Kartika Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi
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STUDI IN SILICO SENYAWA AKTIF PADA DAUN SAMBILOTO (ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA) SEBAGAI INHIBITOR ANDROGEN PADA KANKER PROSTAT
Full text linkKanker prostat adalah penyakit kanker yang berkembang di sel-sel kelenjar prostat pria, yang dapat menyebar ke bagian tubuh lainnya, terutama tulang dan nodus limfa. Di Indonesia, kanker prostat menjadi kanker kelima yang paling umum terjadi pada pria, dan menempati urutan kedua kanker paling umum terjadi pada pria di dunia. Reseptor Androgen (AR) adalah protein reseptor yang berperan penting dalam pertumbuhan sel kanker prostat dan telah digunakan sebagai sel target untuk pengembangan obat terkait penyembuhan kanker prostat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk studi in silico aktivitas senyawa kimia pada daun tanaman sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) untuk menghambat reseptor Androgen (1E3G) untuk mengobati kanker prostat. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode molecular docking menggunakan perangkat lunak Chemdraw, Chem3D, AutoDockTools 1.5.6., BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2021, dan Ligandscout. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa Andrografolid mempunyai energi ikatan bebas terendah yaitu -10.73 KKal/mol serta interaksi pada beberapa residu asam amino yang sama dengan ligan alami, yaitu Metribolon. Karena itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari daun sambiloto senyawa andrografolid merupakan senyawa yang paling berpotensi dalam penghambatan reseptor Andorgen.
Kata kunci : Andrographolide, reseptor androgen, studi in silico
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a malignancy in men’s prostate gland cells, which can spread to other parts of the body, most commonly bones and lymph nodes. In Indonesia, prostate cancer is the third most common type of cancer among men, and is the second most commoncancer in men in the world. Androgen receptor (AR) is a receptor protein that plays an important role in the growth of prostate cancer cells and has been used as a target cell for developing drugs for prostate cancer treatment. This research aims to study in silico the activity of chemical compounds in the leaves of the sambiloto plant (Andrographis paniculata) to inhibit the Androgen receptor (1E3G) to treat prostate cancer. Tests were Carried out with molecular docking method using the software Chemdraw 3D, AutoDockTools 1.5.6., BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2021, and Ligandscout. The results showed that Andrographolid compounds had the lowest free bond energy of -10.73 KKal/mol and interactions in several amino acid residues that were the same as natural ligands, namely Metribolon. Therefore, it can be concluded that from sambiloto leaves, andrographolid compounds are the most potential compounds in inhibiting Andorgen receptors.
Keywords : Andrographolide, Androgen receptor, in silico study
FORMULASI CLAY MASK DAUN BINAHONG (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) DAN UJI INHIBISI Staphylococcus aureus
Full text linkAcne is abnormal skin condition is cause by disruption of oil gland production causees in excessive oil production. One of the bacteria that cause acne is Staphylococcus aureus Binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) has been studied and proven to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at 20%. Clay mask is one of pharmaceutical formulations to make it easier for using binahong leaf extract. The purpose of this research is to determine the physical quality test and inhibition activity clay mask with binahong leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureusnbacteria. This study uses the maceration extraction method, formulation of clay mask preparations with a concentration of binahong leaf extract of 10%, 12% and 14%, physical quality tests include organoleptical, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, adhesion, spreadability and drying time of preparations and inhibition Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results showed that all clay mask formulas of binahong leaf extract give good physical quality results. The clay mask preparation of binahong leaf extract can inhibition Staphylococcus aureus in formula I is 11,87 ± 0,88, formula II is 13,05 ± 0,44 and formula III is 14,006 ± 1,45. The inhibition activity of the three formulas are classified as strong category.
Jerawat merupakan suatu kondisi kulit tidak normal yang disebabkan oleh minyak yang terlalu banyak karena gangguan produksi kelenjar minyak pada kulit. Bakteri penyebab jerawat salah satunya adalah Staphylococcus aureus. Daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) telah diteliti dapat menghambat Staphylococcus aureus pada konsentrasi 20%. Pembuatan sediaan clay mask merupakan salah satu cara untuk mempermudah penggunaan ekstrak daun binahong. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui uji mutu fisik dan uji inhibisinya terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah maserasi, formula clay mask dengan konsentrasi daun binahong sebesar 10%, 12% dan 14%, uji evaluasi fisik meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, daya lekat, daya sebar dan waktu sediaan mengering serta dilakukan uji inhibisi Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil seluruh formula clay mask ekstrak daun binahong memberikan hasil karakteristik fisik yang baik. Clay mask daun binahong mampu menghambat Staphylococcus aureus dengan zona hambat pada konsentrasi 10% sebesar 11,87 ± 0,88 mm, konsentrasi 12% sebesar 13,05 ± 0,44 mm dan konsentrasi 14% sebesar 14,006 ± 1,45 mm. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa clay mask ekstrak daun binahong memiliki karakteristik fisik sediaan clay mask yang baik dan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus.
Kata kunci : Clay mask, ekstrak daun binahong, jerawat, staphylococcus aureus.
Abstract
Acne is abnormal skin condition is cause by disruption of oil gland production causees in excessive oil production. One of the bacteria that cause acne is Staphylococcus aureus Binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) has been studied and proven to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at 20%. Clay mask is one of pharmaceutical formulations to make it easier for using binahong leaf extract. The purpose of this research is to determine the physical quality test and inhibition activity clay mask with binahong leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureusnbacteria. This study uses the maceration extraction method, formulation of clay mask preparations with a concentration of binahong leaf extract of 10%, 12% and 14%, physical quality tests include organoleptical, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, adhesion, spreadability and drying time of preparations and inhibition Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results showed that all clay mask formulas of binahong leaf extract give good physical quality results. The clay mask preparation of binahong leaf extract can inhibition Staphylococcus aureus in formula I is 11,87 ± 0,88, formula II is 13,05 ± 0,44 and formula III is 14,006 ± 1,45. This shows that binahong leaf extract clay mask has good physical characteristics of clay mask preparations and is able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Keywords: Clay mask, binahong leaf extract, acne, staphylococcus aureus
FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI MIKROEMULSI KALIUM DIKLOFENAK
Full text linkDiclofenac potassium is a anti-inflammatory drug that can treat mild to severe pain. Diclofenac potassium is often used but has low water solubility and high permeability. This research aimed to evaluate the microemulsion formulation containing diclofenac potassium in vitro. The microemulsion was made by mixing Tween 80: Span 80 (9: 1) as a surfactant, oleic acid as the oil phase, and propylene glycol as a co-surfactant. Evaluation of the diclofenac potassium microemulsion formulation included determining diclofenac potassium levels and in vitro release studies carried out using a modified flow-through method from a Franz diffusion cell and samples were measured by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The results showed that the levels of potassium diclofenac in the microemulsion preparation were respectively 1: 102.57%, formula 2: 101.38%, formula 3: 102.15, and the average diffusion rate test of the microemulsion preparation at F1 0.1147mg/cm2 F2 0.1552 mg/cm2 F3 0.1633 mg/cm2 with a permeation percentage of F1 6.5%, F2 8.8%, F3 9.2% for 180 minutes.Kalium diklofenak merupakan obat yang digunakan untuk mengurangi peradangan, mengatasi rasa nyeri ringan hingga berat. Kalium diklofenak merupakan obat yang sering digunakan akan tetapi mempunyai kelarutan yang relatif rendah dalam air dan permeabilitas yang relatif tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi formulasi mikroemulsi yang mengandung kalium diklofenak secara in vitro. Mikroemulsi dibuat menjadi 3 formula dengan rasio pencampuran Tween 80 dan Span 80 (9:1) sebagai surfaktan dengan konsentrasi pada masing-masing formula 30%, 35%, dan 40%, asam oleat sebagai fase minyak, dan propilenglikol sebagai kosurfaktan. Evaluasi formulasi mikroemulsi kalium diklofenak meliputi penentuan kadar kalium diklofenak dan studi pelepasan in vitro dengan metode flow-through yang telah dimodifikasi dari sel difusi Franz dan sampel diukur dengan spektrofotometri Ultaviolet (UV). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kadar kalium diklofenak pada sediaan mikroemulsi secara berturut-turut adalah F1 (102,57%), F2 (101,38%), F3 (102,15%) dan rata-rata uji kecepatan difusi sediaan mikroemulsi pada F1 (0,1147 mg/cm2), F2 (0,1552 mg/cm2) dan F3 (0,1633 mg/cm2) dengan persentase obat terdifusi sebesar F1 (6,5%), F2 (8,8%) dan F3 (9,2%) selama 180 menit.
Kata kunci: Kalium diklofenak, mikroemulsi, asam oleat, propilenglikol.
Abstract
Diclofenac potassium is a drug used to reduce inflammation and relieve mild to severe pain. Diclofenac potassium is a commonly used drug but has relatively low water solubility and high permeability. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro formulation of a microemulsion containing diclofenac potassium. Microemulsions were prepared in three formulations with a mixing ratio of Tween 80 and Span 80 (9:1) as surfactants at concentrations of 30%, 35%, and 40% in each formulation, oleic acid as the oil phase, and propylene glycol as the cosurfactant. The evaluation of potassium diclofenac microemulsion formulations included determining the potassium diclofenac content and conducting in vitro release studies using a modified flow-through method from the Franz diffusion cell, with samples measured using ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The results of the study showed that the potassium diclofenac concentrations in the microemulsion formulations were F1 (102.57%), F2 (101.38%), and F3 (102.15%), and the average diffusion rate of the microemulsion formulations were F1 (0.1147 mg/cm²), F2 (0.1552 mg/cm²) and F3 (0.1633 mg/cm²), with drug diffusion percentages of F1 (6.5%), F2 (8.8%), and F3 (9.2%) over 180 minutes.
Keywords: Diclofenac potassium, microemulsion, oleic acid, propylene glycol
STUDI INTERAKSI OBAT-OBAT JANTUNG YANG DILAKUKAN TERHADAP ORANG SEHAT: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS
Full text linkPatients with cardiovascular disease have a higher prevalence of drug interactions than other patient groups. Drug interactions may result from pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic mechanisms. This study is a systematic review that aims to identify drug interactions related to cardiac drugs. Article searches were conducted on PubMed and ScienceDirect databases to identify all articles on cardiac drug-drug interaction studies. The search started from articles published in 2013 to 2023. The keywords used in the article search were as follows: drug-drug interactions, cardiac patient, cardiac drug, cardiovascular drug, pharmacokinetics interaction, pharmacodynamic interaction combined with the boolean operator "AND". Study articles that met the requirements were entered into the study for review. The total number of articles identified from the database used was 805 articles; 7 duplicate articles were excluded; 84 articles were available in full text; but only 30 articles in accordance with the inclusion were reviewed. Potential drug interactions related to cardiac drugs were most common in the Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) class of drugs. Other cardiac drug interactions occurred with angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), anticoagulants, antiplatelets, digoxin, calcium channel blockers and beta blockers. The effects of these cardiac drug interactions vary. To avoid the occurrence of drug interactions, co-administration of cardiac drugs should be administered with caution, dose adjustments may be required, and monitoring for possible adverse drug events should be done.Pasien dengan penyakit kardiovaskular memiliki prevalensi interaksi obat yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok pasien lain karena jumlah dan penggunaan obat yang komplek. Interaksi obat merupakan perubahan efek kerja dari suatu obat karena adanya obat lain ketika diberikan bersamaan. Jenis interaksi obat terdiri dari interaksi farmakokinetik, farmakodinamik, dan farmasetik. Studi ini berupa tinjauan sistematis yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi interaksi obat yang berkaitan dengan obat-obat jantung. Proses penelusuran artikel dilakukan pada database PubMed dan ScienceDirect untuk mengidentifikasi semua artikel mengenai studi interaksi obat-obat jantung. Penelusuran artikel dibatasi pada tahun 2013 hingga 2023. Kata kunci yang digunakan dalam penelusuran artikel sebagai berikut: drug-drug interactions, cardiac patient, cardiac drug, cardiovascular drug, pharmacokinetics interaction, pharmacodynamic interaction dikombinasikan dengan boolean operator yaitu AND. Studi artikel yang telah memenuhi syarat, dimasukkan ke dalam penelitian untuk ditinjau. Jumlah keseluruhan artikel yang telah teridentifikasi dari database yang digunakan yaitu sebanyak 805 artikel, 7 artikel duplikasi dikeluarkan, 82 artikel tersedia teks lengkap, namun hanya 20 artikel sesuai dengan inklusi yang dilakukan review. Dari 20 artikel, 18 publikasi mengidentifikasi interaksi obat secara farmakokinetik, sedangkan interaksi secara farmakodinamik dilaporkan dalam 2 publikasi. Interaksi farmakokinetik banyak terjadi pada golongan obat Angiotensin II Reseptor Bloker (ARB). Selain itu terjadi pada golongan obat angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), calcium channel blocker, penghambat reseptor mineralkortikoid nonsteroid selektif, diuretik, beta-blocker, antikoagulan, dan antiplatelet. Interaksi farmakodinamik terjadi pada golongan obat calcium channel blocker dan beta-blocker. Untuk menghindari terjadinya interaksi obat, perlu pengetahuan mengenai mekanisme terjadinya interaksi obat dan efeknya terhadap pengobatan.
Kata kunci : Farmakodinamik, farmakokinetik, interaksi obat, kardiovaskular.
Abstract
Patients with cardiovascular diseases have a higher prevalence of drug interactions than other patient groups due to the number and complex use of drugs. Drug interactions are changes in the effect of a drug due to the presence of another drug when administered together. Types of drug interactions consist of pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmaceutical interactions. This study is a systematic review that aims to identify drug interactions related to cardiac drugs. The article search process was conducted on PubMed and ScienceDirect databases to identify all articles on cardiac drug-drug interaction studies. Article searches were limited to the years 2013 to 2023. The keywords used in the article search were as follows: drug-drug interactions, cardiac patient, cardiac drug, cardiovascular drug, pharmacokinetics interaction, pharmacodynamic interaction combined with the boolean operator AND. Eligible study articles were included in the study for review. A total of 805 articles were identified from the database used, 7 duplicate articles were excluded, 82 articles were available in full text, however, only 20 articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Of the 20 articles, 18 publications identified pharmacokinetic drug interactions, while pharmacodynamic interactions were reported in 2 publications. Pharmacokinetic interactions mostly occurred in the Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) drug class. In addition, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), calcium channel blockers, selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, diuretics, beta-blockers, anticoagulants, and antiplatelets were also reported. Pharmacodynamic interactions occur with calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers. To avoid drug interactions, it is necessary to know the mechanism of drug interactions and their effects on treatment.
Keywords: Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug Interactions, cardiovascular
PENGARUH VARIASI WAKTU EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP KADAR SAPONIN TOTAL EKSTRAK AIR AKAR TEBU HITAM (Saccharum officinarum L.) SECARA SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS
Full text linkBlack Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an annual plant that is often used for medicine, food and, drink. Black Sugar Cane Root decoction has various pharmacological effects as antibacterial, immunomodulatory and antianemic due to the presence of saponins. This study aims to determine total saponin levels with variations in boiling time for Black Sugar Cane Roots using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method.
The method for identifying saponin compounds uses the foam method and Liebermann-Burchard reagent. Determination of levels was carried out using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method at a wavelength of 543 nm and an operating time of 15 minutes. The comparison standard used is Diosgenin. The results showed that the decoction of Black Sugar Cane Roots positively contained steroid saponins. The results of determining total saponin levels with varying boiling times of 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes were respectively 1.123 mg DE/g with a KV of 0.679%, 2.086 mg DE/g with a KV of 0,276%, and 2.933 mg DE/g with KV 0.196%, the boiling time is 30 minutes, Black Sugar Cane Roots have the highest saponin content. Homogeneity of Variences Test, a significance value of 0.641 > 0.05 was obtained. The Anova test obtained a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, that there is a significant difference between the saponin content and the boiling time for Black Sugar Cane Roots.Tanaman tebu hitam (Saccharum officinarum L.) merupakan tanaman tahunan yang sering dipakai sebagai obat, makanan, dan minuman. Ekstrak air akar tebu hitam yang diektraksi dengan metode dekokta memiliki berbagai efek farmakologis sebagai antibakteri, imunomodulator, dan anti anemia karena adanya kandungan saponin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kadar saponin total dengan variasi waktu ekstraksi akar tebu hitam dengan menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Metode identifikasi senyawa saponin secara kualitatif menggunakan metode busa dan pereaksi Liebermann-Burchard. Penetapan kadar saponin dengan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 543 nm dan operating time menit ke-15. Baku pembanding yang digunakan yaitu Diosgenin. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa rebusan akar tebu hitam mengandung saponin. Hasil penetapan kadar saponin total dengan variasi lama perebusan 10 menit, 20 menit, dan 30 menit secara berurutan sebesar 1,123 mg DE/g dengan KV 0,679%, 2,086 mg DE/g dengan KV 0,276%, dan 2,933 mg DE/g dengan KV 0,196%. Kadar saponin total optimum (2,933 mg DE/g) untuk ekstrak air akar tebu diperoleh pada waktu perebusan selama 30 menit. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan adanya korelasi antara waktu perebusan dengan kadar saponin total dari ekstrak akar tebu hitam. Homogeneity of Variences Test diperoleh nilai signifikansi 0,641 > 0,05. Uji Anova diperoleh nilai signifikansi 0,000 < 0,05.
Kata kunci: Akar tebu hitam, ekstrak air, saponin, variasi waktu.
Abstract
The black sugarcane plant (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a perennial plant widely used in traditional medicine, food, and beverages. Aqueous extracts of black sugarcane root obtained through decoction exhibit various pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and anti-anemic effects, attributed to their saponin content. This study aims to determine the total saponin content in black sugarcane root extracts under varying extraction times using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Qualitative identification of saponins was conducted using the foam test and Liebermann-Burchard reagent, while quantitative analysis was performed at a wavelength of 543 nm with a 15-minute operating time. Diosgenin was employed as the reference standard. The qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of saponins in the black sugarcane root decoction. Quantitative results revealed total saponin contents of 1.123 mg DE/g with a coefficient of variation (KV) of 0.679%, 2.086 mg DE/g with a KV of 0.276%, and 2.933 mg DE/g with a KV of 0.196% for extraction times of 10, 20, and 30 minutes, respectively. The optimal total saponin content (2.933 mg DE/g) was obtained with a boiling time of 30 minutes. Statistical analysis demonstrated a correlation between boiling time and total saponin content in the black sugarcane root extract. The Homogeneity of Variances test yielded a significance value of 0.641 > 0.05, while ANOVA results indicated a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05.
Keywords: Black sugarcane root, aqueous extract, saponin, extraction time variation
ANALISIS CEMARAN Escherichia coli DAN Salmonella typhi PADA JAMU GENDONG DENGAN METODE MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN)
Full text linkThe consumption of jamu kunyit asam and beras kencur is an integral part of Indonesian culture. Jamu kunyit asam, a mixture of turmeric and tamarind, is believed to enhance the immune system and aid digestion. Jamu beras kencur, made from rice and aromatic ginger, is known for boosting stamina and alleviating fatigue. However, the traditional production of jamu, often lacking strict hygiene standards, can lead to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. This study aims to detect the presence of E. coli and S. typhi in jamu kunyit asam and beras kencur, and to analyze whether these traditional herbal drinks sold across districts in Pekalongan City comply with the established quality standards for traditional medicine. The analysis of pathogenic microorganisms using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method revealed that MPN values in the presumptive test using Lactose Broth and the confirmatory test using Brilliant Green Lactose Broth ranged from 0 to 18.98 MPN/mL. Out of four samples of jamu kunyit asam, one did not meet the permissible contamination limits, and three out of four samples of jamu beras kencur were non-compliant. The complementary tests showed that seven samples were positive for E. coli (samples coded A1, A2, B1, B2, C2, D1, and D2) and four samples were positive for S. typhi (samples coded A1, D1, C2, and D2).Konsumsi jamu kunyit asam dan beras kencur merupakan bagian penting dari budaya Indonesia. Jamu kunyit asam, yang terbuat dari campuran kunyit dan asam, diyakini dapat meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh dan masalah pencernaan. Jamu beras kencur, yang terbuat dari campuran beras dan kencur, memiliki manfaat untuk meningkatkan stamina dan menghilangkan pegal-pegal. Namun, produksi jamu secara tradisional tanpa standar kebersihan yang ketat dapat menyebabkan kontaminasi oleh mikroorganisme patogen seperti Escherichia coli dan Salmonella typhi. Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengetahui adanya bakteri Escherichia coli dan Salmonella typhi pada jamu kunyit asam dan beras kencur serta menganalisis kualitas jamu kunyit asam dan beras kencur yang beredar di pasaran dengan mengacu pada persyaratan mutu obat tradisional yang telah ditetapkan. Analisis mikroba patogen menggunakan metode Most Probable Number (MPN) menunjukkan bahwa nilai MPN pada uji praduga menggunakan media Lactose Broth dan penegas menggunakan media Brilliant Green Lactose Broth berkisar 0-18,98 MPN/mL. Sebanyak 1 dari 4 sampel jamu kunyit asam dan 3 dari 4 sampel jamu beras kencur tidak memenuhi batas cemaran yang diizinkan. Pada uji pelengkap didapatkan hasil sebanyak 7 sampel positif tercemar Escherichia coli, yaitu jamu dengan kode A1, A2, B1, B2, C2, D1, dan D2, dan selain itu, terdapat 4 sampel positif tercemar Salmonella typhi, yaitu jamu dengan kode A1, D1, C2, dan D2.
Kata kunci: Escherichia coli, jamu beras kencur, jamu kunyit asam, most probable number, salmonella typhi
Abstract
The consumption of jamu kunyit asam and beras kencur is an important part of Indonesian culture. Turmeric and tamarind jamu, made from a mixture of turmeric and tamarind, is believed to improve the immune systeme and digestive problems. Rice kencur jamu which is made from a mixture of rice and kencur, has benefits for increasing energy and reducing aches and pains. However, the traditional production of jamu, often lacking strict hygiene standards, can lead to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. This study aims to determine the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi bacteria in turmeric and tamarind jamu and kencur rice and to analyze the quality of turmeric and tamarind jamu and kencur rice circulating in the market by referring to the quality standards of traditional medicines that have been set. Analysis of pathogenic microbes using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method shows that the MPN value in the presumptive test using Lactose Broth media and confirmation using Brilliant Green Lactose Broth media ranges from 0-18,98 MPN/mL. As many as 1 out of 4 samples of turmeric and tamarind jamu and 3 out of 4 samples of rice and kencur jamu did not meet the permitted contamination limits. In the complementary test, the results obtained were 7 positive samples contaminates with Escherichia coli, namely jamu with codes A1, A2, B1, B2, C2, D1, and D2, and beside that, there were 4 positive samples contaminated with Salmonella typhi, namely jamu with codes A1, D1, C2, and D2.
Keywords: Escherichia coli, jamu beras kencur, jamu kunyit asam, most probable number, salmonella typh
ANALISIS KADAR D-DIMER PADA PASIEN STROKE ISKEMIK DAN HEMORAGIK DI RSUD SULTAN IMANUDDIN
Full text linkStroke is a neurological cerebrovascular disorder caused by disruption of blood supply to the brain and is a leading cause of disability worldwide. 15 million people worldwide experience stroke each year. Stroke is divided into two types, namely ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product that indicates an impaired fibrinolysis coagulation system. This study aimed to analyze the results of D-dimer examination in patients with ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke at Sultan Imanuddin Hospital, Pangkalan Bun. This study is quantitative analytical with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The study sample was 29 ischemic stroke patients and 14 hemorrhagic stroke patients from January - December 2023. Examination of D-dimer levels using the Immunoturbidimetry assay method with the Automated Blood Coagulation Analyzer SYSMEX CS-2100i with a normal limit value of <0.55 mg / L. The results of the study showed that the average D-dimer level of respondents with ischemic stroke was 6.11 mg/L. In comparison, in hemorrhagic stroke, it was 4.8 mg/L and the statistical test results obtained a p-value = 0.378 so that H0 was accepted and Ha was rejected. This study concluded that 1) the average D-dimer level in ischemic stroke patients was 6.11 mg/L with the results showing that most of D-dimer levels being abnormal, 2) the average D-dimer level in hemorrhagic stroke patients was 4.8 mg/L with the results showing that almost all D-dimer levels being abnormal, 3) there was no significant difference between D-dimer levels in ischemic stroke patients and hemorrhagic stroke patients.
Keywords: d-dimer, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, stroke, thrombusStroke adalah gangguan serebrovaskular neurologik yang disebabkan oleh adanya gangguan suplai darah ke otak dan merupakan penyebab utama kecacatan di seluruh dunia. Lima belas juta orang di seluruh dunia mengalami stroke setiap tahunnya. Stroke terbagi menjadi dua jenis yakni stroke iskemik dan stroke hemoragik. D-dimer merupakan produk hasil degradasi fibrin yang menjadi indikator gangguan sistem koagulasi fibrinolisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hasil pemeriksaan D-dimer pada pasien stroke iskemik dan hemoragik di RSUD Sultan Imanuddin. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel penelitian adalah teknik purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 29 pasien stroke iskemik dan 14 pasien stroke hemoragik dari periode Januari – Desember 2023. Pemeriksaan kadar D-dimer dilakukan dengan metode Immunoturbidimetry assay menggunakan alat Automated Blood Coagulation Analyzer SYSMEX CS-2100i dengan nilai batasan normal <0,55 mg/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata kadar D-dimer responden stroke iskemik sebesar 6,11 mg/L sedangkan 4,8 mg/L pada stroke hemoragik dan hasil uji statistik menunjukkan nilai p = 0.378 sehingga H0 diterima dan Ha ditolak. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa, 1) rerata kadar D-dimer pada pasien stroke iskemik adalah 6,11 mg/L dengan hasil sebagian besar kadar D-dimer abnormal, 2) rerata kadar D-dimer pada pasien stroke hemoragik adalah 4,8 mg/L dengan hasil hampir semua kadar D-dimer abnormal, 3) tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kadar D-dimer pada pasien stroke iskemik dan pada pasien stroke hemoragik.
Kata kunci: D-dimer, stroke, stroke iskemik, stroke hemoragik, thrombus.
Abstract
Stroke is a cerebrovascular neurological disorder caused by a disruption in the blood supply to the brain and is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Fifteen million people worldwide suffer from strokes each year. Stroke is divided into two types, namely ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. D-dimer is a product of fibrin degradation which is an indicator of disorders of the fibrinolysis coagulation system. The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of D-dimer examinations in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients at Sultan Imanuddin Hospital. This study is quantitative analytical with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique for the study was purposive sampling technique. The study sample consisted of 29 ischemic stroke patients and 14 hemorrhagic stroke patients from January - December 2023. D-dimer level examination was carried out using the Immunoturbidimetry assay method using the Automated Blood Coagulation Analyzer SYSMEX CS-2100i with a normal limit value of <0.55 mg / L. The results showed that the average D-dimer level of ischemic stroke respondents was 6.11 mg/L while 4.8 mg/L in hemorrhagic stroke and the results of statistical tests showed a p value = 0.378 so that H0 was accepted and Ha was rejected. This study concluded that, 1) the average D-dimer level in ischemic stroke patients was 6.11 mg/L with the results of most D-dimer levels being abnormal, 2) the average D-dimer level in hemorrhagic stroke patients was 4.8 mg/L with the results of almost all D-dimer levels being abnormal, 3) there was no significant difference between D-dimer levels in ischemic stroke patients and hemorrhagic stroke patients.
Keywords: D-dimer, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, stroke, thrombus
PENANGANAN PERMASALAHAN SIFAT HIGROSKOPIS PADA FORMULASI SEDIAAN TABLET
Full text linkSebagian besar bahan aktif farmasi (BAF) bersifat sangat higroskopis dalam bentuk padatan. Higroskopisitas yang tinggi dapat menimbulkan beberapa permasalahan antara lain terjadinya perubahan sifat fisikokimia pada bahan aktif. Perubahan sifat fisiko kimia tersebut dapat berdampak pada usia simpan sediaan tablet sehingga menjadi lebih singkat. Kajian literatur ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai penanganan pada proses produksi sediaan tablet yang memiliki sifat padatan bahan baku higroskopis. Metode penyusunan kajian literatur ini bersumber dari 42 artikel yang berasal dari artikel jurnal nasional maupun internasional yang telah terbit pada sepuluh tahun terakhir (2014-2024), artikel yang terkumpul dilakukan seleksi dan identifikasi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil kajian penelusuran pustaka terkait dengan upaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam penanganan permasalahan sifat higroskopis padatan farmasi pada formulasi sediaan tablet, antara lain yaitu, dengan teknik penyalutan film, teknik enkapsulasi (dengan spray-drying/freeze-drying dan koaservasi kompleks), teknik ko-proses (co-process), dan rekayasa kristal (co-crystal). Berdasarkan kajian literatur yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa beberapa teknik dalam memodifikasi sifat fisik bahan aktif farmasi pada formulasi sediaan tablet dapat menangani permasalahan sifat higroskopis bahan aktif dengan meningkatkan pengendalian higroskopisitas suatu padatan sehingga dapat meningkatkan stabilitas bahan aktif.
Kata kunci: Formulasi, higroskopis, penanganan, sediaan, tablet.
Abstract
The majority of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are highly hygroscopic in solid form. High hygroscopicity can cause several problems, including changes in the physicochemical properties of active ingredients which can cause difficulties in formulating a preparation such as tablets, so that this can affect the shelf life of tablet preparations which become shorter. This literature review aims to find out the formulation handling in the production process of tablet preparations that have the characteristics of highly hygroscopic solids. The method of preparing this literature review comes from 42 articles originating from national and international journal articles that have been published in the last ten years (2014 - 2024), the collected articles were selected and identified based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the literature search review related to efforts that can be made in handling the problem of hygroscopic properties of pharmaceutical solids in tablet dosage formulations, including film coating techniques, encapsulation techniques (by spray-drying/freeze-drying and complex coacervation), co-process techniques, and crystal engineering (co-crystal). Based on the literature review that has been conducted, it can be concluded that several techniques in modifying the physical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients in tablet formulations can handle the problem of the hygroscopic nature of active ingredients by increasing the control of hygroscopicity of a solid so as to increase the stability of active ingredients.
Keywords: Formulation, hygroscopic, handling, preparation, tablets.
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SERAI WANGI (Cymbopogon nardus L.) SECARA IN VITRO DENGAN METODE HRBC (Human Red Blood Cell)
Full text linkPenggunaan jangka panjang dari obat steroid dan non steroid dalam mengobati inflamasi dapat memberikan efek samping yang merugikan. Daun serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus L.) mengandung senyawa kimia flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, saponin, steroid dan minyak atsiri yang bermanfaat sebagai antiinflamasi. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui aktivitas antiinflamasi dari ekstrak etanol daun serai wangi dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun serai wangi terhadap aktivitas antiinflamasi. Uji aktivitas antiinflamasi ekstrak etanol daun serai wangi dilakukan secara in vitro dilihat berdasarkan pengaruhnya terhadap stabilitas membran sel darah merah menggunakan metode HRBC dengan darah yang dirusak larutan hipotonik sebagai media uji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun serai wangi mempunyai efek antiinflamasi dari kemampuannya menjaga stabilitas sel darah merah, dimana semakin tinggi konsentrasi maka % stabilitas sel darah merah semakin besar pula. Nilai IC50 ekstrak etanol daun serai wangi dan aspirin secara berturut-turut adalah sebesar 9,302 ppm dan 15,070 ppm. Nilai IC50 ekstrak etanol daun serai wangi dan aspirin masuk ke dalam golongan aktivitas antiinflamasi sangat aktif dikarenakan nilai IC50 kurang dari 50 ppm. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas antiinflamasi ekstrak etanol daun serai wangi lebih tinggi dibandingkan aspirin sehingga berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai agen antiinflamasi.
Kata kunci: antiinflamasi, daun serai wangi, metode HRBC.
Abstract
Long-term use of steroid and non-steroidal drugs in treating inflammation can have adverse side effects. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) leaves contain chemical compounds of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids and essential oils which are useful as anti-inflammatories. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of citronella leaves and to determine how much influence the concentration of the ethanol extract of citronella leaves had on anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity test of the ethanol extract of citronella leaves was carried out in vitro based on its effect on the stability of the red blood cell membrane using the HRBC method with blood damaged by a hypotonic solution as the test medium. The results showed that the ethanol extract of citronella leaves had an anti-inflammatory effect from its ability to maintain red blood cell stability, where the higher the concentration, the greater the % stability of red blood cells. The IC50 values of ethanol extract of citronella leaves and aspirin were 9.302 ppm and 15.070 ppm respectively. The IC50 value of ethanol extract of citronella leaves and aspirin is included in the class of very active anti-inflammatory activity because the IC50 value is less than 50 ppm. This shows that the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of citronella leaves is higher than aspirin, so it has the potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Keywords: anti-inflammatory, Cymbopogon nardus L., HRBC method
EFEKTIVITAS-BIAYA PENGGUNAAN BEVACIZUMAB DAN RANIBIZUMAB SEBAGAI ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR PADA PASIEN DENGAN GANGGUAN MATA: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS
Full text linkAnti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) given by intravitreal injection can be used to treat patients with eye disorders. The anti-VEGF drugs used include bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept, and brolucizumab. These drugs are high-cost drugs, so the cost-effectiveness of each drug must be considered in order to save on treatment costs. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the cost-effectiveness of bevacizumab and ranibizumab. The databases used to identify relevant studies are PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. This research is limited to randomized control trials (RCT), clinical trials, and research articles, studies that explain the cost-effectiveness of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab and ranibizumab and other drugs as anti-VEGF for patients with eye disorders, as well as articles in English. Electronic data-based searches resulted in 2414 articles; 27 articles were selected that had full text access and discussed the cost-effectiveness of ranibizumab or bevacizumab, but only 12 articles suitable for inclusion were considered. Bevacizumab is more cost-effective than ranibizumab.Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injeksi intravitreal dapat digunakan untuk terapi pasien dengan gangguan mata. Obat anti-VEGF yang digunakan di antaranya bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept, dan brolucizumab. Obat tersebut termasuk ke dalam obat dengan biaya tinggi sehingga harus dipertimbangkan efektivitas-biaya dari setiap obat agar dapat menghemat biaya pengobatan. Tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran secara komprehensif terkait efektivitas-biaya bevacizumab dan ranibizumab. Database yang digunakan adalah PubMed, Science Direct dan Google Scholar. Kriteria inklusi pada penelitian ini adalah penelitian randomized control trial (RCT), clinical trial, dan research article, penelitian yang menjelaskan efektivitas-biaya pemberian injeksi intravitreal bevacizumab dan ranibizumab dan obat lainnya sebagai anti-VEGF untuk pasien dengan gangguan mata. Penelusuran berbasis data elektronik menghasilkan 2414 artikel; 27 artikel dipilih yang dapat diakses full text dan membahas efektivitas-biaya ranibizumab atau bevacizumab, namun hanya 12 artikel yang sesuai dengan inklusi yang ingin ditinjau. Dalam semua penelitian yang ditinjau, pengukuran hasil terapi dinyatakan dengan menilai perbaikan ketajaman penglihatan dan quality adjusted life years (QALY), serta efektivitas dinyatakan dengan nilai incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER). Berdasarkan nilai ICER dapat dilihat terapi mana yang lebih efektif-biaya terhadap terapi yang lain. Bevacizumab lebih efektif-biaya dibandingkan dengan ranibizumab.
Kata kunci: Anti-VEGF, bevacizumab, efektivitas-biaya, ranibizumab.
Abstract
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) given by intravitreal injection can be used to treat patients with eye disorders. The anti-VEGF drugs used include bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept, and brolucizumab. These drugs are high-cost drugs, so the cost-effectiveness of each drug must be considered in order to save on treatment costs. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the cost-effectiveness of bevacizumab and ranibizumab. The databases used to identify relevant studies are PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. This research is limited to randomized control trials (RCT), clinical trials, and research articles, studies that explain the cost- effectiveness of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab and ranibizumab and other drugs as anti-VEGF for patients with eye disorders, as well as articles in English. Electronic data-based searches resulted in 2414 articles; 27 articles were selected that had full text access and discussed the cost-effectiveness of ranibizumab or bevacizumab, but only 12 articles suitable for inclusion were considered. In all the studies reviewed, the measurement of therapy results was expressed by assessing improvements in visual acuity and quality adjusted life years (QALY), and effectiveness was expressed by the value of the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER). Based on the ICER values, it can be seen which therapy is more cost-effective compared to other therapies. Bevacizumab is more cost-effective than ranibizumab.
Keywords: Anti-VEGF, bevacizumab, cost-effectiveness, ranibizumab