Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Inventory Management and Green Marketing Strategies in the Presence of Preservation Technology for Deterioration, under Trade Credit
No full textIntroduction: This paper presents an economic order quantity framework that combines inventory management, green marketing strategies. The influence of preservation technology on both deterioration and trade credit in the framework of Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) perspective has been examined. As businesses strive for sustainability and environmental responsibility, the intersection of inventory optimization and green marketing becomes increasingly critical. We develop a comprehensive model that accounts for the trade-offs between traditional inventory management practices and sustainable, green marketing initiatives. Our model incorporates the effects of product deterioration, the utilization of preservation technology, and the influence of trade credit on inventory decisions. Through analytical and numerical analyses, we evaluate the proposed model\u27s performance in optimizing inventory decisions while promoting green marketing practices. The findings provide valuable insights for businesses seeking to enhance their environmental performance while maintaining efficient inventory management practices.
Objectives: The objective is to strike a balance between maximizing costs, ensuring product quality, and aligning with environmentally conscious marketing strategies.
Methods: The influence of preservation technology on both deterioration and trade credit in the framework of Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) perspective has been examined. As businesses strive for sustainability and environmental responsibility, the intersection of inventory optimization and green marketing becomes increasingly critical. . Through analytical and numerical analyses, we evaluate the proposed model\u27s performance in optimizing inventory decisions while promoting green marketing practices.
Results: Firstly, concerning the product price, there exists a clear positive correlation between the price and green level, indicating that higher prices lead to an increase in the green level. Additionally, this positive correlation extends to total profit, with higher prices consistently resulting in greater overall profitability. The observation of total profit across price increments underscores the strategy of increasing prices within the observed range, as it is associated with a steady and positive growth in total profit. Examining the parameter Zeta, its impact on both the green level and total profit is less pronounced. There is only a slight variation in the green level as Zeta changes, and the total profit does not exhibit a consistent trend, showing small variations without a clear pattern.
Conclusions: In conclusion, the interplay of pricing, purchasing costs, and demand rates plays a crucial role in determining both the green level and total profit. Understanding these relationships is essential for optimizing the system for maximum profitability and green level
Comparative Role of Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Agents in Preventing Recurrent Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
No full textBackground: Recurrent ischemic stroke remains a major cause of mortality and disability despite advances in acute management. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents are the cornerstone of secondary prevention, but their relative efficacy and safety in different stroke subtypes remain debated.
Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of antiplatelet versus anticoagulant therapy for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke through a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed for studies published between January 2000 and September 2025. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies comparing antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in adults with prior ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack were included. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using a random-effects model following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
Results: Fifteen studies involving 52,386 participants (antiplatelet = 27,031; anticoagulant = 25,355) met inclusion criteria. Overall, there was no significant difference in recurrent ischemic stroke between therapies (RR = 0.91; 95% CI 0.80-1.05; I² = 22%). In cardioembolic stroke subgroups, anticoagulants reduced recurrence risk (RR = 0.74; 95% CI 0.61-0.90), whereas outcomes were comparable in non-cardioembolic stroke (RR = 0.88; 95% CI 0.76-1.03). Major bleeding was significantly higher with anticoagulants (RR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.29-2.04), while mortality did not differ between groups (RR = 1.02; 95% CI 0.89-1.17).
Conclusion: Anticoagulant therapy provides superior protection against recurrent stroke in cardioembolic populations but carries an increased bleeding risk, whereas antiplatelet agents remain safer and equally effective for non-cardioembolic stroke. Individualized therapy selection based on stroke mechanism and bleeding risk is essential for optimal secondary prevention
A Comprehensive Understanding of Gut-Eye Axis in Ayurveda
No full textThe association of the gut with various systems of the body especially through the gut-brain axis has been well studied. In the recent years, studies have established a possible relationship of the gut microbiome and the eye. Diseases such as Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD), Diabetic Retinopathy, Uveitis, Glaucoma, Dry Eye Disease have been analyzed and the pathogenesis of these diseases are linked with the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. In the view of this gut-eye axis, therapeutic interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal-microbiota transplantation are highlighted to address the gut microbiota in the treatment of eye disorders. Even though this concept of gut-eye axis has been recently stated, Ayurveda has always given importance to gut health. Changes in Agni (factor responsible for digestion and metabolism) and formation of Ama (metabolic toxins) are considered to be the root causes of all diseases, including Netra rogas (eye diseases). Treatment principle in Ayurveda starts with Deepana (Enhancing digestive fire) and Pachana (Enhancing digestion) in the view of eliminating the Ama and enhancing the Agni. Shodhana (Purificatory therapy) procedures such as Virechana (Therapeutic purgation), Vamana (Therapeutic emesis) and Basti (Medicated enema) have their action as gut cleansing and improving the gut heath. Netra Kriyakalpas (Topical ophthalmic Ayurveda treatments) have a direct impact on the ocular surface microbiome. This review highlights the concepts of Agni and Ama and the possible understanding of Gut-Eye axis in Ayurveda.  
A Scoping Review on Ayurvedic Understanding and Interventions in Cardiac Care: Insights from the MEDLINE Database
No full textBackground: Ayurvedic interventions in cardiac care present an intriguing complementary approach to conventional treatments. This scoping review evaluates the effectiveness of Ayurveda-based therapies in managing cardiac conditions, utilizing the PICO framework to structure the analysis of studies sourced from the Medline Database.
Objectives: The primary objective of this review is to assess the potential of Ayurvedic therapies in improving cardiac health outcomes. It aims to determine their impact on cardiac function, symptom relief, and overall quality of life when used alongside or compared to conventional treatments.
Eligibility Criteria: The inclusion criteria for studies were: empirical research focusing on Ayurvedic interventions for cardiac care, studies involving cardiac patients as the primary population, research comparing Ayurvedic therapies with conventional treatments, studies reporting measurable cardiac health indicators as outcomes. Sources of Evidence: a scoping search was conducted in the Medline Database up to 12th June 2024, 16:00 HRS. A total of 394 studies were identified and reviewed based on predefined inclusion criteria.
Charting Methods: the review followed a structured approach: Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using standard methodologies, The studies were classified based on intervention type, population characteristics, and reported outcomes, heterogeneity in study design, intervention protocols, and outcome measures was noted.
Results: The analysis covered 394 studies, identifying key Ayurvedic interventions such as: Ayurvedic drugs (e.g., Arjuna, Ashwagandha, and Brahmi), dietary modifications (Ayurvedic nutrition and cardioprotective foods), Lifestyle changes (daily regimens aligned with Ayurvedic principles), Rasayana (rejuvenation) therapies, Yoga and meditation (as adjunct therapies for cardiac health). Most studies reported positive effects of Ayurvedic interventions, including: improvement in cardiac function, symptom relief (e.g., reduced hypertension, improved circulation), enhanced quality of life in cardiac patients. However, variability in study design limited direct comparability across studies. Differences in intervention protocols, patient populations, and outcome measures posed challenges in drawing firm conclusions.
Conclusions: This review suggests that Ayurvedic interventions hold promising potential as complementary therapies for cardiac patients and to highlight the need for assessing Ayurvedic understanding for future empirical support. Furthermore, there is a need to evaluate the depth of Ayurvedic theoretical alignment in existing studies to ensure that future research not only demonstrates clinical efficacy but also adheres to classical Ayurvedic principles, thereby strengthening the empirical foundation of Ayurveda-based cardiac care. 
Comprehensive Management of Osteoporosis in Early Postmenopausal Women
No full textAs women navigate through perimenopause and into postmenopause, they face a significant and rapid decline in both bone density and strength, which notably increases their susceptibility to fractures, with hip fractures being the most severe outcome. In fact, falls are the leading cause of injury, death, and disability among individuals over the age of 65, and hip fractures, which often result from falls, represent one of the most debilitating consequences. Tragically, about half of older adults who are hospitalized for a hip fracture do not regain their previous level of independence or functional ability. The incidence of hip fractures is especially high among women, with those over 85 being nearly eight times more likely to suffer from this injury compared to women aged 65 to 74. Beyond age, other risk factors for falls include muscle weakness, physical limitations, environmental hazards, the use of psychoactive medications, and a history of previous falls. Moreover, factors like low body mass index, a sedentary lifestyle, osteoporosis, and a prior hip fracture further increase the risk of both falls and fractures.
Despite the well-established knowledge of these risk factors, osteoporosis remains frequently undiagnosed until a fracture occurs, largely because many women at risk are not properly identified or treated in clinical practice. Identifying women at high risk, particularly in the early postmenopausal stage, is crucial since early intervention can help maintain or even improve bone mass, thus significantly reducing the risk of fractures. To effectively prevent fractures, it is essential to focus on reducing the risk of falls, as approximately 95% of hip fractures are fall-related. Effective fall prevention strategies must be multifaceted, combining both behavioural and environmental modifications. Key interventions include educating older adults about the various risk factors for falls, encouraging strength-building exercises to improve balance and muscle function, making home modifications to eliminate hazards, and reviewing medications to minimize adverse side effects like dizziness or drowsiness.
Additionally, several pharmacological treatments have been shown to be effective in reducing fracture risk, such as bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate, and ibandronate) and selective oestrogen receptor modulators like raloxifene. These medications not only help increase bone density but also reduce the likelihood of fractures, with manageable side effects. For women who have stopped hormone replacement therapy, more vigilant monitoring is needed, as oestrogen withdrawal can lead to rapid bone loss and a heightened risk of fractures. To enhance the effectiveness of fall prevention programs, it is essential to improve coordination between various federal, state, and local organizations that are involved in addressing this issue. Additionally, there is a need for thorough evaluation of existing fall prevention programs, especially for at-risk groups such as women over 85 or those living with functional limitations. There is also a strong need for new primary prevention strategies, such as identifying footwear that promotes stability, as well as secondary prevention measures like protective hip pads that can mitigate injuries when falls occur. Collaboration among national experts from diverse fields is critical to ensure that priority research areas are identified, and comprehensive strategies are developed to address the growing concern of falls and fall-related injuries, ultimately aiming for long-term solutions that reduce fractures and improve quality of life for older adults
GSH-Responsive Co-Delivery Micelles: A Convergent Platform of Prodrug Chemistry, Microfluidics and Combination Cancer Therapy
No full textThe advancement of smart drug delivery systems represents a significant paradigm shift in oncological therapy, addressing the limitations of conventional chemotherapy. Glutathione (GSH)-responsive polymeric micelles have emerged as a promising platform for the controlled and targeted delivery of anticancer agents. These systems exploit the pronounced redox potential gradient between the extracellular and intracellular environments of tumor cells, where GSH concentration is markedly elevated.
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in GSH-sensitive micellar systems designed for delivering various therapeutic agents. The intricate chemistry of prodrug design has been meticulously examined, with particular emphasis on the covalent conjugation of chemotherapeutic agents to polymeric backbones via disulfide linkages, which function as redox-sensitive devices. The significance of microfluidic technology in facilitating the creation of monodisperse co-delivery micelles and ensuring precise, reproducible, and scalable fabrication with high drug loading and enhanced stability has been thoroughly explored. Furthermore, we elucidated the mechanisms underlying the synergistic effect of an effective spatiotemporal release of drug combinations to enhance apoptosis, circumvent multidrug resistance, and demonstrate potent antitumor activity in various in vitro and in vivo cancer models.
Existing translational challenges and future opportunities are also discussed, considering the potential of integrated systems to redefine the targeted cancer therapies. GSH-responsive co-delivery micelles represent a disruptive technology in oncological nanomedicine through the convergence of rational molecular design, precision nanoengineering, and advanced combination therapy
Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy (MNGIE): A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Advances
No full textMitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy (MNGIE) is a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder caused by mutations in the TYMP gene, leading to thymidine phosphorylase deficiency and subsequent mitochondrial DNA instability. This results in profound mitochondrial dysfunction primarily affecting the gastrointestinal and nervous systems. Clinically, MNGIE manifests as progressive gastrointestinal dysmotility, including chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and severe cachexia. Neurological features such as peripheral neuropathy, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and diffuse leukoencephalopathy further complicate the clinical picture. The disease typically presents in early adulthood but can manifest at any age, with significant variability in severity and progression. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, detection of elevated plasma thymidine and deoxyuridine, reduced thymidine phosphorylase activity, characteristic MRI findings, nerve conduction studies, and genetic testing for TYMP mutations. Therapeutic options remain limited but include allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to restore enzymatic activity, experimental enzyme replacement therapies, gene therapy, and supportive care for symptom management. Early diagnosis and emerging molecular therapies offer hope for improved outcomes, although the prognosis remains poor due to the progressive and multisystem nature of the disease. This comprehensive review synthesizes current understanding of MNGIE’s pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and recent advances in treatment strategies, highlighting challenges and future directions in managing this devastating disorder.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.i6.1085
A Comprehensive Review of Treatment Options for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
No full textPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine disorder that affects approximately 6% to 20% of women of reproductive age, depending on the diagnostic criteria used—namely, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rotterdam, and Androgen Excess and PCOS Society (AE-PCOS) definitions (Teede et al., 2018). It is characterized by a triad of hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Beyond reproductive complications, PCOS is closely associated with metabolic disturbances including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, and increased cardiovascular morbidity (Legro et al., 2013; Azziz et al., 2016). These diverse manifestations highlight the need for individualized, multidisciplinary treatment strategies.
Currently, the therapeutic landscape of PCOS includes lifestyle modification, pharmacologic interventions, surgical procedures, and a growing body of evidence supporting integrative and emerging therapies. Lifestyle changes, particularly involving diet and exercise, remain the first-line intervention for overweight and obese women with PCOS, demonstrating benefits across reproductive and metabolic domains (Moran et al., 2011). Pharmacologic options range from hormonal contraceptives to insulin sensitizers and ovulation induction agents such as letrozole, which has emerged as a first-line therapy for infertility in PCOS (Legro et al., 2014). For clomiphene-resistant cases, laparoscopic ovarian drilling remains a surgical alternative. Moreover, novel therapies including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, myo-inositol, and N-acetylcysteine are being explored for their dual reproductive and metabolic benefits (Genazzani et al., 2018).
This review synthesizes current evidence on the treatment modalities for PCOS, providing clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of therapeutic approaches tailored to specific clinical goals—whether targeting ovulatory function, hyperandrogenic symptoms, or metabolic risks. A nuanced approach to PCOS management is critical for optimizing both short-term outcomes and long-term health in affected women
Wastewater and Sludge Treatment and Reclamation: A Review of Wood-based Panel Industry Practices and Opportunities
No full textThe wood panel industry, including the production of particleboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and plywood, releases large amounts of wastewater and sludge which carry organic compounds, suspended solids, formaldehyde, and chemical additives. This article presents a thorough overview of the treatments, reclamation methods, and environmental management practices in the wood-based panel industry. We review both traditional and modern methods considering physicochemical processes, biological systems, membrane technologies, and new sustainable approaches. The review also includes a thorough assessment of the circular economy potential of treated effluents and recovered materials. Main obstacles are formaldehyde removal, COD reduction, sludge disposal cost, and regulatory compliance. The future points to use hybrid treatment systems, anaerobic digestion for biogas production (0.3-0.4 m³ CH₄/kg COD removed), and innovative technologies for converting sludge to resource while attaining 40-80% reduction in freshwater consumption through water reuse
A Comparative Study of Plastinated Specimen and Formalin Fixed Speimen in Anatomy
No full textBackground and Objective: Plastination is a technique of cadaveric preservation developed by Dr. Gunther von Hagens in 1977. In this process, the curable polymers are forcefully impregnated to the biological tissue thereby resulting into an odourless, dry, long lasting, and natural looking specimen. There are two type of plastination whole organ plastination and sheet plastination. Most commonly used polymers include epoxy, silicon and polyesters. The conventional method of preserving cadavers involved formalin which is known for its irritant nature. This study is aimed in preparation of plastinated specimen and evaluating the efficacy of plastinated specimen by comparing with formalin fixed wet specimen by using the feedback questioner.
Method: Processing of plastinated specimen involves four crucial steps that are Fixation, Dehydration, Force impregnation and Curing. For whole organ plastination of duodenum we have used PLASTODUR-S-18 resin and for sheet plastination of section of arm and kidney we have used PLASTODUR E-45. The resulted specimen was evaluated from the Teaching faculty of Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Surgery MGM Medical College, MGMIHS, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai by using feedback questioner.
Result: The resulted whole organ plastinated specimen duodenum and sheet plastination specimen were dry, long lasting, easy to handle and useful for differentiating structures.
Conclusion: Plastinated specimens are not only restricted to anatomy department but also beneficial to other specialties such as pathology, radiology and surgery. It is also beneficial for museum preservation and in research.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.i6.1093