eJournal Universitas Nusa Bangsa
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PENGARUH KONSENTRASI PEKTIN DALAM SUHU DAN WAKTU PENYIMPANAN BERBEDA TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK PELEMBAB KULIT
Full text linkEffect of Concentration of Pectin in Different Temperature and Storage Time on Characteristics of Skin Moisturizing       The use of pectin as a substituent a synthetic material in the manufacture of skin moisturizers can support the reuse of natural ingredients for skin care . This study aimed to obtain optimum concentrations in the preparation of skin moisturizers and to see the characteristics of skin moisturizer with the addition of the pectin concentration . The result showed the optimum concentration of pectin in the preparation of moisturizing the skin with a concentration of 0.05 % with a characteristic appearance ( viscosity ) was most preferably , the pH value of 7.08 ; a specific gravity of 0.98 g / ml ; viscosity of 2229 cP , emulsion stability of 100 % , and there was no microbial contamination in accordance with the standard of quality of skin moisturizersKeyword:. Pectin, concentration, characteristics, skin moisturizing ABSTRAK        Penggunaan pektin sebagai pensubstitusi bahan sintetik dalam pembuatan pelembab kulit dapat mendukung penggunaan kembali bahan-bahan alami untuk perawatan kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi optimum dalam sediaan pelembab kulit dan mempelajari karakteristik pelembab kulit dengan penambahan konsentrasi pektin. Hasil penelitian didapatkan konsentrasi optimum pektin dalam sediaan pelembab kulit dengan konsentrasi 0,05 % dengan karakteristik penampakan (kekentalan) yang paling disukai, nilai pH 7,08; bobot jenis 0,98 g/ml; viskositas 2229 cP, stabilitas emulsi 100 %, dan tidak terdapat cemaran mikroba sesuai dengan syarat mutu pelembab kulit..Kata kunci: Pektin, konsentrasi, karakteristik, pelembab kuli
OPTIMASI PENGGUNAAN GARAM ELEKTROLIT SEBAGAI PENGENTAL SAMPO BENING CAIR
Full text linkOptimization Use of Electrolyte Salt as a Thickenerin of Clear-Liquid Shampoo         A wide variety of activities undertaken by humans to meet their needs. They are needed cleaning which makes the body refreshed and become the body protected from various kinds of diseases. One sample is the cleaning shampoo. Simply in shampoo manufacturing process only the addition of materials in water as a solvent. The ingredients that are added generally include surfactants, binding agents, foaming agents, antibacterial, pH regulators, fragrances, dyes, and thickeners.The last process of manufacture of shampoo is setting viscosity. Usually, a substance used as a thickener are electrolyte salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl). However, some manufacturers of similar products using strong electrolyte salt such as sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) as a thickener. The electrolyte salts have a greater degree of dissociation compared with a weak electrolyte salts.Analysis of optimization of the use of the electrolyte salt to clear viscous liquid shampoo was performed in which the electrolyte salt used was NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2, and NaHSO4. Each of these electrolyte salts were added to the liquid shampoo preparations as much as 0; 0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5; 4.5; 5.5; 6.5; and 7.5%. All treatments were tested the viscosity, organoleptic (color and odor), pH, and density at 250 C. Based on the research that had been done could be concluded that the best salt that could be used to clear liquid shampoo formulation  was NaCl at a concentration above 3.5%.Key words: Shampoo, electrolyte salts, surfactants ABSTRAK         Berbagai macam kegiatan dilakukan oleh manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Dibutuhkan suatu pembersih yang menjadikan badan segar kembali dan menjadikan tubuh terhindar dari berbagai macam penyakit. Salah satu pembersih dimaksud adalah sampo. Secara sederhana proses pembuatan sampo meliputi penambahan bahan-bahan dengan air sebagai pelarutnya. Bahan-bahan yang ditambahkan pada umumnya meliputi surfaktan, zat pengikat, zat pembusa, antibakteri, pengatur pH, pewangi, pewarna, dan pengental.Proses terakhir dari pembuatan sampo adalah pengaturan kekentalan. Biasanya zat yang digunakan sebagai pengental adalah garam elektrolit seperti natrium klorida (NaCl). Namun beberapa perusahaan pembuat produk sejenis menggunakan garam elektrolit kuat lain seperti natrium sulfat (Na2SO4), magnesium klorida (MgCl2), dan kalsium klorida (CaCl2) sebagai pengental. Garam-garam elektrolit tersebut memiliki derajat disosiasi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan garam-garam elektrolit lemah.Analisis optimasi penggunaan garam elektrolit terhadap kekentalan sampo bening cair dilakukan dimana garam elektrolit yang digunakan adalah NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2, dan NaHSO4. Masing-masing garam elektrolit tersebut di tambahkan ke dalam sediaan sampo cair sebanyak 0; 0,5; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5; 4,5; 5,5; 6,5; dan 7,5 %. Semua perlakuan di lakukan uji kekentalan, organoleptik (warna dan bau), pH, dan Bobot Jenis pada suhu 25 0 C. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa garam terbaik yang dapat digunakan untuk formulasi sampo bening cair adalah NaCl yaitu pada konsentrasi diatas 3,5%.Kata Kunci : Sampo, Garam Elektrolit, Surfakta
PEMANFAATAN LIGNIN KRAFT DARI LINDI HITAM SEBAGAI PEREKAT KAYU KOMPOSIT
Full text linkUtilization of Kraft Lignin from black liquor as adhesives in the wood composite.           The lignin in the sulphate black liquor (known as kraft lignin) has a strong affinity when being reacted with formaldehyde to form lignin formaldehyde adhesives. To increase the bonding strength, the lignin is co-polymerized with phenol or resorcinol to form lignin phenol formaldehyde or lignin resorcinol formaldehyde resins. The resins can be applied in of reconstituted wood products manufacturing such as plywood, finger-jointed wood assembly and glue laminated lumber. The research result showed that each type of lignin based adhesives had specific characters which met Indonesian standard. The test result on plywood which glued by lignin formaldehyde (LF) and lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) indicated that bonding strength of the products were 8.0-27.0 kg/cm2, for a while on laminated wood which glued by lignin resorcinol formaldehyde (LRF) indicated that bonding strength of the products were 36.9-88.0 kg/cm2, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity was 372-637kg/cm2 and47,164-60,237 kg/cm2, respectively. The formaldehyde emissions were about 0.05-0.14 mg/L. The efficiency of lignin based adhesives on finger joint application reach at 35.4-73.6%. Therefore, the synthesis of lignin based adhesives, an unique wood adhesive with good resin characteristics and met bonding strength and formaldehyde emission requirement as stated in Japanese standard. Keywords : Kraft lignin, composite wood, adhesives ABSTRAK         Lignin dalam lindi hitam (dikenal sebagai lignin kraft) memiliki afinitas yang kuat bila direaksikan dengan formaldehida membentuk perekat lignin formaldehida. Guna meningkatkan daya rekatnya, lignin dikopolimerisasi dengan phenol atau resorsinol sehingga terbentuk resin lignin phenol formaldehida atau lignin resorsinol formaldehida. Resin tersebut dapat diaplikasikan dalam pembuatan produk kayu rekonstitusi seperti kayu lapis, papan sambung dan kayu lamina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap jenis perekat berbasis lignin memiliki karakter yang spesifik yang memenuhi persyaratan standar Indonesia. Hasil pengujian terhadap kayu lapis yang direkat dengan lignin formaldehida (LF) dan lignin phenol formaldehida (LPF) menunjukkan bahwa keteguhan rekat produk tersebut berkisar antara 8,0-27,0 kg/cm2, sementara untuk kayu lamina yang direkat dengan lignin resorsinol formaldehida (LRF) berkisar antara 36,9-88,0 kg/cm2, dengan modulus of rupture dan modulus of elasticity berturut-turut sekitar 372 - 637kg/cm2  dan47,164 - 60,237 kg/cm2. Emisi formaldehida produk berkisar antara 0,05-0,14 mg/L. Efisiensi perekat berbasis lignin pada aplikasi papan sambung mencapai 35,4 - 73,6%. Produk yang menggunakan perekat berbasis lignin ini memenuhi persyaratan Jepang.Kata kunci : Lignin Kraft, kayu majemuk, pereka
POTENSI BIOMASSA KARBON TEGAKAN, NEKROMAS (NECROMASS) DAN SERESAH (LITTER) PADA HUTAN PENELITIAN DRAMAGA
Full text linkHuman activity and environmental damage increased has led to high level of carbon emission in the atmosphere and led to the global warming. Reducing of carbon emission through sink program which requires estimation data of biomass carbon stock. The aim of this study to determine the potential of stand biomass carbon stock, necromass and litter. The study conducted from April-May 2013. Research location was executed in Dramaga Research Forest, Bogor. The results of this study indicate that potential of biomass carbon stock in Dramaga Research Forest were 225.51 ton biomass/ha and 105.99 ton carbon/ha (trees); 16.00 ton biomass/ha and 8.10 ton carbon/ha (poles); 19.11 ton biomass/ha and 8.98 ton carbon/ha (saplings); 2.01 ton biomass/ha and 0.94 ton carbon/ha (seedlings); 0.92 ton biomass/ha and 0.43 ton biomass/ha (undergrowth); 0.41 ton biomass/ha and 0.19 ton carbon/ha (necromass); 0.86 ton biomass/ha and 0.41 ton carbon/ha (litter). The species dominant for carbon stock are Pinus merkusii, Shorea guiso, Tectona grandis, Dipterocarpus trinervis, Shorea balangeran, Pterygota alata, Hopea mengarawan, Protium javanicum, Quercus sp. and Shorea leprosula