Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Mucocele – Case Report
No full textThe term mucocele was derived from a Latin word, muco or mucus and coele or cavity. Mucoceles are nonneoplastic cystic lesions of major and minor salivary glands disease which result from the accumulation of mucus in cystic cavity. Mucocele is the 17th most common salivary gland lesions seen in the oral cavity. The two main etiological factors for mucoceles are obstruction of salivary gland ducts leading to the so-recognized true mucous retention cysts and traumatic injuries to the mucous carrying ducts leading to the creation of the so-called mucous extravasation cysts. Mucoceles are most commonly seen in the lower lip because of the lip-biting habit leading to the formation of mucous extravasation cysts
Blending Material and Realism: Internal Denture Characterization for Melanin Pigmentation- An Innovative Technique
No full textIn partially edentulous patients, achieving a natural and harmonious appearance between the prosthesis and the existing natural dentition is often challenging. This difficulty is particularly evident when fabricating a single complete denture opposing natural teeth exhibiting melanin pigmentation. While characterization in complete dentures allows for uniform gingival tone and symmetry, matching the internal characterization of a single denture to blend seamlessly with the surrounding natural tissues and pigmentation presents a far greater aesthetic challenge.
The denture’s appearance largely depends on two essential components - the denture teeth and the supporting denture base. Although function and comfort can be predictably restored through conventional techniques, replicating the complex variations in color, translucency, and texture seen in naturally pigmented tissues requires advanced artistic and technical precision. Proper internal characterization enhances the realism of the prosthesis and contributes significantly to patient satisfaction and psychological confidence.
This paper describes a simple and novel laboratory method in which acrylic stains and absorbent tissue paper are embedded into the heat-cured resin during the packing phase to create internal characterization of the denture. This method enables the reproduction of natural melanin pigmentation within the denture base, providing a durable, economical, and aesthetically enhanced outcome that closely mimics the opposing natural dentition
Comparing UV And HPLC Methods For Determining the Preservative Sodium Benzoate in Soft Drinks in the Libyan Market (Alkums City)
No full textSodium benzoate is a common preservative in food and beverages. This study quantified its levels in 10 soft drink samples from Alkhoms, Libya, using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 226 nm and HPLC methods, alongside pH measurements. Sodium benzoate concentrations ranged from 2.34–18.21 mg/L (HPLC) and 4.4–30.2 mg/L (UV-Vis). A paired t-test indicated no significant difference between the two analytical techniques, confirming their reliability. All samples were below the tolerable daily intake (5 mg/kg body weight, FAO/WHO) and the permissible limit (150 mg/L) set by USEPA and the EU. Despite safe preservative levels, the measured pH values (2.9–3.6) suggest potential dental effects from prolonged consumption
Bridging Tradition and Modern Medicine: Caffeic Acid as a Multifunctional Therapeutic Agent in 2025
No full textBackground
Caffeic acid (CA), a naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic acid abundant in coffee, fruits, vegetables, and propolis, represents a molecular bridge between traditional herbal medicine and modern pharmacotherapy. Characterized by both an acrylic acid moiety and a phenolic hydroxyl group, CA and its derivatives—most notably caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)—exert a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardiometabolic effects. Both naturally isolated and chemically synthesized derivatives have also shown synergistic potential with antibiotics and other therapeutics, positioning CA as a promising multifunctional bioactive compound.
Objectives
This review consolidates recent advances (2022–2025) in understanding the pharmacological potential of caffeic acid, with emphasis on its molecular mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic challenges, formulation strategies, and therapeutic relevance. Special focus is placed on antimicrobial applications, transcriptional regulation (Nrf2, NF-κB, STAT3), mitochondrial protection, and bioavailability-enhancing approaches, including nanotechnology and medicinal chemistry–driven modifications.
Conclusion
Current evidence highlights CA’s diverse pharmacological profile and its dual role as both a traditional remedy and a modern therapeutic candidate. Despite strong preclinical support, translation to clinical practice remains limited by issues of bioavailability, metabolism, and long-term safety. Future directions should prioritize mechanistic studies, synergistic drug-combination strategies, and structure–activity relationship optimization to unlock the full therapeutic potential of CA and its derivatives
Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Gallic Acid Oral Dissolving Film Prepared from Pimenta dioica Extract in Rabbit Plasma
No full textIntroduction:
Gallic acid, a key bioactive polyphenol found in Pimenta dioica extract, exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, yet its pharmacokinetic behavior in novel oral delivery systems remains insufficiently explored. Enhancing its bioavailability is essential for maximizing therapeutic potential.
Objective
This study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of gallic acid in rabbit plasma following oral administration and to compare the performance of the pure compound with orally dissolving film (ODF) formulations at two dose levels.
Method
An HPLC method using a Hypersil ODS C18 column and UV detection at 264 nm was developed and validated to quantify gallic acid in plasma samples. Rabbits received either pure gallic acid or ODF formulations at 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using PKSolver 2.0 under a non-compartmental model.
Results
Gallic acid exhibited rapid absorption and distribution in all treatment groups. The elimination half-life values were 6.79 h for the pure drug, 3.65 h for the 400 mg/kg ODF, and 3.44 h for the 800 mg/kg ODF. Both ODF formulations produced higher AUC and C max values compared with the pure compound, indicating improved systemic exposure and bio-availability.
Conclusion
The orally dissolving film formulations of Gallic acid demonstrated superior pharmacokinetic performance relative to the pure drug, suggesting that Pimenta dioica–based ODFs may serve as effective delivery systems for enhancing the oral bioavailability of gallic acid
In-Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study of Ranolazine Liquisolid Systems
No full textThe present study aimed to develop and characterize liquisolid systems of Ranolazine to overcome its poor aqueous solubility and enhance dissolution and bioavailability. Ranolazine, a BCS Class II drug, exhibits low solubility and limited oral absorption. Liquisolid compacts were formulated using propylene glycol as a non-volatile solvent, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH102) as the carrier, and colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil 200) as the coating material. The optimized formulation (F4) demonstrated superior flowability, mechanical strength, and rapid disintegration. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rats revealed significantly improved absorption and bioavailability compared to conventional tablets, while accelerated stability studies confirmed excellent physical and chemical stability under ICH Q1A(R2) conditions. The results validate the liquisolid technique as a cost-effective and scalable approach for improving oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
Introduction: pharmaceutical study focused on utilizing Liquisolid Technology to improve the therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble BCS Class II drugs. Subsequent trials with Ranolazine, however, yielded a substantial increase in solubility, confirming the viability of the technique for this specific drug candidate. Researchers then employed a full factorial design to systematically optimize the Ranolazine formulation to maximize drug release and overall solubility. The final optimized system was validated through in-vivo pharmacokinetic testing, which demonstrated superior bioavailability by achieving a 44% higher peak plasma concentration in rats compared to the pure drug. Collectively, the results successfully establish the liquisolid system as an effective strategy for enhancing the delivery and absorption of Ranolazine, a critical antianginal agent.
Conclusion: The liquisolid technique significantly enhanced Ranolazine\u27s solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability. The optimized formulation showed excellent physical properties, rapid release, and improved pharmacokinetic performance. Characterization confirmed drug compatibility and partial amorphization, contributing to the enhanced solubility. The final product also demonstrated robust stability, validating the liquisolid system as an effective strategy for improving BCS Class II drug delivery
Pharmaceutico-Analytical Evaluation of Crude and Processed Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium Linn.) with Special Emphasis on Shodhana Impact
No full textBackground
Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium Linn.) is classified as Vishadravya in Ayurveda due to irritant constituents such as anacardic acids and urushiol-like compounds¹. These have well-described vesicant and dermatitis-inducing properties¹,². To reduce toxicity, classical Ayurveda mandates Shodhana (purification). This study evaluates how Shodhana alters the physico-analytical profile of the drug.
Methods
Standard parameters—loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, extractive values, fatty acid estimation (GC principle), unsaponifiable matter, and phytochemical screening—were assessed following WHO standards⁴ and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial guidelines³. Analytical values were taken from laboratory findings in the project report.
Results
Moisture content reduced (11% → 5.26%). Total ash markedly increased (8.43% → 27.1%), while water-soluble ash doubled (7.86% → 15.2%). Water extractives decreased (24.32% → 5.04%), but alcohol extractives increased (6.08% → 14.48%). Fatty acids increased (32.12% → 36.36%) whereas unsaponifiable matter decreased (3.12% → 2.24%). Phytochemical tests revealed enhanced presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids in processed drug, consistent with prior chemical analyses on processed Bhallataka⁵.
Conclusion
Shodhana significantly reduces toxic fractions while enriching therapeutically beneficial constituents. These findings strengthen traditional claims and justify further in vitro and in vivo anticancer research
Traces of Trust in Agricultural Saints in the Central Asian Folklore.
No full textIn the Central Asian region, interest in oral literature related to the formation of agricultural professions and their connection with ancient traditions has existed since the 6th–5th millennia BCE. Agriculture, being one of the ancient professions, has long fascinated researchers around the world. Therefore, the subject of agriculture is being studied in depth in the context of history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore, and literary studies.
It is known that in the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods, certain types of crops such as wheat, barley, millet, and fruits like apricot, apple, and pomegranate were cultivated. Agricultural practices reflected humanity’s relationship with nature, and were associated with strength, abundance, and wisdom. Alongside this, specific terms, rituals, and traditional activities emerged. In this context, the agricultural professions of the peoples of Central Asia are being studied based on oral traditions, beliefs, customs, and unique views of life
The Sacrum as a Predictor of Sexual Dimorphism: A Systematic Review
No full textBackground: Determining sex from skeletal remains plays a vital role in forensic anthropology, archaeology, and anatomy. The sacrum, as part of the pelvic complex, demonstrates significant sexual dimorphism, making it an essential bone for sex estimation. However, variations across populations and methodological differences warrant a systematic evaluation of its predictive effectiveness.
Objectives: To systematically assess the effectiveness of sacral morphometric parameters, particularly the sacral index, in determining sexual dimorphism across different populations.
Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2008 and January 2023. Boolean combinations of keywords (“sacrum” AND “sexual dimorphism” AND “morphometry”) were used. Eligible studies included observational and morphometric analyses of human sacra reporting sex-related measurements. Radiographic and congenital anomaly studies were excluded. Data extraction and bias assessment were independently performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE.
Results: A total of 3466 records were screened, and 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies used morphometric or geometric morphometric approaches. The sacral index consistently demonstrated significant sexual dimorphism, with higher mean values in females due to a broader and shorter sacrum. Variability was observed across populations. Risk of bias was moderate in 60% of included studies, primarily due to sample size and selection limitations.
Conclusion: The sacral index remains a reliable and practical metric for sex determination. Standardized protocols, larger sample sizes, and advanced imaging are recommended to enhance generalizability and reproducibility