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Pacific Southwest Water Plan - Appendix of August 1963
No full textDocument: Appendix to Pacific Southwest Water Plan of August 1963 as modified January 1964 "Fish and Wildlife Service Appendix- Substantiating Report", January 1964, map (foldout) no paginationEpson Perfection 4870 Photo, 400 dpi, 8 bit, 1,547,707 byte
Pacific Southwest Water Plan - Appendix of August 1963
No full textDocument: Appendix to Pacific Southwest Water Plan of August 1963 as modified January 1964 "Fish and Wildlife Service Appendix- Synopsis August 1963", January 1964, page 1SYNOPSIS
The Pacific Southwest Water Plan could provide splendid and significant new opportunities for outdoor recreation based on fish and wildlife resources. The new reservoirs, together with facilities planned specifically for fish and wildlife, and the management techniques proposed, can greatly increase the fish and wildlife resources of the region and the opportunities for fishing and hunting. The proposal for the Region developed by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife in cooperation with the state fish and game departments, includes the construction of fish hatcheries and fishing lakes coupled with a scientific fishery management program to insure that thousands more will have a chance to fish--whether for trout or for bass or for catfish. It provides for the development of wildlife refuges and other areas together with a scientific wildlife management program to insure that people in the future will be able to enjoy through seeing, photographing, and hunting the elk, the antelope, the deer, the quail, the ducks, the geese and other game which characterize the unique climate, physiography, and ecology of the Pacific Southwest.
Hunting and fishing provided about 9.5 million days of recreation in 1960 for the present human population of 11 million. With the population of 39 million predicted for the area in 2020, opportunities for hunting and fishing to supply about 61 million days of recreation will be needed by that year. Money spent in the region by hunters and fishermen in connection with their sports amounted to nearly 300 million by 2020 if the supply of hunting and fishing opportunities is adequate to meet the demands. A major portion of these recreational expenditures occurs in the small communities near the hunting and fishing areas and represents an important segament of their economies.
The assurance of an adequate supply of fish and wildlife resources to meet this future demand for outdoor recreation will require the dedication of water for this purpose. Since much of this demand is for water related recreation, it is essential that future water-development programs include recreation as a major purpose along with municipal and industrial water supply, hydroelectric power, flood control, and irrigation. Of these, only water for municipal and industrial purposes ranks higher in economic value than water for fishing, hunting and other forms of outdoor recreation, according to Dr. Nathaniel Wollman of the University of New Mexico, and authority on water-resource economics in the Southwest.
The measures proposed for inclusion in the Pacific Southwest Water Plan incorporate two Federal fish hatcheries, one Federal wildlife refuge, two state fish hatcheries, eight state wildlife management areas, and 79 state fishing lakes. The annual consumptive water needs of these new facilities, when combined with the existing installations, is estimated at 246,659 acre-feet. However, of this total, 32,720 acre-feet
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Pacific Southwest Water Plan - Appendix of August 1963
No full textDocument: Appendix to Pacific Southwest Water Plan of August 1963 as modified January 1964 "Fish and Wildlife Service Appendix- Substantiating Report- August 1963", January 1964, page 4Nearly all of the important fisheries of the Lower Colorado River and its reservoirs and those of the Salton Sea in California have resulted from man's efforts. Reservoirs and water regulation have created the present favorable environments and fishes have been introduced and managed to provide the present productive fisheries. In addition to the common warmwater fishes, notable introductions include rainbow trout in suitably cold waters of the Colorado River below Hoover Dam, threadfin shad as forage for game fish in the Lower Colorado River system, and orangemouth corvina and sargo in the Salton Sea. Striped bass have been introduced in the Lower Colorado River and have produced catches of good-sized fish although proof of a sustaining population is lacking.
Some forms of wildlife of the Pacific Southwest are migratory, others are not. Most are indigenous to the region. The resident game consists of upland game and big game. The wild turkey, classed as big game in some states, is a highly regarded species. For the most part, it inhabits forested country and furnishes select hunting for several thousand sportsmen.
Unspectacular and often taken for granted, the cottontail rabbit probably is the most important small-game animal of all. It is found throughout the region. Gambel's, scaled, Mearns, mountain, and valley quails provide much sport throughout portions of the area and squirrels are hunted in some localities. Pheasants also are hunted on a limited basis in some restricted areas, notably where planted in the Imperial Walley of California. Some foreign game bird introductions, such as chuker partridge, show promise of adaptation in restricted areas.
Mule deer, javelina, elk, white-tailed deer, desert bighorn, antelope, black bear, mountain lion, and even buffalo on a very limited basis, provide hunting. Deer are the most popular animals and are present in most parts of the Pacific Southwest. Javelina, the little wild pigs of the desert, provide a unique attraction all of their own. Within the region, they are for the most part confined to the southern third of Arizona. Coues deer, also called fantails or Sonoran whitetails, inhabit most of the southern mountains of Arizona and are found as well in the northern part of the state along the Mogollon Rim.
Exterminated at one time, elk have been successfully reintroduced in the timbered areas of northern Arizona and western New Mexico. Desert bighorns are staging a comeback in Arizona and hunting of these prized animals is allowed on a limited basis. Small, well-sustained populations of bighorns also occur in southern California where they provide celebrated targets for stalking with telescope and camera. Hunting bighorns is prohibited in California.
Dove hunting is very popular throughout much of the Pacific Southwest. Mourning doves and white-winged doves are important species. Focal points for dove-hunting include the Gila River below Phoenix, Arizona, along the Colorado River between Needles, California, and Yuma, Arizona, and in the
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Pacific Southwest Water Plan - Appendix of August 1963
No full textDocument: Appendix to Pacific Southwest Water Plan of August 1963 as modified January 1964 "Fish and Wildlife Service Appendix- Substantiating Report- August 1963", January 1964, page 11The Alchesay National Fish Hatchery is located about 5 miles from White-river, Arizona, also on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation. It, too, produces trout, with an average production of 150,000 pounds per year. This hatchery operates under a water agreement similar to the one for the Williams Creek Hatchery. Alchesay uses a flow averaging about 12 second-feet. The supply is adequate and non-consumptive. The fish are distributed as are those produced at the Williams Creek Hatchery.
The Arizona Game and Fish Department maintains three trout hatcheries, the Sterling Springs, Page Springs, and Tonto installations, all located in the north-central part of the State. These units produce a total of 235,000 pounds of trout per year. Throughout much of the year, the Sterling Springs Fish Hatchery uses a constant flow of 1 second-foot; the Tonto Fish Hatchery, 2 second-feet; and the Page Springs Hatchery, 20 second-feet. Water supplies for these hatcheries are non-consumptive and adequate.
On the tributary waters of the Lower Colorado River, Arizona has developed 15 fishing lakes totalling 1,734 surface acres. On these lakes, some of which were planned in conjunction with larger multiple-purpose reservoirs, there is a consumptive use, due to evapo transpiration, of 8,700 acre-feet a year. These fishing lakes have reasonably adequate supplies of water.
The Arizona Game and Fish Department plans on developing 50 additional lakes with a total surface acreage of 5,000. For these lakes an initial diversion of 60,000 acre-feet would be needed. Thereafter, 40,000 acre-feet a year would be used consumptively.
Arizona also operates seven wildlife management areas, chiefly for waterfowl, totalling 2,140 acres, having an annual consumptive use of 5,400 acre-feet. A need exists for an annual consumptive use of 11,000 acre-feet, largely for growing agricultural food crops, ponding, and stabilizing water levels.
The New Mexico Game and Fish Department operates the Glenwood Fish Hatchery near Glenwood, New Mexico. A redistribution center for trout, it uses a non-consumptive flow up to 2 second-feet to maintain its annual output of 15,000 pounds. Needed is an appropriate flow of 10 second-feet.
The New Mexico Department also has developed two fishing lakes, one of 22 acres and another of 70 acres. Consumptive use is around 500 acre-feet a year. Water supplies appear to be adequate.
New Mexico sees the need for five additional fishing lakes with a total surface acreage of 500 acres. The estimated water need is a total diversion of 6,000 acre-feet with a consumptive use of 4,000 acre-feet annually
The Red Rock Public Hunting Ground, a 2,269-acre area, lies in Hidalgo County, New Mexico. Recently acquired by the New Mexico Game and Fish Department, it provides public hunting for chukar partridge and scaled quail. It is expected that the installation will be used in the near future as a holding area for exotic big-game species with which New Mexico
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Pacific Southwest Water Plan - Appendix of August 1963
No full textDocument: Appendix to Pacific Southwest Water Plan of August 1963 as modified January 1964 "Bureau of Indian Affairs Appendix", January 1964, page 4canals, drains, and sloughs in the Colorado River Irrigation Project furnish abundant habitat for fish and wildlife. The cultivated fields and adjacent natural vegetation furnish excellent food and living conditions for quail, doves, other small game, and a considerable number of deer. Geese and ducks also find the water and food supply furnished by cultivated lands attractive. Including a commercial fish farm, there are approximately 558 acres of ponds and sloughs on the Colorado River Reservation. On the Fort Apache Reservation there are 310 miles of trout streams, and 542 acres of trout lakes.
Economic Growth
Economic growth on some of the Indian Reservations has been rapid in recent years, and continues slow on other reservations. The abundance of water following the construction of Headgate Rock Dam on the Colorado River has permitted expansion of the Colorado River Indian Irrigation Project from 6,500 acres to approximately 35,000 acres net. Proceeding with this development has been the construction of two packing sheds for cantaloupes and other vegetables, a second cotton gin, a large feed let, and an expanding trucking business from the Project to the West Coast.
There is great demand for lands along the Colorado River for recreational purposes and for homesites for winter visitors. The Colorado River Tribes have leased a considerable part of reservation water front for these purposes and have plans for land developments back of the river front as well as along much of the remaining river front. Included in the proposed developments are recreational enterprises such as motels, marinas, and resort type establishements. Development of recreational potentials is very important to other reservations also, such as at Fort Mohave, Fort
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Pacific Southwest Water Plan - Appendix of August 1963
No full textDocument: Appendix to Pacific Southwest Water Plan of August 1963 as modified January 1964 "Office of Saline Waters Appendix", January 1964, title page, no paginationAPPENDIX 8
THE USE AND VALUE OF DESALTING PLANTS
Saline Water Conversion Plants are part of the Pacific Southwest project area at the present time, and will be a source of supply in the future. Attention is directed within the report to two plants now in operation and to the potential value of desalting plants in the development of water resources for the area. This Appendix provides more detailed information discussed in the following paragraphs:
CHAPTER III--PRESENT WATER SUPPLIES AND USES
Lower Colorado River Tributary Areas
Water Use
Desalting, Buckeye, Arizona
Southern California
Water Use
Desalting, San Diego, California
Principles of Operation
Recent Developments
Future Developments
CHPATER IV--FUTURE WATER DEMANDS AND SUPPLIES
Sources of Supply
Desalting
Cost of Energy
Large Size Plant Cost Studies
Prototype Plant
Description of Water Conversion Plant
Description of Power Generating Plant
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER
Charles F. MacGowan
Director
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOREpson Perfection 4870 Photo, 400 dpi, 8 bit, 1,196,447 byte
Pacific Southwest Water Plan - Appendix of August 1963
No full textDocument: Appendix to Pacific Southwest Water Plan of August 1963 as modified January 1964 "Office of Saline Waters Appendix", January 1964, page 4temperature stages to accomplish the condensing of steam at low temperature. About 45% of the intake water is returned to the sea, while the rest is introduced to the degasifier where the oxygen, nitrogen, and some carbon dioxide are removed to the vacuum jet eductor. The sea water then combines with the brine stream which is continuously recirculating through the condenser tubes passing through each chamber or stage (zigzag line) of the 34th to 1st or highest temperature stage. Throughout this part of the circuit, the brine passes to the brine heater where the brine is heated 8 to 10ºF before being released to the flash chambers. Heat for the brine heater is supplied by steem from the boiler. For better economy, the steam is first used to drive turbines throughout the plant.
From the brine heater, the brine passes to evaporation side of the first stage where a small portion flashes into vapor, and then in succession through the remaining stages back to the 36th stage. Each successive stage is maintained at a lower pressure than the preceeding one which results in approximately 0.3% of the brine flashing in each stage. This steam condenses into product water, giving up its heat of vaporization to the brine flowing inside the tubes. By this arrangement, about 90% of the heat required for boiling is recirculated and only 10% needs to be "new " heat added from the boiler. The plant actually produces at an economy ration of 10.5, that is, produces 10.5 pounds of water for each 1000 Btu of "new" heat added.
Brine is withdrawn continuously by the blowdown pump in an amount equal to the product steam in order to control the quantity of dissolved salts in the recycle steam.
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Pacific Southwest Water Plan - Appendix of August 1963
No full textDocument: Appendix to Pacific Southwest Water Plan of August 1963 as modified January 1964 "Office of Saline Waters Appendix", January 1964, page 8CHAPTER IV--FUTURE WATER DEMANDS AND SUPPLIES
New Sources of Supply
Summary
New sources of supply for future water demand for the Pacific Southwest Area must include consideration of desalting presently unuseable saline waters that are readily and abundently available in the area. Because of energy considerations, two specific situations were considered for this study. The first of these is for three plants located in the Los Angeles area, each of which will produce 135,000 acre feet of high quality water per year (150,000,000 gpd). For this area, fuel cost for gas was based upon experience of 36 cents per million Btu. The cost of water from water plants of this size, combined with a 417 megawatt electric power generating station, would be about 86,000,000 and for the power plant at 139,500,000 for both.
In the San Diego area and other locations in the Pacific Southwest, coal offers a low cost source of energy. Using Four Corners Area coal, a base price of 23 cents per million Btu has been computed. The cost of water from a 150,000,000 gpd water plant combined with a 417 megawatt electric power generating station would be 86,000,000 and for the power plant at 151,000,000 for both.
Desalting
The desalting of water on a large scale is an entirely new approach as a source of supply. With good foresight, the Congress, in 1952,
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Pacific Southwest Water Plan - Appendix of August 1963
No full textDocument: Appendix to Pacific Southwest Water Plan of August 1963 as modified January 1964 "Office of Saline Waters Appendix", January 1964, page 17(??)ank before flowing through the condenser coils in the heat rejection stages. It is then deaerated and mixed with the recycle brine in the most heat rejection stage.
In order to save on pumping costs because of difference in pressure losses, sea water for heat rejection only is pumped through other condensers in the heat rejection stages and is finally discharged into an open channel to return it to the sea two miles away. Rejected brine trom the flashing brine stream in the last stage and other cooling water streams are also discharged into this channel.
Recycled brine is pumped from the vacuum sump in the final stage and returned through the condensers in the heat recovery stages counterflow to the flashing brine.
After finally being heated to 250ºF. in shell-and tube-type heat exchangers by means of 30 psig exhaust steam from the boiler plant, the hot recycle brine flows into the first stage of the evaporator to begin the series of flashings.
Accumulations of noncondensible gases are drawn from every sub-atmospheric stage through the steam jet ejector system. Pressure stages are vented to atmosphere.
Distilled water product is collected in an open stream within the evaporator. It also is arranged to flash from stage to stage as a means of recovering its sensible heat. It is finally pumped through a water coolers for delivery to plot boundary at 90ºF maximum and 25 psig.
Condensate from the brine heaters and steam jet ejectors is returned as boiler feed water.
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Pacific Southwest Water Plan - Appendix of August 1963
No full textDocument: Appendix to Pacific Southwest Water Plan of August 1963 as modified January 1964 "Office of Saline Waters Appendix", January 1964, page 21Pumps and Drives
Principal pumping units for the water conversion plant are summarized on the attached Exhibit.
The large water pumps are all of the vertical, low speed type as used in hydroelectric and large pumped water storage installations. They are drivel directly with vertical synchronous motors. Multiple units permit reduced rate operation of the plant in care of unscheduled shutdown of a pump.
Two pumps of 127,000 gpm each are provided for supplying feed water to the plant. Two pumps of 216,000 gpm capacity each are provided for supplying heat reject water, and one pump of 120,000 gpm capacity takes care of miscellaneous cooling needs. A total of 806,000 gpm of water are required, of which 336,000 gpm are used for cooling purposes.
The pumps taking water from the vacuum sump adjacent to the deaerator stage are designed with a submerged impeller to provide NPSH for the second impeller. This arrangement is recommended by a manufacturer of these large pumps.
The other pumps listed are of conventional type for the respective services. Each brine heater carries its own condensate pump. If a pump, heater, or condenser section fails, only one of nine streams would then be shut down.
A substation is furnished to provide power and control equipment for the water pumps. Power for the substation is taken from the generator station switchyard at the primary voltage. Two three-winding transformers rated 30/40 MVA, OA/FA, 138,000 volts wye, 13,8000 volts delta, 4,160 volts delta with +- 10% LTC on the primary
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