International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports (IJPEFS)
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Constant Resistant at Different Speeds while Pushing a Sled Prompts Different Adaptations in Neuromuscular Timing on Back and Lower Limb Muscles
Full text linkResistance training (RT) is commonly used to target specific weakened muscle groups. Among the plethora of methods employed as RT, the current study focused on a sled that provides constant resistance proportional to speed. This study aimed to examine neuromuscular patterns of the lower extremity and trunk muscles in response to pushing a sled with constant resistance at two different speeds. Twenty-six young adults (average age, 23.8) participated in this study. Surface electromyography electrodes were placed on gluteus maximus (GMAX), gluteus medius (GMED), tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GA), and erector spinae (lumbar and thoracic) of their dominant leg or side (unilateral at the same side as the dominant lower limb). Neuromuscular timing was collected during four tasks: walking, running, walking-pushing the sled (WP), and running-pushing the sled (RP). All gait activities were repeated twice, with self-selected speed and an equivalent distance of 40 feet. A MANOVA analysis showed that during WP, GMED and GMAX showed more neuromuscular recruitment than leg and trunk muscles when compared to walking. During RP, the thoracic musculature was significantly more involved than any other muscle during running. Based on our findings, we recommend that physiotherapists and trainers use this sled with constant resistance during walking in patients with pelvic or hip weakness. Further, we suggested utilizing the sled in subjects requiring mid-trunk activation at faster speeds, such as fast walking or running
International comparison of motor abilities and floorball skills in U-11 to U-14 teams from the Czech Republic and Australia
Full text linkFloorball is a young and rapidly developing team game. At the world floorball championships, the considerable disparity in performance can be seen between the individual countries. The aim of this study was to compare the level of floorball skills and motor abilities of children in the U-11 - U-14 age category at floorball clubs in the Czech Republic and Australia. The players from FBŠ Slavia Pilsen clubs (Czech Republic) (n=18; 12.1y±1.0; 155.4cm±10.6; 44.7kg±12.1) and Peninsula Floorball club (Australia) (n=18; 12.7y±1.0; 160.7cm±12.0; 53.2kg±11.6) participated in this study. To compare the tested groups, 6 items (3 motor abilities, 3 floorball skills) were used from the test battery prepared by the Czech Floorball Association for the given age category. In motor abilities, a statistically and substantially significant difference was found only for one item (Illinois agility test without stick). In floorball skills, a statistically and substantially significant difference was found for all of the tested items. Only for one criterion of the Shooting test, namely the time required for performing the task, the difference was not statistically significant, and substantial significance reached only a medium effect. The presented results clearly indicate the different level of floorball skills between the Czech and Australian floorball players in the age category tested by us
The Association Between Abdominal Fat, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Clinical Markers of Metabolic Syndrome
Full text linkOur purpose was to determine the association between abdominal fat and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on markers of metabolic syndrome (MetS) total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), glucose, and blood pressure. We conducted a retrospective study on 165 adults (108 men) in which correlations between waist girth (WG), CRF and blood variables were determined. The cohort was partitioned by gender into quartiles and again by WG and differences in markers of MetS were compared across quartiles by ANOVA and by ANCOVA to determine the influence of CRF. Males in the lowest WG quartile exhibited greater HDL-C and lower diastolic blood pressure vs. the highest quartile (p < 0.05). TG were lower in the lowest vs. the third and highest quartile (p < 0.05), and glucose was greater in the highest vs. the first and second quartiles (p < 0.05). Females in the second WG quartile exhibited higher HDL-C vs. the highest quartile, and TG, glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were lower in the lowest vs. the highest quartile (p < 0.05). After adjusting for CRF, diastolic blood pressure across WG in males were no longer significant, and HLD-C and TG quartile differences were no longer significant in females. We confirm WG as an important correlate of clinical markers of MetS in adults. CRF mitigates relationships between WG and clinical markers of cardio-metabolic risk in men and women
Examining of Tennis Referee's Task and Ego Orientations According to Some Demographic Characteristics
Full text linkThe purpose of this study is to determine the task and ego orientations of tennis referees, and to determine whether they differ according to some demographic characteristics. The data obtained from the research were in the survey model within the scope of quantitative research and were examined in a descriptive research design. According to the information obtained from the corporate website of the Turkish Tennis Federation, there are 219 tennis referees registered in the Anatolian Side of Istanbul. Doğan et al. (2017) The Task and Ego Orientation Scale in Sports for Referees was used. In addition, a demographic information form consisting of 4 questions was created. In this form, tennis referees were asked about their gender, age, education status and the period they were refereeing. Before starting the research, necessary permission was obtained from the relevant scientist regarding the use of the mentioned scale. The scale from prepared by the researcher in Google documents was sent to the referees registered in the Turkish Tennis Federation in the Anatolian Side of Istanbul through social communication networks. All analyzes were carried out using the SPSS 26.0 package program at 95% confidence level. In the study, according to the total scores of the tennis referees on the Task and Ego Orientation Scale for Referees in Sports; there was a significant difference only in terms of gender variable. Accordingly, the sub-dimension point averages of female referees in sports are lower than male referees
Effects of Cooperative Learning Structures in Physical Education: A Systematic Review
Full text linkOne possibility of successfully dealing with the increasing heterogeneity of students is cooperative learning. However, this learning structure is still rarely used in physical education. To substantiate positive effects of cooperative learning in physical education and to support the commitment of pedagogical staff, the aim of this research was to evaluate physical, social, behavioral and psychological effects of interventions implementing cooperative learning structures in physical education lessons. The current systematic review was designed based on the PRISMA guidelines. Five databases were used to select articles that evaluated effects of cooperative learning in physical education of children and adolescents with an average age within the range of five to 19 years in August 2022. Studies had to report quantitative measured outcomes of cooperative learning. Two authors independently screened studies for eligibility and assessed risk of bias. Descriptive analyses were conducted to evaluate intervention effects. In total, 23 articles reporting 36 outcomes were included in the analysis with an overall sample size of 3699 children and adolescents aged between 6.5 and 17.5 years. Summarized 71% of all reported outcomes resulted in significant positive effects on cooperative learning compared to traditional teaching styles with most positive effects on social outcomes (92%). It is recommended to integrate different teaching styles, e.g. cooperative learning, to improve children’s development and to engage them in lifelong physical activity. Furthermore, interdisciplinary cooperation (e.g. between researchers and pedagogical school staff) should be sought in order to develop pedagogical approaches that consider the needs and prerequisites of students
Lived Experiences of Physical Education Instructors in Facilitating Distance Learning Education
Full text linkThe global emergency of Covid-19 triggered an unprecedented shift in education that brought new challenges to students and educators alike. In particular, physical education instructors face a unique set of challenges as the most subscribed pedagogical strategies revolve on on-site setting. This study explored the lived experiences of physical education instructors in distance learning education in one of the missionary universities in Baguio City, Philippines. Employing a phenomenological design, data were gathered using semi-structured interviews to explore the struggles and successes in the experiences of physical education instructors who taught combative sports in a distance learning education setting during the academic years covering 2020 through 2022. Processing the interviews revealed themes about the specific struggles experienced by physical education instructors in relation to distance learning education. On the other hand, it revealed that these struggles gave rise to successes borne out of the need to address the identified struggles. Understanding both struggles and successes of physical education instructors is necessary as these could be critical in the successful online implementation of physical education programs, particularly in fitness-combative sports. It is recommended that a study be conducted on the coping mechanisms of fitness-combative sports instructors in dealing with the struggles in online teaching; furthermore, there is a need to examine how documented successes can be fostered to improve distance learning education
Skill Acquisition and Development Issues with Predictable Badminton Feeding Routines
Full text linkBadminton practice designs contain feeding routines that allow players to practice technical skills. Optimal skill acquisition and development is gained through practice simulating competitive match play rather than approaches centred around mass repetition with low levels of uncertainty. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical differences in twelve youth elite UK badminton players in activities with varying levels of predictability. The three experimental trials were handfeed, multifeed and match play trials. Motion capture cameras were used to record participant biomechanical data. Data analysis revealed several significant biomechanical differences between trials. Results showed that an increase in trial unpredictability led to increased depth of the forward lunge shot and a lower racket shuttlecock strike position with greater forward trunk bend. This study showed that visual search behaviour in badminton is a key component of the forward lunge shot. Predictable practice feeding routines may cause poor skill acquisition and development through maladaptive learning behaviours. Coaches are recommended to implement unpredictable feeding practice routines to simulate the visual search behaviour of competitive badminton match play to enhance skill acquisition and development in youth elite badminton players
The Perceived Sustainability of Sports and Social Legacy Goals of Beijing Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games
Full text linkInspired by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Legacy Strategic Approach, Beijing 2022 issued the Legacy Plan of the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games as a continuing effort from the 2008 Beijing Olympics “to promote a positive legacy from the Olympic Games to the host cities, regions and countries” (IOC, 2020). Using a qualitative approach guided by Asper’s (2009) empirical phenomenology and Alase’s (2017) interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), the author interviewed the Olympic officials in legacy planning for the 2008 Summer Games and/or the 2022 Winter Games, the scholars in Olympic studies, and a journalist reporting the Olympic legacy related news in Beijing. The narratives presented the interviewees’ positive experiences and perceptions in most of the sustainability inquiries of the “soft” legacy goals. The results revealed that the Olympic and Paralympic ideals had been well appreciated by the mass public since Beijing hosted the 2008 Summer Games and the sports and social legacies from the Games had been carried forward to Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics. At the same time, a gap existed between urban and rural, especially on the sustainability of the legacy goals concerning people with disabilities
Perceptions of Sexual Identity Stereotyping among Physical Education Undergraduate Students
Full text linkThis study examined the perspectives of six college students enrolled in a physical education teacher education program on sexual identity stereotyping (SIS), the stereotyping of individuals as a certain sexual identity (e.g., homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual) based on external factors. The purpose was to construct a general landscape of physical education (PE) majors’ views on SIS and gender roles, athletic and PE expectations in regards to gender and sexuality, and these ideas’ impact on the efficacy of PE, both for students and educators. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the standard interpretive methods of analytic induction and constant comparison. These findings revealed that in general, those interviewed were aware of SIS and could identify its potential impact. Still, the participants felt that SIS was not enough of an issue to prevent them from pursuing a career in PE. Multiple participants reported experiences with being stereotyped as a result of their athletic activities of choice. Through the thoughts of the interviewees, the authors of this study hope to enrich the field of PE and provide awareness towards biases that can cloud the quality of education
An Alternative Early Field Experience for Physical Education Teacher Preparation
Full text linkImplementation of early field experiences is a required component in nearly all teacher education programs because of the first-hand training in real-world situations that complement classroom learning. It is through the experiences that pre-service teachers have the platform to develop and demonstrate their competency in content knowledge, pedagogical skills, and professional dispositions. However, the onset of COVID-19 pandemic made it impossible to set up in-person early field experiences. The purpose of this study was to (a) describe an alternative early field experience planned and implemented to accommodate COVID-19 restrictions, (b) document what the participants learned throughout the experience, and (c) provided university faculty with suggestions for virtual early field experiences. Nineteen students enrolled in a 200-level physical education teacher education activity class in the Spring of 2021 submitted 10 weekly reports after watching self-selected videos that were related to soccer and volleyball. The duration of each video submission was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data analyzed using the standard interpretive methods revealed three main themes. To identify their content knowledge acquisition, the participants described historical facts, abridged rules and regulations, sport-specific skills, strength and conditioning exercises, and tactical moves and team strategies. They also made game-related observations on the players, teams, and officials. Lastly, entertainment value was highlighted as a result of the freedom to choose the videos they were interested in. Suggestions for incorporating this early field experience and future research directions were discussed