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Rapid Realist Review of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions in 7- to 11-Year-Old Children
Get PDFMeta-analysis of physical activity interventions in school settings have revealed low efficacy and that there is a need to explore implementation fidelity. The aim of this rapid realist review was to determine, what physical activity interventions in school settings for children aged 7- to 11-years-old works, for whom, and in what circumstances. The realist synthesis was conducted following RAMESES guidelines. Relevant studies were identified following a systematic search process and data from 28 studies was extracted for evidence to form context-mechanism-outcome configurations that were clustered and refined. Using the five-level socioecological model, the program theories were classified into the levels of intrapersonal (child), interpersonal (teachers), institutional (program content, school administration, and school environment), community (home and neighborhood), and policy. The school level led to most context-mechanism-outcome configurations related to school leadership and policy, workforce structure, program characteristics, and school environment. At each level, we identified features of interventions, alongside implementation considerations that might work to promote efficacy and sustainability. The need to recognize the school environment as part of a complex system with multi-level interaction and influences was a key finding. In line with realist philosophy, the researchers encouraged primary research to confirm, refute, and refine the program theories presente
The advanced practitioners’ perspective. Exploring the decision‐making process between musculoskeletal advanced practitioners and their patients: An interpretive phenomenological study
Get PDFIntroduction
Advanced practice roles for allied health professionals continue to expand and provide key services within pathways of care for patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Despite the extensive utilisation of these roles and previously reported high patient satisfaction, little is understood about how these practitioners interact with their patients and the factors that influence decision-making conversations.
Study
A qualitative study utilised Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore the decision-making process occurring between Advanced Practitioners (APs) and their patients in a musculoskeletal service. AP data were collected through focus groups and analysed using IPA methodology.
Conclusions
Advanced practice decision-making is a complex process and APs exhibit a range of styles, from paternalistic to shared decision-making. APs may have a personal preference, but exhibit the ability to flex between styles in consultations. Multiple themes emerged from the data that influenced the decision-making process, including AP staff understanding the importance of patient expectations and the complex factors that influence patient interactions. It is important that clinicians have an awareness of the multiple factors that contribute to the decision-making process
Difference in the running biomechanics between preschoolers and adults
Get PDFBackground: High vertical loading rate is associated with a variety of running-related musculoskeletal injuries. There is evidence supporting that non-rearfoot footstrike pattern, greater cadence, and shorter stride length may reduce the vertical loading rate. These features appear
to be common among preschoolers, who seem to experience lower running injury incidence, leading to a debate whether adults should accordingly modify their running form.
Objective: This study sought to compare the running biomechanics between preschoolers and adults.
Methods: Ten preschoolers (4.2 ± 1.6 years) and ten adults (35.1 ± 9.5 years) were recruited Q3 and ran overground with their usual shoes at a self-selected speed. Vertical average (VALR) and vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) were calculated based on the kinetic data. Footstrike pattern and spatiotemporal parameters were collected using a motion capture system.
Results: There was no difference in normalized VALR (p = 0.48), VILR (p = 0.48), running speed (p = 0.85), and footstrike pattern (p = 0.29) between the two groups. Preschoolers demonstrated greater cadence (p < 0.001) and shorter normalized stride length (p = 0.01).
Conclusion: By comparing the kinetic and kinematic parameters between children and adults, our findings do not support the notion that adults should modify their running biomechanics according to the running characteristics in preschoolers for a lower injury risk.
© 2020 Associac¸ao˜ Brasileira de Pesquisa e Pos-Graduac¸ ´ ao˜ em Fisioterapia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved
Break the fall
No full textThe number of people aged 65 and over is projected to rise by over 40% in the next 17 years to more than 16 million (Office of National Statistics, 2015). Thirty percent (30%) of people aged 65 and over will be treated for an injury at least once a year and for those aged 80 and over, this figure rises to 50% (NICE, 2013). The most common cause of injury within the older population (65 and over) is falls, with the overarching mechanism being that of the severity and magnitude of the impact from the fall. This can have a devastating impact on the individual and significantly affect their health, wellbeing, independence and confidence. Older people generally lose muscle strength as they age. This reduction in muscle strength and associated weakness means that older people are more likely to have problems carrying out their daily activities (Liu and Latham, 2009). The resultant injuries from falls have a sizeable impact on the healthcare system, estimated to cost the NHS around £1 billion a year (Leal et al, 2016). Falls later on in life are often dismissed as an inevitable part of the aging process, however the reality is many of these can be prevented. There is substantial empirical evidence to suggest that appropriately prescribed exercise interventions can help prevent falls, with sports therapists playing a crucial role in their prevention (Martin et al, 2013)
Overcoming barriers and maximising the achievement of all pupils
No full textInclusive Education – Recognising diversity – Equality of opportunity – Inclusive policy and inclusive practice – Using differentiation to meet the needs of all pupils – Extending and challenging the most talented pupils – Towards and inclusive pedagogy – Reflecting upon your own practice
Figurative Language in Describing Pain and Lifestyle Impact
No full textWhen we talk about our pain and how we are coping with its impact, our words are chosen to be personally meaningful and socially appropriate. Yet the words are not our own and our voice is cloaked in metaphor. Research has shown how novelty in pain descriptors is quite rare. Terms like a racking pain have been reused and recycled for hundreds of years, and some have meanings long obscured by time, although some originality occurs in as if and feels like expressions, and by novel combinations of more standard terms. Our choice of expressions in describing symptoms and lifestyle impact is critical if we are to get help from family and treatment from medical staff. This paper discusses terms sourced from authentic data to highlight challenges for people with low levels of English language and a specific focus on challenges of translation for migrant patients and healthcare workers
Handmade object elicitation: using handmade objects to prompt richer interview data
No full textAs part of a qualitative study of UK dads’ groups, fathers and children were invited to bring objects they had made at the dads’ group to semi-structured interviews. Within social science research, the objects that have been used as elicitation stimuli in interviews to date have been dominated by manufactured/ shop-bought items. This article considers the benefits and potential of using objects created by participants – termed ‘handmade object elicitation’ (HOE) – as an inclusive and creative research method. HOE, it is argued, engages and sustains children and adults in the interview process; addresses some of the limitations of elicitation methods; generates rich conversations; and unearths valuable insights. Furthermore, handmade objects differ from elicitation practices which utilise manufactured and shopbought items because the handmade objects are embodied within the making process and, therefore, potentially are more bound to the memory-making and meaning-making processes. As such, HOE has considerable potential as a valuable qualitative research method
Reliability of Gastrointestinal Barrier Integrity and Microbial Translocation Biomarkers at Rest and Following Exertional Heat Stress
Get PDFPurpose: Exertional-heat stress adversely distrupts (GI) barrier integrity and, through subsequent microbial translocation (MT), negativly impacts health. Despite widespread application, the temporal reliability of popular GI barrier integity and MT biomarkers is poorly characterised. Method: Fourteen males completed two 80-minute exertional-heat stress tests (EHST) separated by 7-14 days. Venous blood was drawn pre, immediately- and 1-hour post both EHSTs. GI barrier integrity was assessed using the serum Dual-Sugar Absorption Test (DSAT), Intestinal Fatty-Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Claudin-3 (CLDN-3). MT was assessed using plasma Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein (LBP), total 16S bacterial DNA and Bacteroides DNA. Results: No GI barrier integrity or MT biomarker, except absolute Bacteroides concentration, displayed systematic trial order bias (p ≥ 0.05). I-FABP (trial 1 = Δ 0.834 ± 0.445 ng·ml-1; trial 2 = Δ 0.776 ± 0.489 ng·ml-1) and CLDN-3 (trial 1 = Δ 0.317 ± 0.586 ng·ml-1; trial 2 = Δ 0.371 ± 0.508 ng·ml-1) were increased post-EHST (p ≤ 0.01). All MT biomarkers were unchanged post-EHST. Coefficient of variation and typical error of measurement post-EHST were: 11.5% and 0.004 (ratio) for the DSAT 90-minutes post probe ingestion; 12.2% and 0.004 (ratio) at 150-minutes post probe ingestion; 12.1% and 0.376 ng·ml-1 for I-FABP; 4.9% and 0.342 ng·ml-1 for CLDN-3; 9.2% and 0.420 µg·ml-1 for LBP; 9.5% and 0.15 pg·µl-1 for total 16S DNA; and 54.7% and 0.032 for Bacteroides/total 16S DNA ratio. Conclusion: Each GI barrier integrity and MT translocation biomarker, except Bacteroides/total 16S ratio, had acceptable reliability at rest and post exertional-heat stress
‘Just want to surf, make boards and party’: how do we identify lifestyle entrepreneurs within the lifestyle sports industry?
Get PDFThis paper aims to further our understanding of the identity of the lifestyle entrepreneur operating within the lifestyle sports industry. The lifestyle entrepreneur has to date been
the subject of numerous definitions. However, understanding the context in which entrepreneurs operate has been identified by researchers as impacting upon the actions they take, and so therefore linking context to the entrepreneur is critical to the understanding of these individuals. A mixed methods study comprising of 80 questionnaire responses, and 21 semi-structured interviews focussed on identifying lifestyle
sports entrepreneurs. Two groups of entrepreneurs were targeted; those entrepreneurs operating within a sport (Engagers) and those who run a business to participate
(Enablers). Issues surrounding the identification of lifestyle entrepreneurs are presented. Through the analysis of the data, entrepreneurs identified through their own narratives how their identities are created. The results demonstrate that while the current external interpretation of the lifestyle entrepreneur is of a fixed nature, the entrepreneurs themselves evidence a much more complex approach to their identities
Physical Activity, Mental and Personal Well-Being, Social Isolation, and Perceptions of Academic Attainment and Employability in University Students: The Scottish and British Active Students Surveys
Get PDFBackground: Physical activity (PA) promotes health and well-being. For students, university represents a transitional period, including increased independence over lifestyle behaviors, in addition to new stressors and barriers to engaging in PA. It is, therefore, important to monitor PA trends in students to gain a greater understanding about the role it might play in physical and mental well-being, as well as other factors, such as attainment and employability. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2016 in Scottish universities and colleges, and in 2017 in universities and colleges across the United Kingdom, and the data were pooled for the present study (N = 11,650). Cumulative ordinal logistic regression was used to model the association between PA levels and mental and personal well-being, social isolation, and perceptions of academic attainment and employability. Results: Only 51% of the respondents met the recommended levels of moderate to vigorous PA per week.
There was a linear relationship between PA levels and all outcomes, with better scores in more active students. Conclusions: UK university students are insufficiently active compared with the general population of 16- to 24-year olds. Yet, students with higher PA report better outcomes for mental and personal well-being, social isolation, and perceptions of academic attainment and
employability