Journal of the Asian Medical Students Association
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Prevalence Of Type II Diabetes Mellitus And Assessment Of Risk Factors Along With The Health Seeking Behaviour Of Diabetics In Slums Of Delhi
No full textINTRODUCTION: India has earned the dubious distinction of being the ‘diabetes capital of the world’. As cited by the International Diabetes Federation, the diabetics in India are expected to rise from 40.9million to 69.9million by 2025 unless urgent preventive steps are taken3. The slum population seems to be at greater risk of developing diabetes therefore we have undertaken this study to ascertain the prevalence of type II diabetes and its risk amongst the slum population of Delhi and to assess their health seeking behaviour. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out in urban slums with 1000 participants aged 18 years and above. A pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was administered to subjects after a written informed consent. Status of type II diabetes mellitus was based on available health records. Indian diabetes risk score (IDRS) was used to assess individuals at risk of developing diabetes. Data was analyzed using SPSS v16.0. ‘p-value’ less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The interim data of 349 participants (53.9% males, 46.1% females) is being presented. Prevalence of diabetes was 6.0% (5.9% amongst males, 6.2% amongst females)(p>0.05), higher in age ≥50 years (20.5%) (p<0.001), sedentary workers (16.7%)(p=0.001), IDRS score >50 (18.5%)(p<0.001). Education, per-capita income, waist-hip ratio, family history did not have significant relationship with risk of DM. General symptoms reported were giddiness (47.6%), thirst (57.1%), frequent urination (85.7%), weight loss (28.6%), infections (14.6%). 2 out of 21 diabetics did not take medication and 2 were on insulin. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of type II DM was 6%, with increased risk among individuals aged 50 years or more, sedentary workers and IDRS score ≥50. There is a need to promote healthy lifestyle focusing on regular exercise and balanced diet
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: a Cantonese Cumber
No full textNasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a malignant development arising from the epithelium ofthe nasopharynx (Lee AWM, 1997) and is typically associated with infection by theEpstein Barr Virus (EBV) (Old et al., 1966). EBV can also cause infectiousmononucleosis (Klein et al., 1969) and Burkitt’s lymphoma (Epstein, Achong, & Barr,1964; zur Hausen et al., 1970).
Prevalence and Types of Contraceptive Used in Pakistan- A National Survey
No full textIntroduction/background: Pakistan is among the fastest growing countries of the world as far as population growth is concerned. With a growth rate of 2percent, the contraceptive prevalence rate is stagnant at 30 percent for the last many years. Use of family planning methods is limited and steps should be taken to increase the uptake. Objectives: To find the prevalence of contraception and choice of technique used. Methodology: The study was descriptive and cross-sectional in nature, the questionnaire was self administered semi-structured ipsative and was pilot tested on a sample of 10 females of reproductive age group before the final administration. The study was carried out in all four provinces. The sample size 200 females per district and 4 districts were taken from each province. Data analysis was done using SPSS. Results: The survey covered 3200 women from 16 districts (4 each province). The overall use of contraceptives was found to be maximum in Punjab (36.5%), then Sindh (28.7%), KPK (24.6%) and least in Baluchistan (14.5%). In Punjab and Sindh most common method was tubal ligation (11% and 10% respectively), while in KPK it was condoms and in Baluchistan it was oral pills. The least preferred methods in Punjab were found to be Injectable hormones and IUCD’s (both 3.5%) while in Sindh (1%), KPK (2%) and Baluchistan (1%) it was reported to be IUCD’s. Conclusion: People should be counselee properly about use of contraceptives. Awareness programs through social media should be may become aware especially in Baluchistan and KPK
Comparison of Efficacy between Gardasil and Cervarix towards Prevention of Cervical Disease: A Systematic Review
No full textCervical cancer is the second most common and the fifth deadliest cancer in women. Itaffects about 20 in 100,000 women per year and kills about 9 in 100,000 per year (CancerResearch UK, 2013). The 5-year survival rate is 80 to 90% and 60 to 75% for women withstage I cancer and stage II cancer respectively. This further decreases to 30 to 40% forwomen with stage III cancer and 15% or less for those with stage IV cancer (CancerResearch UK, 2013). The risk factors for cervical cancer include smoking, unprotected sexand socioeconomic factors, with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) being the most significantcontributor. HPV-16/18 has been shown to play a causal role in cervical cancer, causingabout 70% of all cases. (Schiffman, Castle, Jeronimo, Rodriguez, & Wacholder, 2007)
Effects of Retinoic Acid and Valproic Acid on differentiation of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells
Get PDFNeural stem cells (NSC) have a myriad of potential uses, such as the treatment for spinal cord injury. Both retinoic acid (RA) and valproic acid (VPA) have been proven to be involved in neurogenesis in mice model; VPA as an HDAC inhibitor to induce neuronal differentiation and RA which enhances histone H3 acetylation to induce astrocyte differentiation of NSC. The objective of this research is to find the most suitable substance and/or combination of substances to be used in neuronal differentiation of ESC-derived NSCs. NS cells were derived first from mouse ES cells. DMEM Ham’s F-12 along with Vitamin B27, PSF, EGF, and BFGF was used. For experiment cells were moved to a four-well dish with N2 medium and FGF; control, RA, RA+FBS, RA+VPA. Immunocytostaining was done with antibodies for Tuj1, GFAP, and nestin, and then observed under fluorescent microscope. Cell count was done to determine differentiation of cells in each dish. In treatment of the VPA and RA, there is indication that neurogenesis enhanced compared to cells that was only treated with RA and the control dish. The enhancement is mostly shown in the Tuj1 immunofluorescence where it is more abundant. However the number of astrocyte differentiation was also increased in the combination of RA and VPA treatment. This indicates that there is no specific fate preference from the treatment. It does however indicate that during the incubation period there was an increase in cell proliferation and differentiation of NSCs when treated with a combination of VPA and RA
