Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Statistical Analysis for Infections of Chemical Intoxication in Saudi Arabia (2019–2023)
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to conduct a statistical analysis of chemical poisoning cases in Saudi Arabia for the years 2019 to 2023, using official data from the Saudi Ministry of Health (Statistical Yearbook). The study found significant differences in the number of cases between health regions in Saudi Arabia (20 regions), and no significant differences between cases over the five study years. The study also found that the number of cases in the regions of Riyadh, Jeddah, Al-Qurayyat, the Northern Borders, and Hail constitute 50% of the total cases in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the study recommended focusing on these regions to reduce the incidence rate. The highest number of cases was recorded in the Riyadh region over the five years, while the lowest number of cases was recorded in Al-Baha region. The study also found that cases were completely independent of health regions, and that predictions of cases in the coming years are increasing
Effect of Archwires on Simultaneous Intrusion and Retraction in Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Maxilla and Mandible During Extraction Space Closure with Miniscrew Sliding Mechanics by Finite Element Method
Get PDFIntroduction: Finite element method (FEM) can anticipate visualization of tissue responses through observation of areas of stress created from applied orthodontic mechanics. The present study with the help of FEM elucidated how and why the archwire size affects long-term tooth movement in miniscrew sliding mechanics.
Materials and Method: Digitalized maxillary and mandibular model with first premolar extraction spaces bilaterally with all other permanent teeth present were included. Retraction forces of 150 g and intrusion forces of 60 g were applied on maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth; using nickel-titanium (NiTi) closed coil springs by means of mini-implants and retraction hook. Geometry of 3D finite element model of maxilla and mandible was constructed from a CBCT scan image of the skull and GEOMAGIC modelling software was used to convert geometric models into finite element models. The study included three simulation models for both maxilla and mandible using three different archwire dimensions: (a) 0.021 x 0.025” SS (b) 0.019 x 0.025” SS (c) 0.016 x 0.022” SS.
Results: On force application, model 1, 2 and 3 of maxilla showed tipping and torque of 1.3° & 0.19°, 1.6° & 0.22° and 2.7° & 0.37° respectively. The model 1, 2 and 3 of mandible showed tipping and torque of 0.42° & 0.077°, 0.53° & 0.082° and 0.96° & 0.110°. The intrusion & extrusion shown by model 1, 2 and 3 of maxilla was 4.96 E-03mm & 4.44 E-03mm, 5.38 E-03mm & 5.53 E-03mm and 7.51 E-03mm & 9.72 E-03mm respectively. The intrusion & extrusion shown by model 1, 2 and 3 of mandible was 1.46E-03mm & 42.61E-03mm, 1.57E-03mm & 4.17E-03mm and 1.92E-03mm & 5.46E-03mm respectively.
Conclusion: The decrease in arch wire size result in increase in tipping angle, torque angle, intrusion and retraction.Conclusion:
Fetal spleen growth follows a predictable and significant pattern with increasing gestational age. These normative morphometric values provide a critical anatomical reference for fetal development assessments and may assist in prenatal diagnostics, anatomical research, and forensic evaluations
Spectrophotometric Evaluation of Color Stability of CAD/CAM Monolithic Zirconia Following Exposure to Betel Leaf, Slaked Lime, Areca Catechu, and Tobacco
Get PDFBackground and Aim: Discoloration is a major concern with use of tooth colored restotations. Type of restorative marerial and surface treatment are belived to play a major role in this regards. This study sought to compare the color stability of glazed and polished monolithic zirconia ceramic after exposure to betel leaves with slaked lime, areca catechu and tobacco solutions.
Materials and Method: A total number of 64 discs with 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness were fabricated from commercially available CAD/CAM zirconia blanks [Aidite (Qinhuangolao) Technology Co. Ltd.] and divided into two groups of 32. Glazing was done in group 1 samples and group 2 was polished using a polishing kit. The CIE L*a*b* color parameter of the samples were measured using a spectrophotometer. The specimens in each of the two groups Group 1 and Group 2 was further divided into 4 sub-groups i.e. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D for Group 1 and 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D for Group 2 based on immersing in staining solutions used for immersion. After 28 days of immersion period, spectrophotometer recordings were taken. Colour change (ΔE) values were determined by using the Commision Internationale de l’Eclairage L*a*b* (CIELab) colorimetric system. The colour difference (∆E) values was evaluated by calculating the difference in colour by using spectrophotometer. Results were statistically analysed using ANOVA One way test, Tuckey’s Post Hoc test, One Sample t test and Independent sample t test.
Results: Color measurements revealed that immersion of both group 1 and group 2 in tobacco solution and mixture of betel leaves, areca catechu, slaked lime and tobacco solution resulted in significantly higher color change values(p<0.05). These changes were not significantly different between the 2 groups (p>0.05) when immersed in different staining solutions.
Conclusion: No significant difference in staining observed for both polished and glazed groups. The maximum staining potential was shown by combined mixture of betel leaves with slaked lime, areca catechu and tobacco solution followed by tobacco solution and least by betel leaves with slaked lime and areca catechu solution
A Brief Classical Review on Mechanism of Autoimmunity
Get PDFThe rising incidence of autoimmune diseases is straining the healthcare system\u27s capacity to care for patients with autoimmunity. Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system attacks self-molecules as a result of a breakdown of immunologic tolerance to auto-reactive immune cells. Autoimmune reactions reflect an imbalance between effectors and regulatory immune responses.The healthy and joyful long life is the main priority of Ayurveda. Health and disease is an integral element of an individual’s life. Ayurveda explained the concepts related to health and diseases in details, also the knowledge of aetiology, symptomology, therapeutics, numerous methods to sustain healthy status and causes behind falling sick. Ayurveda has explained many basic principles of the disease manifestation. Autoimmunity can be understood when one’s vyadhi-kshamata has been reduced.Therefore, this review article attempts to explore the explanation of autoimmunity in our classics
Chemical & Microbial Insights: Banaskantha Water Study
Get PDFThis study evaluates the physicochemical and microbial quality of drinking water from seven talukas in Banaskantha district, Gujarat, a semi-arid region reliant on groundwater. Key parameters including pH, fluoride, TDS, conductivity, turbidity, chloride, total hardness, and coliform bacteria were analyzed. Results showed spatial variability, with Bhabhar exhibiting elevated TDS (1580 mg/L), conductivity (3522 µS/cm), chloride (624.81 mg/L), and hardness (470 mg/L). Fluoride remained within safe limits, while coliform counts (22–50 MPN/100 mL) exceeded BIS standards in all samples, indicating microbial contamination. The findings highlight public health concerns and theneed for targeted water quality management and monitoring in the region
Perioperative Anesthetic Management of a Patient with Oral Tongue Carcinoma and Triple Vessel Coronary Artery Disease: A Case Report
Get PDFBackground: Patients with oral cancer often present with distorted airway anatomy and associated comorbidities that complicate anesthetic management. Coronary artery disease, particularly triple-vessel involvement with impaired ejection fraction, further increases perioperative morbidity and mortality.
Methods: We present the case of a 67-year-old male with carcinoma of the tongue, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (HbA1c 11.2%), and newly diagnosed triple-vessel disease (LVEF 45%, RWMA, mild MR). The anesthetic strategy included invasive monitoring, optimization with beta-blockade, and preparation for difficult airway management.
Results: Initial direct laryngoscopy failed. Videolaryngoscope-assisted nasal intubation with Frova introducer successfully secured the airway without desaturation. Intraoperative hypotension and ventricular premature complexes were managed with goal-directed fluids and low-dose noradrenaline infusion. Postoperative extubation was safely performed over an airway exchange catheter. The patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged on postoperative day 2.
Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of meticulous preoperative optimization, readiness for advanced airway strategies, and hemodynamic vigilance in managing patients with combined airway distortion and severe cardiovascular comorbidity
From Antimicrobial Action to Antiproliferative Potential: Functional Characterization of Scadoxus multiflorus Bulb Lectin (SmL)
Get PDFIntroduction
Lectins are plant-derived proteins known for their wide range of biological activities, particularly antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties. Scadoxus multiflorus is a medicinal plant reported to contain lectins with potential therapeutic value. However, limited information is available regarding their biological efficacy.
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and Antiproliferative properties of the bulb lectin (SmL) isolated and purified from S. multiflorus.
Methods
The antibacterial activity of SmL was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antifungal activity was evaluated against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans using standard antifungal assays, with clotrimazole as the reference drug. Cytotoxic effects were determined by MTT assay on HeLa (human cervical cancer) and HEK-293 (normal human embryonic kidney) cell lines, and IC₅₀ values were calculated.
Results
SmL exhibited strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus (20 mm) and S. pyogenes (22 mm), with moderate inhibition of K. pneumoniae (15 mm) and P. aeruginosa (16 mm). Antifungal activity was comparatively weak, with inhibition zones of 9 mm for A. flavus, 8 mm for A. niger, and 8 mm for C. albicans, compared with clotrimazole. Cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated potent inhibition of HeLa cell proliferation, with an IC₅₀ of 0.0095 µg/100 µL after 48 h, while HEK-293 cells showed negligible toxicity even at concentrations up to 50 µg/500 µL.
Conclusion
The findings demonstrate the dual bioactivity of SmL as an effective antibacterial agent and a selective cytotoxic molecule. These results suggest that SmL may represent a promising candidate for further investigation into its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications
Stroke, Socioeconomics, and Mechanical Thrombectomy: A Call for Equity in Indian Neurovascular Care
Get PDFAcute ischemic stroke (AIS), predominantly caused by large vessel occlusion (LVO), remains a major global contributor to disability and mortality. Mechanical thrombectomy (MT), a minimally invasive endovascular procedure, has revolutionized AIS management, particularly for patients unresponsive to intravenous thrombolysis. Landmark randomized controlled trials—such as MR CLEAN, ESCAPE, DAWN, and DEFUSE-3—have confirmed the efficacy of MT, even extending the treatment window to 24 hours post-symptom onset in select cases.
Despite these clinical breakthroughs, MT remains underutilized in India, with fewer than 0.1% of eligible stroke patients receiving the intervention annually. In Rajasthan, where approximately 148,895 strokes occur each year—30% involving LVO—only 110 MT procedures had been reported by 2021, over half performed at a single centre in PMCH, Bedla, Udaipur. Barriers such as lack of awareness, economic constraints, insufficient infrastructure, and regional healthcare disparities limit access to this life-saving therapy.
The economic impact is also alarming. Stroke affects a significant portion of the working-age population, resulting in lost productivity, reduced wages, and increased caregiver burdens, ultimately leading to national productivity losses exceeding 1.02 trillion. Since it has proven clinical and cost-effectiveness, expanding access to MT should be a key public health focus.
This paper supports a comprehensive approach that includes government backing, public education, healthcare workforce development, and financial grants to expand the use of MT. These initiatives could greatly lower stroke-related illness and death, while also protecting economic productivity and enhancing quality of life for people from different socioeconomic backgrounds
Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Juglans Regia L. and Coffea Canephora Extract Gel: An In-vitro Study
Get PDFBackground:
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) pose a challenge due to chronic progression, malignant potential, and the limitations of conventional therapies, which often cause side effects and fail to address underlying mechanisms like oxidative stress and inflammation. Juglans regia L. (walnut) and Coffea canephora (coffee bean) are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and caffeine, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifibrolytic properties.
Aim:
To evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of a novel topical gel combining Juglans regia and Coffea canephora extracts as a safer and more effective alternative for managing OPMDs.
Materials and Methods:
The aqueous extracts of Juglans regia L. (walnut) and Coffea canephora (coffee) were prepared separately by grinding 10 grams of each respective powder and mixing with 100 ml of distilled water, heated, and then filtered. Condensing solutions were formed by heating 50 ml of each extract to 50-60°C until reduced to 5 ml. These extracts were added to a mixture of Carbopol 940 and carboxymethyl cellulose to prepare the gel. The gel\u27s antioxidant activity was evaluated through 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) radical scavenging assay, and the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay.. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed via bovine serum albumin and egg albumin denaturation assays, and membrane stabilization assay.
Results:
The Coffee bean and Walnut gel exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities across all assays. Antioxidant effects in DPPH, H₂O₂, and FRAP assays were comparable to the standard, with no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). Similarly, in BSA, EA, and membrane stabilization assays, the gel’s anti-inflammatory response closely mirrored that of the standard. All results were based on triplicate tests and analyzed using Student’s t-test (p < 0.05 considered significant).
Conclusion:
Juglans regia L. and Coffea canephora extract gel could be a promising, treatment option for inflammatory and potentially malignant disorders especially, OSMF due to its natural composition, targeted delivery, and potential to address the underlying mechanisms of the disease. This novel treatment modality offers a potential alternative or adjunct to the currently available antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medications
Therapeutic Modality of Datopotamab Deruxtecan: A Comprehensive Overview
Get PDFA recently licensed antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) called Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-Dxd), or DATROWAY, is used to treat breast cancer that is HER2 negative and has metastasized hormone receptor (HR) positivity. A humanized anti-TROP2 IgG1 monoclonal antibody, a topoisomerase-1 inhibitor payload, and a tetrapeptide-based cleavable linker make up the TROP-2 directed ADC Dato-Dxd. The medication releases the payload and kills cancer cells via binding to the TROP2 surface receptor protein, which is overexpressed in cancer cells. This drug has emerged as a valuable treatment option for the patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). The TROPION-Breast01 phase-3 study, which showed a 37% decrease in disease progression or mortality as compared to chemotherapy in patients with HR-positive, HER-2 negative metastatic breast cancer, served as the basis for the FDA\u27s approval of Dato-Dxd. When providing this medication to the elderly and those with co-existing diseases, great care must be given. Pregnant women should not use this medication since it might have negative effects on the foetus and cause adverse effects like alopecia, stomatitis, and interstitial lung disease. Dato-Dxd is a promising new treatment option for individuals with advanced breast cancer, despite its drawback. The use of this medication in combination therapy with PARP inhibitors to treat cancers is being investigated in ongoing clinical trials