Masaryk University Journals / Časopisy Masarykovy univerzity
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The construction and material equipment of Moravian provincial courtrooms until 1620 : (analysis of written sources)
No full textObě zemské soudnice v Brně a v Olomouci představovaly významné veřejné prostory pro fungování stavovských institucí, tedy zemského soudu a zemského sněmu. K těmto účelům stavovská obec tradičně využívala prostory v dominikánských klášterech v Brně i v Olomouci. Stávající prostory se na počátku 16. století ukázaly jako nevyhovující. Stavovská obec tedy ve dvou etapách přistoupila k výstavbě nových soudnic a dalších prostor sloužících pro uskladnění písemností, výslech svědků a zasedání kurií zemského sněmu. Nejdříve byla postavena nová soudnice v Olomouci, která byla zbudována jako samostatně stojící budova v bezprostřední blízkosti areálu dominikánského kláštera. Tato stavba byla realizována pravděpodobně v letech 1570–1571. Nová soudnice v Brně byla postavena pravděpodobně v letech 1584–1585, a to v rámci dosti radikální přestavby části dominikánského kláštera.The two provincial courtrooms in Brno and Olomouc were important public spaces for the functioning of the institutions of the Estates, i.e. the provincial court and the Provincial Diet. For these purposes, the Estates traditionally used the premises of the Dominican monasteries in Brno and Olomouc. By the beginning of the 16th century, the existing premises had become inadequate. The Estates therefore proceeded in two stages with the construction of new courthouses and other rooms for the storage of documents, the interrogation of witnesses and the meetings of the curiae of the Provincial Diet. The first to be built was a new courthouse in Olomouc, a free-standing building in the immediate vicinity of the Dominican monastery. It was probably built in 1570–1571. The new courthouse in Brno was probably built in 1584–1585 as part of a rather radical reconstruction of a part of the Dominican monastery
Quod licet Iovi : hedges in US politicians' press conference speeches
No full textThis study aims to examine the use, frequencies and pragmatic functions of hedges found in US politicians' press conference speeches. In particular, we compare the scripted and the spontaneous components of the selected speeches as well as compare the use of hedges by female politicians with that by male politicians. To test Lakoff's (1973; 1975; 1990) claim on 'women's language', a frequent interpretation of which is that women use more tentative language than men, it was hypothesised that, in the speeches examined, women would use more hedges than men. To this aim, a corpus of 22 press conference speeches given by a number of US politicians was compiled, and the hedges identified were examined using Salager-Meyer's (1997) taxonomy. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied. The findings reveal that the approximators were most frequently used, followed by modal auxiliary verbs, introductory phrases, and modal lexical verbs. In contrast, adjectival, adverbial and nominal phrases, if-clauses and compound hedges were used the least. All hedges function as linguistic tools to generalise information, convey uncertainty, save speakers' face and express an opinion. Comparison by gender suggests that male politicians used more hedges than female politicians. Further studies on the use of hedging devices in press conference speeches may incorporate further criteria, such as prosodic information as well as geographical differentiation and may also be directed at verifying the existence of the relationship between the use of hedges and the success of persuading the audience
"Nature, Ecology, and Religious Responses to Climate Change" : a report on the 21st EASR annual conference, 19-23 August, 2024
No full text[Misic, Blanka; Graham, Abigail (eds.). Senses, cognition, and ritual experience in the Roman world]
No full textRansomware and Ransom Payments in the Context of Criminal Law
Get PDFČlánok poskytuje systematický prehľad kľúčových právnych aspektov úhrad výkupného pri ransomvérových útokoch z pohľadu českého a slovenského trestného práva. Po úvode, sa v druhej kapitole sumarizuje doterajší výskum v tejto oblasti. Následne tretia kapitola približuje fenomén ransomvéru, so zameraním na model Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) a jeho technicko-ekonomické pozadie. Štvrtá kapitola analyzuje mechanizmy legalizácie výkupného, najmä prostredníctvom kryptomien a anonymizačných nástrojov. Piata kapitola sa venuje právnym dôsledkom úhrady výkupného, vrátane možného porušenia sankčných režimov EÚ a trestnoprávnych rizík, ako je legalizácia výnosov z trestnej činnosti či financovanie terorizmu. Na záver sú rozobrané ďalšie riziká spojené s platbami výkupného a rámec pre rozhodovací proces poškodených s dôrazom na compliance a riadenie rizík.This article provides a structured overview of the key legal aspects of ransom payments in the context of ransomware attacks from the Czech and Slovak criminal law perspective. After introduction, the second section summarizes existing and recent research on the topic. The third section introduces the concept of ransomware, with a special focus on the Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) model, and explores its technical and economic underpinnings. The fourth section analyses the laundering of ransom proceeds, particularly via cryptocurrencies and anonymization tools. The fifth section examines the legal implications of ransom payments, including potential violations of EU sanctions regimes and the risk of committing money laundering or terrorism financing offences under criminal law. Finally, the article discusses other risks associated with ransom payments and a formal decision-making framework for victims, emphasizing compliance duties and risk management procedures
Unraveling the positive and negative roles of positive body-focused social media interactions in adolescents’ body image
No full textDespite the increasing circulation of potentially positive body-focused social media content, it remains unclear how interactions with such content relate to adolescents’ positive and negative body image. This cross-sectional study (n = 690 adolescents, Mage = 16.41, SDage = .98, 55.96% girls) examined the relations between interactions with potentially positive content (i.e., exposure and posting of Body Positive (BoPo) content, receiving positive appearance comments from peers on social media), susceptibility factors (i.e., aesthetic hypersensitivity, sex), a positive body image component (i.e., body appreciation) and negative body image components (i.e., self-objectification, internalization of appearance ideals, appearance comparisons with peers). Receiving positive appearance comments was associated with higher levels of body self-love, self-objectification, internalization and appearance comparisons. Moreover, there was a positive association between BoPo posting and negative body image components (i.e., higher levels of self-objectification, internalization, appearance comparisons). Aesthetic hypersensitivity and sex appeared to moderate some of the examined relationships. These findings indicate that positive-intended content may relate to the development of a positive body image, but also to a negative body image. Implications are discussed
Passion and Addiction in Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Mixed (CrossFit) Exercises
Get PDFThis study employed exercise dependence and four-phase models to investigate the relationship between passion for exercise and the risk of exercise addiction (REA) among practitioners of aerobic, anaerobic, and CrossFit exercises. Participants (N = 424; 60.8% female; mean age = 38.29 ± 9.71 years) were recruited from fitness centers and social media in Hungary. The sample included 234 CrossFit, 126 aerobic (e.g., running, cycling, swimming), and 64 anaerobic (bodybuilding) exercisers. Data were collected online on Qualtrics, which included demographic questions, the Exercise Addiction Inventory-3, and the Passion Scale-8. CrossFit participants exhibited the highest exercise frequency and intensity, with a greater prevalence of REA (25.2%) compared to the anaerobic (15.6%) and aerobic (14.3%) groups. CrossFitters also scored higher on salience, withdrawal symptoms, and passion. However, group differences in absolute REA scores vanished after controlling for passion and exercise characteristics. Gender differences emerged, with females showing a stronger affective connection to exercise and higher withdrawal symptoms. Passion was strongly correlated with REA (r = 0.55) and accounted for 28% of the variance in it. Further research is needed to distinguish between passion-driven exercise and addiction
Neuromuscular Determinants of Reactive Agility in Elite Female Handball Players: The Role of Explosive Strength, Sprint Speed, and Change of Direction Ability
Get PDFThis study aimed to investigate the physical determinants of reactive agility in professional female handball players, a population largely underrepresented in agility research. Specifically, we examined how explosive strength, sprint speed, and change of direction ability contribute to reactive agility performance. Thirteen elite athletes (24.0±6.7 years) completed a Triple Y Reactive Agility Test (3YRAT), a 5 m sprint, a countermovement jump (CMJ), and a pre-planned Y-shaped agility test. Pearson’s correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to examine associations and unique contributions of each physical attribute to reactive agility performance. A significant negative relationship between CMJ height and 3YRAT performance was showed (r=−0.75, p<0.01), indicating that explosive lower-limb power strongly supports rapid deceleration and re-acceleration during unplanned directional changes. A moderate negative correlation (r = −0.40, p=0.22) was observed between 5 m sprint speed and reactive agility, suggesting that higher linear sprint ability may hinder performance in tasks requiring frequent braking and directional control. No significant correlation was observed between 3YRAT and pre-planned agility performance (r=0.09, p=0.81). The regression model explained 86% of the variance in reactive agility, with explosive strength contributing 30.1%, sprint speed (negative predictor) 29.0%, and change of direction ability 8.0%. These findings highlight that reactive agility in elite female handball players is predominantly influenced by explosive strength rather than pure sprint capacity and differs from neuromuscular profiles often reported in male athletes. The results emphasise the need for training approaches that develop eccentric-concentric strength and braking ability to optimise agility performance in female handball players