Theory and Practice of Jurisprudence (E-Journal - Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University)
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Значення державного кредиту як елемента фінансової системи держави
Full text linkThe article's main objective is to review thefunctions and effects of public credit. Author interested in both positive and negativeaspects of this phenomenon. As a conclusion, the key provisions of the economy,which is abusing this financial instrument becomes, in essence, the debt, whichadversely affects the entire social life of the country.The purpose of the article. State credit is recognized as one of the elements ofthe financial system of the state. While there is such an element is not immediatelyand not next to the tax or fiscal system, but at the present stage it is already firmlyestablished in the financial system of any country. In the twenty-first century it isdifficult to find the budget of some States that had no shortage; almost impossible tofind a country that could do without the institution of government lending plan theirincome and expenses.Presenting main material. This provision applies both economicallydeveloped and developing States. Therefore, it can be noted that the government loanhas acquired a permanent character and has a significant impact on the economicsituation of the whole society. In this regard, the interest in this phenomenon at thepresent stage not only does not stop, and compounded. This is connected with hugedebts, which have emerged in the budgets of modern States, and the need for findingways for their servicing and repayment, and overall – the place and role of publiccredit in the financial system of the state, its impact on economic development of thesociety, both in a negative and in a positive direction.With the development of financial relations and financial systems developedand improved and lending mechanism. In the modern world there are many forms(types) of loan: private, public, banking, government, export, commercial, municipal,commercial and the like. They have their own characteristics, but the essence remainsindispensable – the subject shall be provided on a time and under appropriateconditions. One type of loan is a state loan, in which the government can act in therole of a creditor and the debtor. As a rule, carrying out its financial activity of thestate is a creditor in respect of some sectors of the economy, and the debtor in respectof internal and external market. State credit is a tool that allows you to mobilizepublic funds and additional necessary funds, so government loans have become inmodern conditions second after taxes methods of financing budget expenditures.Accumulated thus means primarily designed to cover the budget deficit. So the stateis closing the gap in time between the need for money and their availability.An important rule of public credit should still be striving to be as inexpensiveas possible, and even free use of loan capital. Payment is not an inherent feature ofthe loan. Financial history knows examples when zero percent loan has led toeffective results in the economy, and more importantly, to the ability to repay theloan. The second question is that of the creditor, such a situation might not be happy,and therefore, it is possible to offer a portion of the profits that will be received as aresult of the use of borrowed funds. Because the percentage (but still a highpercentage), or otherwise significantly increase the amount of debt that you need toreturn that, as mentioned earlier – are an additional burden on the state budget.Conclusions. From the foregoing it is clear that the government loan is an obligatoryelement of the financial system of any state. As a financial instrument it can kasuatito state both positive and negative effects, depending on the tasks, set before thegovernment.Conclusions. The negative value of this phenomenon is manifested in thetransformation of the economy on a debt that subsequently leads to a decline in allspheres of life of such a society, because, the money must push to its development,will be levied to service the interest on the debt. Such a state loan can lead thecountry and to the loss of its sovereignty. But the intelligent and careful use of thismechanism contributes to the realization in society switchgear and control functions,allows you to replenish the budget revenues, without resorting to this issue.Рассмотрены функции и последствия государственного кредита, в частности, положительные и отрицательные стороны этого явления. В качестве вывода обосновывается положение о том, что экономика, которая злоупотребляет этим финансовым інструментом, становится, по своей сути, долговой, что негативно сказывается на всей общественной жизни страны. Использование же государственного кредита в разумных, контролируемых пределах содействует развитию экономических отношений и помогает преодолеть временные финансовые трудностиРозглянуто функції та наслідки державного кредиту, зокрема його негативні та позитивні сторони. Обґрунтовано положення, що економіка, яка зловживає цим фінансовим інструментом, стає за своєю суттю борговою, що негативно впливає на все суспільне життя країни. Використання ж державного кредиту в розумних, контрольованих межах сприяє розвитку економічних відносин і допомагає перебороти тимчасові фінансові труднощ
Розуміння терміна «сімейне життя» в контексті ст. 8 Конвенції про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод
Full text linkSince the extension of jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights toUkraine, when European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedomscame into force (11 September 1997; ratified on July 17 of the same year), there areexamples of estimation of norms of Ukrainian legislation in General, and Art. 8,which is the subject of our consideration, from the point of compliance with theprovisions of the Convention. Unfortunately, the annual practice of the StrasbourgCourt demonstrates the discrepancy of the legislation of Ukraine with the provisionson protection of rights guaranteed by the Convention itself and the Protocols thereto.Ukraine is consistently among the top five on amount of applications on theprotection of violated rights to the European Court of Human Rights, taking into theaccountand the fact that object to the appeal against Ukraine could be violationscommitted since 11 September 1997. On the contrary, there is consistently lowpercentage of enforcement of the European Court Judgments on Ukraine, particularlyin damages. Our work is in grater extent devoted to understanding of the concept of«family life» within the meaning of Art. 8 of the Convention and its relationship withthe concept of «private life».Current understanding of the concept of «family life» by the Conventionpassed a certain evolutionary way. Not accidentally Art. 8 of the Convention apliesthe term «family» using a multifaceted construction «family life», and of coursr,considering understanding of «family» in face legal orders. Understanding of theconcept of «family life» constantly goes through expansion due to the influence ofdifferent social processes, from migration to advanced medical technologyies, thatillustrates the application of the principle of effective and dynamic interpretation oflaw the Strasbourg court. This principle stipulates the evolutionary interpretation ofConvention norms, transforming Convention into a living instrument that responds tothe changing of present situation and allows to constantly expand guaranteesprovided by this document.In the examples considered in the paper, we note that the interpretation of theterm «family life» primarily carried out by the Court from giving preference toprotecting the interests of children, even if not their rights are violated in fact.В статье проанализированы основные тенденциионные подходы к пониманию «семейной жизни», право на уважение которой гарантировано ст. 8 Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод. Исследована прецедентная практика Европейского суда по правам человека, позволяющая оптимальное толкование термина «семейная жизнь» в современных условиях. Освещены ключевые аспекты, максимально раскрывающие комплексное понимание определения «семейная жизнь». Рассмотрены решения Европейского суда по правам человека, формирующие такое пониманиеПроаналізовано основні тенденційні підходи до розуміння «сімейного життя», право на повагу до якого гарантоване ст. 8 Конвенції про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод. Досліджено прецедентну практику Європейського суду з прав людини, яка дозволяє оптимальне тлумачення терміна «сімейне життя» в умовах сьогодення. Висвітлено ключові аспекти, що максимально розкривають комплексне розуміння поняття «сімейне життя». Розглянуто визначальні для формування такого розуміння рішення Європейського суду з прав людин
Роль документів у розслідуванні злочинів
Full text linkThe main problem. Documentation in criminology and judicial accounting performs a role in gathering evidence in criminal proceedings. Documents also serve as an important way of initial consideration of wealth, an important way to monitor the work of all - an enterprise, a way of monitoring the legality and reliability of the use of certain business transactions and financial information that in cases of crimes in the sphere of economic activity may be used as proof.Actuality is the need to define the role of primary documents in the investigation of crimes based on their classification, as well as the current legislation and the current level of development of automated systems and computer technologies.Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issue of documentation during the investigation of crimes is the subject of scientist criminalist’s researches: S. V. Bardash, M. I. Bondar, V. A. Deriy, A. A. Aceman, V. M. Zhuk, E. T. Konovalov, V. O. Konovalova, L. N. Kuznetsova, S. O. Levitska, V. F. Paliy, V. I. Podolskiy, M. V. Saltevkiy, I. Y. Freedman and others.The purpose of the article is a substantiation of theoretical positions and development of practical recommendations to improve organizational - methodical documentation provisions in the investigation of crimes.Presenting main material. Today the legal literature contains no single concept document. We can say that an unambiguous interpretation of these concepts today absent, and therefore, in our opinion, this issue needs to be scrutinized and consolidation of the legislation, and we believe that the document not only provides a mapping of business enterprise and is evidence for which is fixed and confirmed the implementation of any - any financial transaction. Having said that properly executed documents can serve as material evidence, and be direct targets of crime. Thus, procedural documents of perspective can act as written or physical evidence. Therefore, the study documents a major role played by their classification.Conclusion. In summary, we can say that the main source of information in the investigation of economic crime and evidentiary basis during the preliminary investigation and the trial is the primary data and other documents that actually is the basis of accounting in enterprises. What about studying the issue of documents there are differences of opinion writers both in presentation and subject matter terminology and classification of primary documents. Therefore, in our opinion, this issue needs to be addressed at the legislative level, and the only classification of primary documents and direct fixing separate document concepts of primary documents as evidence in regulatory - legal acts of Ukraine will contribute not only to effective work in making business transactions either - which company, but to the whole efficiency of crime investigation and appropriate evidence base and unconditionally in court.Наведены общая характеристика и значение документов в расследовании преступлений в сфере хозяйственной деятельности. Рассмотрено значение документа, его реквизиты и основные требования, которые предъявляются к документу. Обращено внимание на основные правовые документы, которые регулируют их понятие, оформление и использование.Надано загальну характеристику та розкрито значення документів у розслідуванні злочинів у сфері господарської діяльності. Розглянуто поняття документа, його реквізити та вимоги, що висуваються до нього. Звернено увагу на основні правові документи, що регулюють їх поняття, оформлення та використання.
Повноваження прокурора при здійсненні нагляду за додержанням законів під час виконання покарань, не пов’язаних з позбавленням волі
Full text linkPowers of the prosecutor are considered at implementation of supervision of observance of laws at execution of the criminal punishments which have not been connected with imprisonment. The legal nature of these powers is defined and their system is formulated. Characteristic signs of powers of the prosecutor reveal at implementation of this supervision. Gaps and shortcomings of their legislative regulation and practical realization are revealed, offers on their elimination are providedРассмотрены полномочия прокурора при осуществлении надзора за соблюдением законов при исполнении уголовных наказаний, не связанных с лишением свободы. Определена правовая природа этих полномочий и сформулирована их система. Раскрыты характерные признаки полномочий прокурора при осуществлении этого надзора. Выявлены пробелы и недостатки в их законодательном регулировании и практической реализации, предоставлены предложения по их устранению.Розглянуто повноваження прокурора при здійсненні нагляду за додержанням законів під час виконання кримінальних покарань, не пов’язаних із позбавленням волі. Визначено правову природу цих повноважень та сформульовано їх систему. Розкрито характерні ознаки повноважень прокурора при здійсненні цього нагляду. Виявлено прогалини і недоліки в їх законодавчому регулюванні та практичній реалізації, надано пропозиції з їх усунення
Синхронне порівняння в дослідженні історії державно-правових явищ (на прикладі інституту мирових суддів, створеного в Російській імперії 1864 р.)
Full text linkIn this article the specific of synchronous historical comparison is researched at the example of the institution of Justices of the Peace, which was created in 1864. The stipulations of the applying of this method are analyzed. The inferences have been made about significance of historical-synchronous analysis in the sphere of studying the history of state and law phenomena.На примере института мировых судей, созданного в 1864 г., исследована специфика синхронного исторического сравнения. Проанализированы условия применения этого 12 метода. Сделаны выводы о значении историко-синхронного сравнительного анализа в сфере изучения истории государственно-правовых явлений.На прикладі інституту мирових суддів, створеного у 1864 р., досліджується специфіка синхронного історичного порівняння. Аналізуються умови застосування цього методу. Робляться висновки про значення історико-синхронного порівняльного аналізу в сфері вивчення історії державно-правових яви