Journal of Chemical Health Risks (Islamic Azad University, Iran)
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Saliva and Salivary Biomarkers: A Promising Frontier in Forensic and Clinical Diagnostics
Full text linkWith advancements in forensic and biomedical research, saliva has emerged as a crucial biological fluid due to its non-invasive collection method and rich source of diagnostic information across various investigative domains. This review explores the multifaceted applications of saliva in forensic science, particularly in personal identification, DNA profiling, drug detection, and biomarker analysis. In recent years, salivary microbiome profiling and the detection of salivary biomarkers have gained prominence. The presence of unique microbial species has enabled significant progress in disease diagnosis and forensic identification. Saliva is also instrumental in monitoring dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, and certain systemic diseases due to changes in its biochemical and microbial composition. This paper highlights the expanding role of saliva as a reliable, non-invasive substrate bridging forensic science and clinical diagnostics
Accelerated Orthodontics
Full text linkThe prolonged duration of traditional orthodontic treatment has long been a concern due to its association with adverse effects such as decalcification, caries, root resorption, and gingival inflammation. With the growing demand for adult orthodontics and an increased focus on improving both oral health and aesthetics, there has been a surge of interest in methods to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). This review explores a wide range of innovative strategies aimed at reducing treatment time while enhancing patient outcomes and minimizing complications. 
Welch’s Analysis of Variance as Applied to Compare Drug Intoxication Infection across Saudi Health Regions (2019–2023)
Full text linkThis study compares drug poisoning cases across the 20 health regions in Saudi Arabia for the years 2019 and 2023, using official data from the Ministry of Health. Welch\u27s ANOVA was used to assess differences in poisoning rates. The results indicate significant variation in the distribution of cases, with Riyadh, Jeddah, and Hail, 533,254 and 130 respectively showing significantly higher averages, while areas such as Al-Qunfudhah and Al-Baha recorded the lowest rates 15 and 26. The results highlight spatial and temporal disparities, suggesting that population density, urbanization, and access to healthcare may influence reporting and incidence rates. The study recommends the importance of region-specific public health interventions, intensive awareness campaigns, and targeted regulatory measures to mitigate the risks of drug poisoning nationwide
Inborn Errors of Metabolism: A Comprehensive Clinical Review and Case-Based Analysis of Metabolic Disorders Across Multiple Biochemical Pathways
Full text linkBackground: Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) represent a diverse group of genetic disorders affecting various metabolic pathways, with an estimated collective incidence of 1 in 2,500 live births. These conditions result from defects in enzymes, transporters, or cofactors involved in cellular metabolism, leading to substrate accumulation, product deficiency, or alternative pathway activation.
Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of IEMs across all major metabolic categories, including carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, purine-pyrimidine, porphyrin, vitamin, mineral, and organellar metabolism disorders, with detailed case-based analysis and clinical correlations.
Methods: A systematic review of current literature was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases from 1990 to 2024. Representative clinical cases were selected based on diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation patterns, and therapeutic outcomes. Cases were analyzed using standardized parameters including demographics, clinical features, laboratory findings, diagnostic methods, and treatment responses.
Results: Twenty-five representative cases spanning nine major metabolic categories were analyzed. Early diagnosis through newborn screening programs improved outcomes in 78% of treatable conditions. Enzyme replacement therapy showed efficacy in lysosomal storage disorders, while dietary interventions remained cornerstone therapy for amino acid and carbohydrate disorders. Mortality rates varied significantly across categories, with highest rates in mitochondrial disorders (45%) and lowest in vitamin cofactor deficiencies (5%).
Conclusions: IEMs require early recognition and prompt intervention for optimal outcomes. Advances in newborn screening, molecular diagnostics, and targeted therapies have significantly improved prognosis. However, challenges remain in rare disorders, late-onset presentations, and conditions lacking specific treatments. Future directions include gene therapy, precision medicine approaches, and expanded screening programs
Influence of Different Temperature Ranges on the Level of Force in Elastic Chains: An In Vitro Study
Full text linkBackground: Orthodontic elastomeric chains are commonly used for space closure and tooth movement; however, their mechanical efficiency is significantly influenced by environmental factors, particularly temperature.
Aim: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of different temperature ranges on the force degradation of conventional orthodontic elastic chains.
Materials and Methods: Twenty continuous-type orthodontic power chains (14 mm length, 5 lumens each) were divided into four groups (n = 5) and immersed in water at different temperatures: 5°C, 25°C, 37°C, and 60°C. Each specimen was stretched to 28 mm (100%) and tested for tensile force using a Dontrix gauge before and after a 140-minute immersion. Force reduction was calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA.
Results: Force degradation increased significantly with temperature. The mean percentage of force loss was 8% at 5°C, 12% at 25°C, 18% at 37°C, and 38% at 60°C. The differences between groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Temperature exerts a substantial influence on the force retention of elastic chains. Higher temperatures accelerate force degradation, potentially compromising clinical effectiveness. Orthodontists should advise patients regarding temperature-induced changes and suggest dietary habits that help maintain optimal appliance performance
Role of MRI and MR Spectroscopy in the Evaluation of Ring Enhancing Lesions in Brain: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Full text linkIntroduction: Ring-enhancing lesions of the brain are challenging neuroimaging abnormalities with diverse etiologies. Conventional MRI often faces limitations in differentiating between various pathologies, necessitating advanced techniques like MR spectroscopy for accurate diagnosis.
Aim: To study the characteristic imaging findings of various ring-enhancing lesions on MRI and evaluate the role of MR spectroscopy in their differentiation.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Dhiraj General Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, from December 2022 to June 2023. Eighty patients diagnosed with ring-enhancing lesions on MRI were included. All patients underwent MRI brain with contrast and single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy using a 1.5 Tesla MRI machine. Metabolite ratios (Cho/Cr, Cho/NAA, NAA/Cr) and presence of specific peaks were analyzed.
Results: Mean age was 33.4±15.2 years with male predominance (56.3%). Seizures (65%) and headache (41.3%) were the most common presentations. Tuberculoma was the most frequent lesion (43.7%), followed by neurocysticercosis (28.7%), abscess (11.3%), metastasis (8.7%), and primary brain tumor (7.5%). On MR spectroscopy, tuberculomas showed lipid peaks in 82.8% (p<0.001), neurocysticercosis demonstrated choline peaks in 82.6% (p<0.001), while abscesses showed lactate peaks in 100% cases. The mean Cho/Cr ratio was significantly higher in primary brain tumors (5.1±1.32) and metastases (3.67±0.21) compared to infective lesions (p<0.001).
Conclusion: MRI with MR spectroscopy significantly improves the characterization and differentiation of ring-enhancing brain lesions. Specific metabolite patterns help distinguish between infective and neoplastic etiologies, facilitating appropriate management
Comparing Conventional Dressing to Vacuum Assisted Dressing – A Hospital based Prospective Comparative Observational Study
Full text linkBackground: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes, leading to significant morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs. Traditional wound care methods often yield suboptimal outcomes, prompting the need for advanced therapies. Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy has emerged as a promising technique to enhance wound healing and reduce complications in DFUs.
Objectives: To assess the impact and efficacy of vacuum-assisted dressing in comparison to conventional saline dressing, and to evaluate its benefits in promoting wound healing in chronic diabetic ulcers.
Methods: This was a hospital based, prospective, comparative observational study conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Indira Gandhi Government General Hospital & Post Graduate Institute, Puducherry, India between January 2024 and December 2024.
Results: A total of 64 patients were enrolled, evenly divided into VAC and CD groups. Baseline characteristics, including age, gender, comorbidities, and BMI, were comparable between the groups. Over two weeks, significant improvements in wound healing parameters were observed in the VAC group. By Week 1, the mean ulcer size reduced significantly in the VAC group (4.8 cm² vs. 6.5 cm², p = 0.001), with further reductions by Week 2 (3.8 cm² vs. 4.9 cm², p = 0.001). Granulation tissue appeared earlier and more frequently in the VAC group, with 50% of patients developing granulation tissue by Week 2 compared to 21.9% in the CD group (p = 0.019). The Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT) scores also improved more significantly in the VAC group by Week 2 (26.6 vs. 33.5, p < 0.001). VAC therapy resulted in faster wound healing, with a 40.4% reduction in ulcer surface area compared to 11.2% in the CD group (p = 0.002).
Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that VAC therapy is a safe, effective, and superior alternative to conventional dressing for managing chronic DFUs, promoting faster wound healing and greater patient satisfaction
Evaluating the Effects of Increased Fruits and Vegetables Consumption on Child Health Outcomes: An Open-Label, Unblinded, Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Full text linkBackground: Adequate intake of fruits and vegetables, rich in essential nutrients and bioactive compounds, is associated with improved growth, immune function, and cognitive development.
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of increased fruits and vegetables consumption on child health outcomes.
Methods: This was an open label, unblinded, prospective randomized controlled trial conducted by the Department of Paediatrics, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India between January 2023 and June 2024. Group A (n=50, intervention arm) involved children with increased fruits and vegetables consumption (includes provision of fresh fruits and vegetables, nutrition education sessions, and guidance on meal planning); and Group B (n=50, control arm) involved children with no changes in diet (children will follow their usual dietary habits).
Results: The study compared growth, immune function, and cognitive development outcomes between an intervention group and a control group over six months. The intervention group showed significant improvements in height, weight, and BMI compared to the control group, with height increasing from 100 cm to 106 cm and weight from 15.0 kg to 18.0 kg. The control group\u27s height and weight increased to only 102 cm and 16.0 kg, respectively. Immune function also improved in the intervention group, with infections decreasing from 5.1 to 2.0 and absenteeism from 10.2 to 3.2 days, while leukocyte count and lymphocyte percentage increased. The control group saw lesser reductions in infections and absenteeism. In cognitive development, the intervention group had significant increases in VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ, with VIQ rising from 90.2 to 100.0, compared to smaller gains in the control group. The results indicate the intervention\u27s positive impact on growth, immune function, and cognitive development.
Conclusion: The findings provide compelling evidence that dietary interventions emphasizing higher intake of fruits and vegetables significantly improve multiple facets of child health
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Berberis aristata Leaf Extract with Potent Antifungal Potential
Full text linkBackground: Berberis aristata DC. belongs to family Berberidaceae and widely distributed in evergreen regions of temperate and sub- tropical. Berberine has predominant clinical uses in bacterial diarrhea, intestinal parasite infections, ocular trachoma infection, eye infection, skin diseases, jaundice, antifungal, antipyretic and as antiarrhythmic, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, antitumor, astringent, tonic, febrifuge, laxative and also for menorrhagia
Aim and Objective: The aim of this study is the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the extract of Berberis aristata leaf and assessment of their antifungal activity.
Methodology: Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from medicinal plant material is considered as the most suitable method, as it increases the therapeutic effects of the silver nanoparticles. These silver nanoparticles were characterized by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An antifungal test for candida was also conducted to assess the antifungal efficacy.
Results and Discussion: Total flavonoid and polyphenolic content of the extract was found to be 19.6% and 43.9% respectively. Extract is rich in flavonoids and polyphenols and these outcomes demonstrated potential for anti-psoriatic effects. The findings showed that the antioxidant capacity of the trisodium citrate and AgNP was similar. The zone of inhibition of the nanoparticles was computed and compared with the standard medication in the antifungal effect studies. The SEM results confirm that silver nanoparticles with a spherical and smooth surface may be produced from the methanolic concentrate of Berberis aristata
Method Development for Simultaneous Estimation of Antiviral Drugs Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir
Full text linkThe pharmaceutical industry is currently developing novel antiviral medications, available in either single or co-formulated tablet form. Economic and therapeutic policies are stimulating interest in the burgeoning market for antiviral medications. Consequently, there is an urgent need to validate analytical processes that monitor all parameters regarding quality, safety, and efficacy with optimal efficiency and precision while minimizing costs. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy provide an automated, rapid, and highly accurate method for detecting particular chemical constituents in a sample. This approach is used in many labs for chemical measurement and separation, including those focused on medicine, forensics, bioavailability, environmental studies, and industrial applications. Sofosbuvir, ledipasvir were antiviral medications that were quantitatively studied using HPLC methodology