by a judicious
determination of the cases. The whole scheme will in time, no
doubt, be productive of good results.
These improvements in the police service are in line with the
prevailing sentiment that there is no -necessity for maltreatment
of prisoners. Antiquated methbds were those where violators re-
ceived severe penalties at the hands of the police before they were
arraigned in court, where they were dragged through the streets
and, in some instances, first intimidated by a good clubbing. The
patrol wagon and signal service have been devised as remedial
agents for such practices, but, more than all else, the improved
standard of the American policeman has contributed to humane
methods. While physical strength is essential, members of the
force should be taught to realize that intelligence and tact are
more far reaching and effective in the securing of prisoners. As
conditions have improved and enlightened methods been introduced,
the treatment of the law-breaker must keep pace with surroundings,
so that his overtaking and punishment call for study and skill.
An officer of the law should know that he is not only the instrument
of apprehension and arrest, but that it is his duty to accomplish
the work with the least amount of friction, and in some cases his
recommendation should go far toward determining whether an
offender shouldbe treated in an asylum or worked in jail. I am of
the opinion that the chief who adds to his knowledge of police meth-
RICHARD SYLVESTER.
ods some facts bearing upon criminology is more thoroughly
equipped for his duties than the official who performs his task me-
chanically. There are periods when discontent must be allayed, even
riot suppressed, and that policeman is best equipped to allay and
suppress who is capable of applying intelligence through study
as well as experience.
It should not be forgotten that intelligent work on the part
of the subordinate reflects credit on the superior. To secure that
it is incumbent on the latter to have the loyal support of the former.
It behooves the chief to acquire a knowledge of his men, to study
their interests as well as his own -and to secure their confidence
and respect. Honest, sober, discreet and firm, but kind, leadership
begets the same character of assistance. Each member of the force
should be made to understand that his profession is an honorable
one and that good conduct and intelligent service on his part will
bring its reward. A policeman should be assured by law that, his
position is secure during good behavior; but, with a life tenure,
the law should be so elastic that a superior may be reduced and a sub-
ordinate advanced, provided the one is inefficient and intelligent
attention to duty merits advancement for the other.
There should be three grades for patrolmen. After an ap-
plicant passes a successful physical examination by a board of
surgeons, a civil service examination as to physical equipment- and
knowledge of local geography and an examination as to charac-
ter, he should enter upon one grade of service. If his duty is
faithfully performed for two years, a higher grade of pay should
be allowed him, and after five years' commendable work a final grade
of compensation should be his reward. These graded classes should
serve as encouragement for honorable return. If injured or dis-
abled through disease contracted in the line of duty, the police-
man should receive a pension, or, in case 'of his death, his wife
and children should be provided for.
In order to carry into effect this system the department must
be free from political appointments or control, and, aside from
having and expressing opinion, the men should not-be permitted to
participate in politics.
The late Justice Brewer once said: "After all, the better rem-
cry, sof ar as any matter of organization is concerned, is a perma-
nent tenure of those officials charged with maintaining the public
peace, together with a widening of the reach of the civil service r'e-
form to all connected with its enforcement. The thought of stability
POLICE ADMINISTRATION.
in office of those charged with the duty of preserving the public
peace must be incorporated into municipal life. There has got to
be impressed upon all dwellers in a city a full consciousness of the
fact that there is a power to punish, a power that endures and a
power that will never let up."
When a member of the force must undergo transfer, fine or
removal for having performed his plain duty, what must be the
effect upon the organization, and when members are dropped for
want of appropriation for salaries, what must be the discontent?
The force does not suffer alone, but that institution on which all
other branches of the municipality must depend becomes endangered
and the life and property of the citizen is without proper protectioi,.
Different hours of duty prevail in different communities. The
aim should be to afford the public the greatest amount of protec-
tion without jeopardizing the health of the men. Irregular hours
for-sleep and meals, when prolonged, conduce to physical disability
and mental distress. This impairs the efficiency of the force, and
the system should be so arranged as to reduce this condition to a
minimum. We should not forget that the demands upon a police-
man are extraordinary, and that in fifteen years he expends hi.q
maximum vigor, though prolonged usefulness may be obtained by
studying the surgeons' reports and reducing requirements in hours
or by special assignments.
The cost of living in the United States has materially advanced
and generally there has been a correspondifig increase in the wages
of mechanics and employees, who have their nights, holidays and
Sundays "off." But this increase of reward has not come to the
policeman. His life is not only one continual risk and exposure,
but his days of recreation are few and far between. From his
meager salary a uniform must be provided and an occasional pen-
alty paid for omission of duty or violation of the department reg-
ulations, which reduces his income for living purposes. In this
progressive age, when everything has attained a high state of per-
fection, when men, in their ambition to secure wealth. and station,
violate the law with a frequency never before known, changes have
been effected which have transformed the conditions of ten years
ago. These new social conditions must be met by those chargbd
with the protection of life and property. Those responsible foi
the conduct of municipal affairs have been too much absorbed in
other matters to give attention to the conditions and needs of public
4r4
RICHARD SYLVESTER.
servants and to modernize police organization, so as to enable it to
meet the new and changed conditions of the present day.
It is to the advantage of a police department to adopt, any
and all improvements which will facilitate or expedite police work.
The establishment of permanent roping devices along lines of pa-
rade, crowd ropes, to be used in dividing and handling crowds with-
out the necessity of shoving with the arms and hands, electric lan-
terns and motor vehicles, adjustable cots and litters, central offices
for concentration of police news by telephone, daily printed bul-
letins of "lookouts" for each member of the force, photograph gal-
leries, printing offices for general orders, circulars'and bulletins
are all useful and up-to-date devices.
A subject that has received much attention during the past
few years is that of revolver practice by the police forces. In some
cities all members of the force are required to be able to attain a
certain score and to understand how to draw and use a revolver.
Selected teams have contested with militia and citizens' teams, and
this friendly rivalry has done much to bring about a closer relation-
ship between the guardian of the peace and the man whose property
lie protects. 'Much has also been accomplished toward preventing
the injury of the innocent when a policeman is called upon to use
his revolver. Not only do good results follow practices of this
kind, but bowling, indulged in by corpulent members of the force,
tends to reduce the avoirdupois and cause a closer acquaintance*
and consequent respect for the officer on the part of the citizeni
with whom he may compete.
Conditions have undergone a great change, and old methods
have been revolutionized largely through the good work of the In-
ternational Police Association. It has been means whereby police-
men are n.o longer strangers to each other, but an a'cquaintanceship,
official and personal, has been made complete and the feeling fra-
ternal; there is at all times an inclination to do for the common
interest. When a professional thief is put away in one locality it
is realized that it is for the benefit of the citizens and authorities
of all others. When informed by wire, press or other means that
one community has suffered depredations, the police hasten to the
pursuit of the malefactor; there is a daily interchange of photo-
graphs, measurements, descriptions, letters, circulars and official
papers; the long distance telephone quickly heads off the escaping
felon; quick messages describing persons and property cause prompt
capture and recovery. In fact, at times the wires are utilized to
POLICE ADMINISTRATION.
weave a web about a fleeing criminal, and those who meet with the
association make the -work effectual. A police jurisdiction in dis-
tress through fire or other calamity, or which is overrun by criminals
on stated occasionsi is promptly aided by brother officers from other
sections, only the asking- being required to awaken devout and ear-
nest assistance. A police agent in a far-away locality need but
present himself at headquarters elsewhere in order to receive prompt
cooperation and all courtesies-his own is grasped by a friendly
hand and he is given the same assurance.
1 4t6


Principles of Police Administration

Northwestern University

Not a member yet

Judicial Decisions on Criminal Law and Procedure

Notes on Current and Recent Events

Editorial

Report of Committee on Statistics of Crime

Judicial Decisions on Criminal Law and Procedure

Bibliography of Periodical Literature

Bulletins of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology

Crime and Its Punishment in Chicago

Principles of Police Administration

9,633

9,809