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The rape law revision in Denmark: Consent or voluntariness as the key criterion?
Get PDFThe adoption of a consent-based rape provision in the Danish Penal Code has gradually gained sufficient political support. The overall objective behind the law reform is to render better protection of the right to sexual self-determination and sexual integrity. However, in the recent run-up towards a political agreement, a sharp dividing line has separated the proponents of change due to a heated controversy with regard to the choice of the term to be used in the revised criminal law provision, i.e., ‘consent’ or ‘voluntariness’. The disagreement has caused a protracted deadlock in the reform process. This article examines the polarising opinions in the debate and compares the potential impacts of the debated models. It will be demonstrated that the demarcation line between the two opposing parties in the debate concerning the choice of the appropriate terminology has been drawn unnecessarily sharp. The reach of the amended rape legislation will not merely depend on the wording of the rape provision but will, at least in part, depend on the clarifications provided in the preparatory works. Ultimately, the courts will have to clarify the legal implications of an individual’s passivity in a sexual encounter and address the adequate assessment of sexual encounters taking place against the backdrop of psychological violence and abuse. 
Hope for the future: An analysis of HOPE/HÅP(E) across genres and languages
No full textThis article reports on a contrastive study of the cognate nouns and verbs hope and håp(e) that investigates their lexico-grammatical conditions of use in English vs. Norwegian fiction texts and football match reports. The complex dataset consists of material from a parallel corpus of fiction texts and a comparable corpus of football match reports. An interesting finding is that the verb use outnumbers the noun use in the fiction texts, whereas the noun use outnumbers the verb use in the match reports in both languages. Moreover, the analysis of the lemmas suggests that they have similar potential of use but with slightly different preferences, both across the genres and languages. It is also suggested that the English lemmas are more consistently used in negative contexts than the Norwegian ones. Finally, the method of combining data from two different types of contrastive corpora proved fruitful, as the results become more robust
Moving up and down in real space: The verbal particles upp ‘up’ and ner ‘down’ and the typological profile of Swedish
No full textThe paper focuses on the role of the Swedish spatial particles upp ‘up’ and ner ‘down’ to signal the endpoint-of-motion in the description of motion situations and is based on Swedish original fiction texts and their translations into English, German, French and Finnish. Frequently the endpoint is marked with a locative preposition such as på ‘on’ or i ‘in’, and then a particle is required to signal change-of-place. In German and Finnish, the particle is often zero translated and change-of-place is indicated by case. The particle is often zero translated also in French, a V(erb)-framed language. This leads to contrasts at the conceptual level since verticality is not expressed. The result points to radical intra-typological differences between S(atellite)-framed languages in the expression of Path depending on general morpho-syntactic differences. Another important conclusion is that several different classes of motion verbs must be distinguished even in S-languages to describe the expression of change-of-place
RAF, DNA and CAPTCHA: English acronyms in German and Swedish translation
No full textThis study investigates acronyms in English originals and their translations into German and Swedish, comparing forms, functions and distributions across the languages. The material was collected from the Linnaeus English-German-Swedish corpus (LEGS) consisting of original and translated popular non-fiction. From a structural point of view, acronyms most often occur as independent noun heads (When IBM introduced […]) or as premodifiers in a noun phrase (PGP encryption). Due to morphosyntactic differences, English acronym premodifiers often merge into hyphenated compounds in German translations (UN-Klimakonvention), but less frequently so in Swedish. The study also discusses explicitation practices when introducing source-culture specific acronyms in the translations. German translators explain and elaborate more than Swedish translators and they do so in the German language. Swedish translators, however, use English to a greater extent, suggesting that Swedish readers are expected to have better knowledge of English than German readers
Punishment, rewards and the importance of desert
Get PDFWe tend to think that if we are rewarded or punished, it is due to the fact that we deserve it – that we did something that merits such praise or blame. In this article, I am interested in its relationship with criminal responsibility and criminal punishment. Whilst desert is an important concept in criminal responsibility its importance is, at times, undeveloped. My aim in this work is not to reject desert or deny its importance in criminal punishment. Instead, I will rework the concept of desert defended mainly by retributivism. I will approach this issue by considering the problem of desert in relation to rewards and punishment. Furthermore, I distinguished between two particular ways in which desert plays different and important roles: formal desert and material desert.
 
Rape in Finnish criminal law and process - A discussion on, and beyond, consent
Get PDFChapter 20 of the Finnish Criminal Code, which regulates sexual offences, is currently undergoing structural changes. Focusing on the section of rape, this article investigates the amendments proposed by the Ministry of Justice in 2020 in the light of the current Finnish legislation, legal practice, supranational normative developments and societal change. Lessons are drawn from a recent research project about the attrition of sexual violence in the Finnish criminal process by a research team at the University of Turku. The article welcomes the increased emphasis on voluntariness, contextuality, power imbalances and communication in the suggested draft law. It also criticises some weaknesses of the draft legislation. Conclusively, it proposes further action to improve legal clarity and strengthen the enforcement of a new legal conceptualisation of sexual violence
Praxeological constructions of scientific knowledge
No full text Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to show how the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu\u27s theory of practical sense with accompanying praxeological analyses can help to understand and explain how human behaviour is shaped in interaction between social agents and the social space in which they act. The article especially addresses students who have not previously worked with Bourdieu\u27s theories, and students who wish to do a praxeological master\u27s study using document analysis, observations, or interviews.
A study of body wash and grooming is used as an example. The background for the study is the researcher’s curiosity as to why daily body wash and grooming of patients are not combined with massage, as I have seen in a geriatric ward in England. In search for answers, I did historic and contemporary studies on body wash and grooming. Analyses of nursing textbooks, from the first, which was published in 1877, and up to textbooks in use today, show that combining daily body wash and grooming of patients with massage has never been proposed. Interviews and observations in a Norwegian nursing home show that the daily body wash and grooming do not include massage.
The absence of massage during body wash and grooming of patients is understandable in the light of the modern norms for bodily cleanliness and physical contact that arose in connection with the modernization of Western societies in the latter half of the 19th century / early 20th century. During this time, an anti-touch culture arose, and expectations were that people should wash and groom themselves. Textbook authors and nursing staff seem to have incorporated such modern bodily norms as a practical sense that unconsciously control their navigations.
Combinations of body wash and grooming with massage were heterodox practices introduced by nurse Helen Passant at the ward she managed. When Passant left, the former orthodoxy was restored. This means that the combination of body wash and massage is no longer practiced.
Sammandrag:
I denne teksten vert kroppslege vask- og stell praksisar brukt som eksempel på korleis analyser av samspelet mellom individ og samfunn kan generere vitskaplege forklaringar på menneskelege handlingar. Det vil sei at ein tek utgangspunkt i den spesifikke, konkrete praktiske røyndomen som individa agerer i og forklarer posisjonerinagane i lys av det handlande subjektet sin posisjon med tilhøyrande disposisjonar, og i lys av det notidige og historiske sosiale feltet og rommet som handlingane finn stad i. Denne måten å konstruere vitskap om praksisar på, omtaler Bourdieu som praxeologi.
Praxeologiske studiar opererer ikkje med eit skapt skije mellom metode og teori, fordi det overordna teoretiske perspektivet er integrert i alle delar av ein studie. Om ein konstruerer viten i lys av Bourdieu sin praktikk-teori, slik ein gjer i denne teksten, vil denne teorien gjennomsyre datakonstruksjonen og dei praxeologiske analysane, uavhengig av om data er konstruert ved hjelp av intervju, observasjon, dokumentanalyser eller andre kvalitative og kvantitative metodar. Det vil sei at data ein generer ved hjelp av ulike metodar, ikkje er sanningar, men materiale som må analyserast i lys av teori.In this text bodily cleanliness is used as an example on how analysis of the interaction between individual and structural aspects can generate scientific explanations on human actions. That means that studies starting point is the specific practical reality were individuals are acting. The explanations on the practices are sought in the agent’s positions and dispositions and in the light of the contemporary and historical field and the social space were the practices take place. This way of constructing knowledge on practices, Bourdieu calls praxeology.
In praxeological studies there are small distinction between method and theory, because the theoretical perspective is integrated into all parts of a study. For example, if one constructs a study in the light of Bourdieu\u27s practice-theory, as in this study, this theory will shape the data-construction and the praxeological analyses, regardless of whether data is constructed using interview, observation, document analysis or other qualitative and quantitative methods.
That means that data that is constructed using various methods, are not truths, but material that must be analyzed in the light of theory.
In this text bodily cleanliness is used as an example on how analysis of the interaction between individual and structural aspects can generate scientific explanations on human actions. That means that studies starting point is the specific practical reality were individuals are acting. The explanations on the practices are sought in the agent’s positions and dispositions and in the light of the contemporary and historical field and the social space were the practices take place. This way of constructing knowledge on practices, Bourdieu calls praxeology.
In praxeological studies there are small distinction between method and theory, because the theoretical perspective is integrated into all parts of a study. For example, if one constructs a study in the light of Bourdieu\u27s practice-theory, as in this study, this theory will shape the data-construction and the praxeological analyses, regardless of whether data is constructed using interview, observation, document analysis or other qualitative and quantitative methods.
That means that data that is constructed using various methods, are not truths, but material that must be analyzed in the light of theory
Effekten av ulike typer lys på planters vekst
Get PDFDet er lenge blitt debattert hvilken type lys man skal velge for innendørs vekst av planter. Tidligere forskning har gitt ulike svar. Noe forskning sier at rødt lys er det viktigste for planters vekst, mens andre mener det er blått. I dette forskningsprosjektet ble det undersøkt hvorvidt fargetemperatur og farge hadde noe å si for veksten. Meteorerter ble sådd under seks ulike lysforhold. Høyden på spirene ble målt fortløpende. Etter 21 dager ble plantene veid. Plantene under lampen med fargetemperaturen på 3000 K viste høyeste resultater i begge målingene. Resultatene viste signifikante forskjeller på vekten mellom plantene under rødt og grønt lys sammenlignet med plantene under 3000 K, mens ingen av høydemålingene viste signifikante forskjeller. Konklusjonen ble derfor at det trolig er forskjell, men forsøket inneholdt for få planter under hvert lysforhold til å kunne bekrefte dette
Making Rain
No full textThe Vumba Hills in central Mozambique, close to the Zimbabwe border, are the kingdom of Mambo (Chief) Chirara. The Mambo’s leading position is acknowledged by the government, and in addition to being the region\u27s most important spiritual leader, the Mambo has the right to hold court cases that deal with minor crimes, problems involving spirits and domestic affairs. He is assisted by several subchiefs and ritual leaders. In the northernmost corner of the Mambo’s kingdom, Mbuya Gondo, an over 70-years-old woman, is a spiritual medium. She often holds ceremonies at a well-known rock drawing site. Mambo Chirara is not pleased with the old lady\u27s activities. In his opinion, Mbuya Gondo acts too independently and demands too much money for carrying out the ceremonies. In the film, gender issues and local politics are brought to the surface as we follow these two leaders during a period of preparing for and performing the annual rainmaking rituals. The film is based on the fieldwork and archaeological research of Tore Sætersdal and Eva Walderhaug Sætersdal
Fuori dall’astrazione: fusione di esperienza, teoria e prassi come arteterapeuti neri
No full textAbstract
In diesem Artikel beschäftigen wir uns mit der Erforschung einer kollaborativen, selbstreflektierenden Praxis durch künstlerisches Schaffen. Persönliche Erfahrungen und kreative Praxis dienen als Startmaterial für die Untersuchung. Mit Hilfe kunstbasierter Forschung stellen wir Überlegungen in Bezug auf unser Leben als Schwarze TherapeutInnen, KünstlerInnen und AktivistInnen. Wir beschäftigen uns damit, wie wir in unserer therapeutischen Arbeit Räume erschaffen, wie wir Identität und Raum in Einklang bringen und wie wir alternative Räume und Orte in unserer Praxis erschaffen. In unserer Untersuchung bedienen wir uns Techniken aus Pflege und heilkundlicher Behandlung. Mithilfe unserer eigenen Erfahrungen als KunsttherapeutInnen, KunstaktivistInnen und KünstlerInnen setzen wir uns kritisch mit dem Ausgangsmaterial auseinander. Als Ausgangsmaterial wird Poesie genutzt. Im Rahmen dieser kollaborativen, selbst-reflektierenden und explorativen Untersuchung schaffen wir es unsere Erfahrungen mit Theorie und Praxis zu verflechten. Ziel ist es, besser zu verstehen, wie wir Umbrüche in den Strukturen und Systemen, in denen wir uns täglich bewegen, gestalten und dieses herausfordern können. Das Interesse gerade an diesem Thema entspringt den zwei alternativen Räumen, die wir während unserer Zeit als Therapie-Studierende kreiert haben: dem BIPOC Makerspace und dem Sister Circle. Wir sind uns bewusst geworden, dass unser Ausgangspunkt nicht immer zwingend in einem Zusammenhang mit dem Weiß-Sein, dem Kritisieren des Weiß-Seins oder unseren Erfahrungen mit Unterdrückung stehen muss, die wir während unserer Ausbildung erfahren haben. Dieser Artikel eröffnet uns die Möglichkeit, unseren eigenen Startpunkt und unser eigenes Material für eine Untersuchung zum Wissen, zu Erfahrungen und zur Praxis Schwarzer Kultur zu wählen. Resumen
Este artículo es una investigación que utiliza una práctica colaborativa de autorreflexión a través de la creación artística que utiliza la experiencia personal y la práctica creativa como material de partida para la pregunta. A través de la investigación basada en las artes, reflexionamos sobre nuestra práctica y nuestras personalidades negras como terapeutas de arte, artistas y activistas. Investigamos cómo co-creamos el espacio en nuestra práctica terapéutica, negociamos la identidad y el espacio, y creamos espacios y ubicaciones alternativos dentro de nuestra práctica. Fusionamos nuestras experiencias como terapeuta de arte, artista y activista para involucrarnos críticamente con los materiales, mientras nos basamos en las prácticas de atender y sanar, y utilizamos la poesía como material. Combinamos nuestra experiencia, teoría y acción a través de esta investigación exploratoria, colaborativa y autorreflexiva, para entender mejor cómo cultivar la subversión y desafiar las estructuras y sistemas de poder por los que navegamos a diario. Nuestro interés en este tema derivó de los dos espacios alternativos que creamos durante nuestro tiempo como estudiantes de arteterapia que se llaman “BIPOC Makespace and Sister Circle” (espacios de creación o construcción para personas negras, indígenas y de color y Circulo de Hermanas). Nos dimos cuenta de que nuestro punto de partida no siempre tiene que ser en relación de ser blanco, criticar la blancura o hablar de nuestras experiencias en relación a la opresión que ha ocurrido en nuestra educación. Este artículo nos brinda la oportunidad de elegir nuestro propio punto de partida y material para investigar poniendo el conocimiento, la experiencia y la praxis negra en el centro. This paper describes a collaborative self-reflexive practice using art-making, personal experience, womanist performance pedagogy (WPP), the Black Arts Movement, and poetry as the starting material for inquiry. Through arts-based inquiry, we reflected on our practice and Black personhood as art therapists, artists, and activists. We investigated the concepts of therapeutic and professional space in three areas: negotiating identity, co-creating our therapeutic practice, and making alternatives. We utilized the seven characteristics of WPP proposed by Khalilah Ali in her dissertation ‘For Us Poetry is Not a Luxury’: A Case Study of Six Black Women Artist-Educator-Activists as a framework, while drawing from care and healing practices from the Black Arts Movement, and using poetry as material. We merge our experience, theory, and action through this collaborative, self-reflexive, exploratory investigation, to better understand how to cultivate subversion and challenge the power structures and systems that we navigate on a daily basis. Our interest in this topic derived from the two alternative spaces that we created during our time as art therapy students: BIPOC Makespace and Sister Circle. We realized that our starting point does not always have to be in relation to whiteness, critiquing whiteness, or talking about our experiences in relation to oppression that has happened in our education. This paper is giving us the opportunity to choose our own starting point and material to investigate, putting Black knowledge, experience, and praxis at the center.Abstract
Questo articolo è un\u27indagine che utilizza una pratica autoriflessiva e collaborativa attraverso la creazione artistica, adoperando l\u27esperienza personale e la pratica creativa come materiale di partenza per l\u27indagine stessa. Attraverso la ricerca basata sull\u27arte, abbiamo riflettuto sulla nostra pratica e sulla nostra personalità nera come arteterapeuti, artisti e attivisti. Abbiamo studiato il modo in cui co-creiamo lo spazio nella nostra pratica terapeutica, negoziamo identità e spazio, creiamo spazi e luoghi alternativi all\u27interno della nostra pratica. Abbiamo usato le nostre esperienze di arteterapeuti-artisti-attivisti per impegnarci in modo critico con i materiali, mentre abbiamo attinto da pratiche di cura e guarigione utilizzando la poesia come mezzo. Noi fondiamo la nostra esperienza, teoria e azione attraverso questa indagine esplorativa, collaborativa e autoriflessiva, per capire meglio come coltivare la sovversione e sfidare sia le strutture di potere che i sistemi in cui navighiamo quotidianamente. Il nostro interesse per questo argomento è derivato da due spazi alternativi creati durante la nostra frequantazione come studenti di arteterapia: il BIPOC Makespace e il Sister Circle. Ci siamo resi conto che il nostro punto di partenza non deve essere sempre in relazione al bianco e alla critica del bianco, o al parlare delle nostre esperienze in relazione all\u27oppressione che è avvenuta nella nostra educazione. Questo articolo ci offre l\u27opportunità di scegliere il nostro punto di partenza e il materiale per indagare mettendo al centro la conoscenza, l\u27esperienza e la prassi dei neri.