Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Formulation and Evaluation of Active Ingredients and Its Novel Crystalline Forms to Improve Biopharmaceutical Properties of Itraconazole
No full textActive pharmaceutical industries (APIs) can be present in various individual solid forms, such as solvates, hydrates polymorphs, salts, amorphous solids and cocrystals. Each system can have exclusive physicochemical properties that can affect many attributes of the drug such as drug bioavailability, stability, purification, manufacturability, purification, and performance. Itraconazole is practically insoluble in water and relies on acidic conditions for optimal absorption. Itraconazole, a potent antifungal agent, is classified as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug, exhibiting high permeability but poor aqueous solubility, which significantly limits its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.i6.1070
Effect of New Accelerator Additives on Fast-Setting and High-Performance Ready-Mix Concrete for the Building Industry
No full textThis research investigates the influence of chemical accelerators on the setting characteristics and strength development of concrete. Accelerators are widely used admixtures designed to shorten the initial and final setting times and enhance early-age strength, particularly under low-temperature curing conditions. The study evaluates various types of accelerators, including calcium chloride and non-chloride-based alternatives, with a focus on their impact on hydration kinetics, microstructure formation, and compressive strength at different curing ages. Experimental analysis demonstrates that the addition of accelerators significantly improves early strength gain without adversely affecting long-term performance when used within recommended dosages. The study provides valuable insights into selecting suitable accelerators for different construction environments
A Retrospective Analysis of Prevalence, Bacteriological Characteristics, and Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns of Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital
No full textUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent infections that doctors treat as inpatients or outpatients. The study was done to assess the etiological factors, susceptibility to bacteria, and use of antibiotics for UTIs. For 18 months, a retrospective analysis including 200 patients (n=200) was conducted in a tertiary care facility. Pregnant and lactating women, postpartum women, geriatric male and female patients, outpatients, inpatients, including those in the intensive care unit, and pediatric patients were all excluded. To gather the necessary data, a data collection form was created. Information was gathered on the patient\u27s demographics, medical history, comorbid conditions, lab results, and recommended course of therapy. In order to determine the most likely etiology of UTI, etiological factors were examined. Male patients who were >55 years of age were more affected with UTIs as compared to females (n=50). Comorbid conditions like diabetes mellitus (47.5%) and hypertension (55%) were followed by the same combination (35%) and kidney-related disease (32.5%), respectively. Parameters like CRP levels (55%) and abnormal serum creatinine (n=30) in both males and females were also evaluated with significant effect (**p=0.0086). Amongst the organisms, gram-negative bacteria (n=140), followed by fungi (n=28) and gram-positive bacteria (n=20), were reported. In the treatment, carbapenems (40%), followed by cephalosporins (25%) and a combination of other drugs (15%), were reported. The study concluded that, when an etiological factor for the UTIs is known, it would be easier to heed a proper treatment with the prescription of a suitable antibiotic so that further complications and resistance are under control. Hence, analysing and assessing the cause for UTIs is extremely important for successful treatment
Bridging the Academia-Industry Divide: A Comprehensive Review of an Integrated Practice School Model in Pharmaceutical Education
No full textThe chasm between theoretical knowledge acquired in academia and the practical, often unscripted, demands of the pharmaceutical industry remains a significant challenge for graduate readiness. This review article presents a critical and in-depth analysis of a comprehensive Practice School module, a 150-hour immersive capstone experience for final-year B.Pharmacy students. The program\u27s pedagogical strength lies in its five specialized, industry-aligned tracks: Industrial Pharmacy, Preclinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs, Hospital Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Analysis. We deconstruct each module to elucidate the core scientific, regulatory, and ethical concepts, arguing that this model fosters deep, experiential learning. By simulating the entire drug lifecycle—from molecular discovery and preformulation studies through complex regulatory pathways to patient-centered care and rigorous quality control—the Practice School equips students with integrated competencies. This article posits that such a multifaceted, applied learning framework is not merely beneficial but essential for developing the agile, skilled, and professional workforce required by the modern global pharmaceutical sector, thereby directly enhancing employability and accelerating professional contribution
Prevalence and Severity of Anemia among Pregnant Women a Clinical Snapshot from Eastern India
No full textBackground: Anemia during pregnancy is a major public health concern in India, significantly contributing to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite various national programs, the burden remains high, particularly in rural and underserved regions.
Objective: To estimate the prevalence and severity of anemia in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Eastern India and identify socio-demographic, nutritional, and obstetric risk factors. The study also aimed to evaluate the impact of targeted nutritional and educational interventions on hemoglobin levels and pregnancy outcomes.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3,500 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Hemoglobin levels were measured and classified according to WHO standards. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, dietary habits, BMI, parity, and pregnancy outcomes were collected. An intervention group received targeted nutritional and educational support, and outcomes were compared with a control group.
Results: Anemia was prevalent in 28.6% of participants, with moderate anemia accounting for 65.8%, severe anemia for 32.2%, and mild anemia for 2%. Significant associations were found with younger maternal age (18–22 years), low education, low income, and multiparity. Underweight women had the lowest mean hemoglobin (7.2 ± 1.0 g/dL). Moderate anemia was also seen in overweight/obese women, likely due to inflammation-induced functional iron deficiency. Poor iron-rich dietary intake and consumption of iron absorption inhibitors (e.g., tea/coffee) were notable contributors. Anemia was associated with adverse outcomes, including cesarean sections, postpartum hemorrhage, preterm births, and low birth weight. The intervention group showed significantly improved hemoglobin levels at delivery (9.48 g/dL vs. 7.97 g/dL in controls).
Conclusion: Anemia in pregnancy is multifactorial, with socio-economic, nutritional, and obstetric determinants. Early screening and integrated, community-based interventions focusing on supplementation, dietary education, and reproductive health can effectively reduce the anemia burden and improve maternal and neonatal outcomes
Myocardial Infarction – Epidemiology for the Current Threat in Young Adults
No full textMyocardial infarction (MI), traditionally associated with older populations, is increasingly affecting young adults under the age of 45. This emerging trend is driven by a complex interplay of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, including smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits, obesity, stress, substance abuse, substance abuse, and genetic predisposition. The COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified cardiovascular risks through direct cardiac involvement, increased inflammation, and the exacerbation of unhealthy behaviors during lockdowns. Studies have shown a post-COVID increase in acute coronary events, particularly among young individuals with pre-existing risk factors. Additionally, sex-based differences are evident: approximately 70–80% of young MI cases occur in men, while women, though less frequently affected, tend to experience worse outcomes due to delayed diagnosis and atypical presentation. The psychosocial and economic effects of MI at a young age are profound, often leading to long-term disability and reduced quality of life. Furthermore, symptoms may be atypical or misdiagnosed, delaying appropriate intervention. Raising awareness about early signs and risk factors, promoting heart-healthy behaviors, and implementing targeted prevention strategies are critical to reducing incidence and improving outcomes. This highlights the urgent need for increased awareness, early risk factor screening, and targeted prevention strategies tailored to young populations. Public health initiatives must also address gender disparities in diagnosis and care, especially in the post-COVID era, to reduce the burden of premature cardiovascular disease.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.i6.1077
Prospective Evaluation of Obesity-Related Asthma and Response to Weight Reduction
No full textObesity is increasingly recognized as a key comorbidity that worsens asthma control, reduces lung function, and blunts therapeutic response. This prospective interventional study evaluated the clinical and functional impact of structured weight reduction in obese adults with asthma. Eighty patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m² and physician-diagnosed asthma were enrolled and followed for 12 months. Participants underwent a comprehensive weight-reduction program involving calorie-restricted diet, supervised aerobic exercise, and behavioral counseling. Asthma control, lung function, and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at baseline, six months, and twelve months using the Asthma Control Test (ACT), spirometry, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Of the 80 participants, 72 completed follow-up. Mean BMI decreased from 33.8 ± 3.2 kg/m² to 29.6 ± 2.7 kg/m² (p < 0.001), accompanied by significant improvement in ACT scores (from 15.3 ± 3.4 to 21.1 ± 2.9) and FEV₁ (% predicted) (from 68.5 ± 11.8 to 77.9 ± 10.5). Serum hs-CRP and IL-6 levels showed marked reduction, indicating decreased systemic inflammation. The degree of weight loss correlated positively with improvements in asthma control and pulmonary function. The findings suggest that structured weight reduction leads to meaningful improvement in clinical outcomes and inflammatory status in obese adults with asthma. Integrating lifestyle-based weight management into standard asthma care may substantially enhance disease control and patient quality of life
Awareness Profile about Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Among Medical Undergraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study
No full textIntroduction & Background:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection associated with cervical and other cancers. Vaccination is an effective preventive measure, but awareness among medical undergraduates, who are future healthcare providers, may vary. Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HPV vaccination is crucial for improving preventive strategies.
Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 medical undergraduates at Belagavi Institute of Medical Sciences, Belagavi. Participants completed a structured, self-administered 30-item questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding HPV infection and vaccination. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and results were presented as frequencies and percentages.
Results:
Among the participants, 89% had heard of the HPV vaccine, and 96.1% correctly identified the full form of HPV. Awareness regarding the recommended age, vaccine doses, and available vaccines in India was lower, ranging from 29.5% to 37.1%. The majority (94.1%) supported awareness programs, and 88% favored inclusion of the HPV vaccine in the National Immunisation Schedule. Overall, 49% of participants demonstrated good awareness (score 21–30), 42% moderate awareness, and 9% poor awareness. Cost, perceived lack of risk, and limited recommendations by healthcare providers were the main barriers to vaccination.
Conclusion:
While medical undergraduates showed moderate to good awareness of HPV and its vaccine, knowledge gaps exist regarding vaccination schedule, recommended age, and available vaccines. Strengthening educational interventions and awareness programs, along with improving accessibility and affordability of the vaccine, may enhance uptake and contribute to cervical cancer prevention
Effectiveness of Postnatal Support Education Program among Spouses of Primiparous Mothers at Selected Hospitals in Ramanagara District, Karnataka
No full textObjective: This study aimed to assess the level of preexisting knowledge, regarding Postnatal Support Education Programs among the spouse of the primiparous mother, to evaluate the effectiveness of Postnatal Support Education Programs among spouses of the primiparous mother, to compare the post test scores of experimental group and control group on the Postnatal Support Education Program, to find out the association between the pretest knowledge level of the spouse of a primiparous mother with their selected socio demographic variables.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental research design was used to select 60 primiparous spouses at a selected hospitals in Ramanagara District, Karnataka. Purposive sampling was adopted, 30 participants each assigned to the experimental and control groups randomly. After pretest, the experimental group received a Postnatal Support Education Program while the control group did not receive any educational program. Along with demographic data, Pretest and post test was conducted with a structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge level. Data were analysed using Distributive statistics and Inferential statistics.
Results: Study findings show significant improvement in knowledge level among spouses in the experimental group than the control group. There was no significant association between pre-interventional knowledge scores and sociodemographic variables of spouses of primiparous mothers in experimental group and control group.
Implication: Findings of this study underscores the importance of postnatal support education program for primiparous mothers. Recommendations include incorporation of postnatal support education program into Nursing curriculums, planning education programs for family members of primiparous mothers and promoting the extended family support
A Comprehensive Review on the Impact of Irisin on the Metabolic Regulation of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
No full textIrisin, a novel myokine cleaved off from the transmembrane protein FNDC5, is secreted primarily by skeletal muscle. It plays a significant role in energy homeostasis by promoting the browning of white adipose tissue, enhancing mitochondrial function, and improving glucose metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted its potential in modulating insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin resistance, making it a promising candidate for therapeutic strategies in the management in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Given the rising global prevalence of T2DM and the limitations of current treatments, irisin emerges as a potential substitute or supplement to exercise, especially for individuals with limited mobility. This review summarizes the current understanding of irisin’s biology, its interaction with various metabolic pathways in various organs, and its implications for the treatment, prevention and management of T2DM and its complications