Alces (A Journal Devoted to the Biology and Management of Moose)
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MOOSE MODIFY BED SITES IN RESPONSE TO HIGH TEMPERATURES
Get PDFMoose (Alces alces) employ physiological and behavioral mechanisms to enable them to dissipate excess heat when ambient temperature is above the upper critical temperature of their thermoneutral zone. In this note, we describe 2 cases where GPS radio-collared female moose modified summer bed sites as a potential thermoregulatory response to high temperatures. The first case occurred on 18 - 21 July 2011 when ambient temperatures averaged 25 °C (8 °C above the upper critical temperature of moose) and reached 32 °C and 96% relative humidity. Based on field observations of the bed site immediately after use, the moose cleared litter and duff to expose 3 m2 of mineral soil under a closed-canopy balsam fir (Abies balsamea) stand. The moose spent 64% of the time bedded during a 4-day event, with ≤11 individual bedding events in the same bed site. A second case was observed on 5 July 2013 during similar weather conditions (29 °C and 70% relative humidity) when a different moose cleared a bed site and used it continuously for 10 hours
HUNTER AND TOURIST OUTFITTER PREFERENCES FOR REGULATING MOOSE HUNTING IN NORTHEASTERN ONTARIO
Get PDFIt is important for managers to understand preferences of moose (Alces alces) hunters and other stakeholders regarding options for harvest management. We determined harvest preferences of resident moose hunters and tourist outfitters in 2013 in northeastern Ontario, Canada through surveys that provided 5 management options. We tested 2 hypotheses: 1) that moose hunters will support options that are least impactful to them, and 2) that tourist outfitters will support restrictive calf harvest regulations more than resident hunters. We found little support for the first hypothesis as resident hunters and tourist outfitters ranked the status quo as the second least and least preferable option, respectively. Resident hunters and tourist outfitters preferred shortened seasons for adult moose and less than a week long season for calves that would result in major departure from the status quo. We contend that this support arises because the hunters and outfitters are responding to the expectation of increased opportunities to hunt adult moose if they accept more restrictive regulations. Consistent with the second hypothesis, tourist outfitters preferred options focused on restricting calf hunting opportunities more than resident hunters because clientele of tourist outfitters generally have low demand for calf hunts. Resident hunters from areas where adult moose hunting opportunities were scarcer were surprisingly, less supportive than other hunters of change from an open to controlled hunt for calf moose. Individuals in both groups that responded by mail, versus online, had stronger support for the status quo
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WINTER TICK LARVAE AND EGGS TO ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI - BEAUVERIA BASSIANA, BEAUVERIA CALEDONICA, METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE, AND SCOPULARIOPSIS BREVICAULIS
Get PDFAn isolate of the soil fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis was identified from the surface of female winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) collected from recently dead moose (Alces alces) calves in New Hampshire in the northeastern United States. It was the sole isolate, and it matched with 98% nucITS similarity (molecular systematics Blast match) to S. brevicaulis species from soil and other tick species. Inoculation of tick larvae and eggs with 108 spores/mL + 0.05% Tween (aqueous inoculum) resulted in mortality, reduced survival time, and recovery of S. brevicaulis from within tick tissues. Rapid water loss and death from dehydration were the pathogenic consequences of the fungal infection. Three entomopathogenic fungal isolates from laboratory culture (Beauveria bassiana, B. caledonica,and Metarhizium anisopliae) inoculated concurrently at the same dose, were slightly less pathogenic to eggs than larvae of winter ticks. We conclude that S. brevicaulis imposes a limitation on the free-living stages of the winter tick population in specific environmental conditions, but commercial fungal treatments as used in local situations to control ticks, are impractical as a means of controlling winter tick density across moose habitats
HETEROGENEITY AND POWER TO DETECT TRENDS IN MOOSE BROWSE UTILIZATION OF WILLOW COMMUNITIES
Get PDFMonitoring of browse utilization of plant communities is consistently recommended as an important component of monitoring moose (Alces alces) populations across regions. We monitored winter browse utilization by moose within a willow (Salix spp.) -dominated winter range of Montana in 2008–2010. We sought to improve our understanding of: 1) spatiotemporal heterogeneity of intensity of moose browsing across the winter range, 2) species-specific selection of willow by moose during winter, and 3) appropriate sample sizes, placement, and stratification of monitoring sites for estimating browse utilization. During 3 consecutive winters we monitored 108–111 transect segments, each 50 m in length, in a systematic distribution across willow communities and assessed the effects of covariates potentially predictive of variation in browsing. Mean annual estimated browse utilization across all segments was 11.5% of sampled twigs in 2008 (95% CI = 9.4 – 13.7%), 8.0% in 2009 (95% CI = 6.2 – 9.8%), and 8.3% in 2010 (95% CI = 6.5 – 10.1%). Modeling of variation in browse utilization revealed positive relationships with the proportion of preferred species (β = 0.44,P = 0.05) and previously browsed willow plants (β = 3.13, P < 0.001), and a negative relationship with willow patch width (β = 0.002, P < 0.001). We found that planeleaf (Salix planifolia), Wolf ʼs (S. wolfii), and Boothʼs willow (S. boothii) were the most consistently preferred species, whereas Drummondʼs (S. drummondiana) and Geyer willow (S. geyeriana) willow were moderately preferred; Lemmonʼs willow (S. lemmonii) was used less than expected. Power analyses indicated that detecting a 10% increase in browse utilization with 95% confidence in consecutive years required measuring 38–41, 50-m segments. Because systems with low and heterogeneous browse utilization of willow present challenges for efficient monitoring, we encourage power analyses as a means of evaluating sampling protocols, in addition to consideration of covariates predictive of spatiotemporal heterogeneity
SUPPLEMENTARY - PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN THE LIVERS OF MOOSE HARVESTED IN THE SOUTHERN NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, CANADA
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STATUS AND TRENDS OF MOOSE POPULATIONS AND HUNTING OPPORTUNITY IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
Get PDFWe review the state of knowledge of moose (Alces alces shirasi) in the western US with respect to the species’ range, population monitoring and management, vegetative associations, licensed hunting opportunity and hunter harvest success, and hypothesized limiting factors. Most moose monitoring programs in this region rely on a mixture of aerial surveys of various formats and hunter harvest statistics. However, given the many challenges of funding and collecting rigorous aerial survey data for small and widespread moose populations, biologists in many western states are currently exploring other potential avenues for future population monitoring. In 2015, a total of 2,263 hunting permits were offered among 6 states, with 1,811 moose harvested and an average success rate per permit-holder of 80%. The spatial distribution of permits across the region shows an uneven gradient of hunting opportunity, with some local concentrations of opportunity appearing consistent across state boundaries. On average, hunting opportunity has decreased across 56% of the western US, remained stable across 17%, and increased across 27% during 2005–2015. Generally, declines in hunting opportunity for moose are evident across large portions (62–89%) of the “stronghold” states where moose have been hunted for the longest period of time (e.g., Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming). In contrast, increases in opportunity appear more common at peripheries of the range where populations have expanded, including most of Colorado, northeastern Washington, southern Idaho, and eastern Montana. There are many factors of potential importance to moose in this region, including parasites, predators, climate, forage quality, forage quantity, and humans. State wildlife agencies are currently conducting a variety of research focused on population vital rates, the development of monitoring techniques, forage quality, trace mineral levels, and evaluation of relative impacts among potential limiting factors
GIANT LIVER FLUKE AND MOOSE: JUST A FLUKE?
Get PDFThe giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, is a possible contributing factor to moose(Alces alces) declines in North America, but evidence linking F. magna infection directly to moose mortality is scarce. This review identifies knowledge gaps about the transmission and impact of F. magna infection on moose and proposes new directions for research and management of this parasite. We suggest that the importance of intermediate snail hosts has been largely neglected in current management discussions and warrants greater emphasis. The intermediate hosts responsible for F. magna transmission likely vary by region and recent genetic evidence suggests that F. magna was restricted to several isolated refugia during cervid extirpation events in North America. This distributional history represents several coevolutionary and pathological implications for definitive hosts of F. magna. We suggest that F. magna infections are most ecologically significant as they relate to sublethal impacts and multiple parasitic infections. In assessing infection risk on landscapes, most models rely heavily on monitoring white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), but this approach only measures risk indirectly. The reliability and accuracy of models would probably improve if snail habitat in ephemeral wetlands was included as a predictor variable
MINIMIZING MORTALITY OF MOOSE NEONATES FROM CAPTURE-INDUCED ABANDONMENT
Get PDFNeonatal moose (Alces alces) may be prone to maternal abandonment induced by capture activities. We observed unexpectedly high levels of abandonment during the first year of our study of calf survival and cause-specific mortality in northeastern Minnesota. In response, we crafted a capture-induced abandonment contingency plan to reduce calf deaths caused by such abandonment. Locations and movements of dams relative to calves were used to gauge whether abandonment was occurring and to trigger retrieval of live calves. The Minnesota Zoo and a private facility accepted abandoned calves in viable condition. As undesirable as it is to remove calves from the population and landscape, we found it preferable to leaving them to succumb to starvation, hypothermia, or predation. We believe variations of this plan may be used in other study areas to mitigate neonate mortality due to capture-induced abandonment
USING AERIAL SURVEY OBSERVATIONS TO IDENTIFY WINTER HABITAT USE OF MOOSE IN NORTHERN MAINE
Get PDFWinter habitat use by moose (Alces alces) is typically comprised of regenerating forest and softwood cover in the northeastern United States, and globally, high winter densities are of concern relative to forest damage. Habitat variables associated with winter locations of moose collected during aerial surveys in Maine in 2011 and 2012 were compared to available habitat at multiple landscape scales. Mixed forest was the most used land cover type at both the location and 5 ha scales (35.1% and 31.3%, respectively). Although regenerating forest habitat was used only in proportion to availability, the proximity to recent clearcuts, light partial cuts, and heavy partial cuts was an important predictor of moose location. The used proportion of coarse habitat variables (i.e., mature and regenerating forest) were similar to those available in each aerial survey block, indicating that heterogeneous and productive moose habitat is widely available across the commercial forest landscape of northern Maine. Moose locations derived from aerial surveys can provide insight about spatial distribution and habitat use across the landscape, identify local density in areas where forest regeneration is of concern, and monitor population responses to commercial forest management practices
PROVINCIAL POPULATION AND HARVEST ESTIMATES OF MOOSE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Get PDFProvincial population and harvest estimates of moose in British Columbia, Canada were assessed over a 28-year period from 1987 to 2014. The population generally remained stable, whereas the licensed hunter harvest declined gradually by about half despite constant hunter effort. The annual population estimate ranged from a low of 157,000 moose in 1994 to a high of 190,000 in 2011, with an overall mean of 172,000 ± 9900 (SD). In 2014, the relative status of hunted populations within 7 wildlife administrative units was 1 increasing, 3 stable, and 3 in decline. The mean annual licensed harvest was 10,038 ± 2137 (SD) moose, and the mean harvest rate was 6 ± 1.3% (SD). In December 2013, British Columbia initiated a 5-year (2013–2018) research project to identify factors contributing to the decline of the moose population and licensed harvest