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Passive cooling techniques
Get PDFVernacular buildings are local buildings that have evolved overtime in one location to suit the local climate, culture and economy (Meir & Roaf, 2003). The construction of vernacular buildings uses locally available resources to address local needs. These kinds of structures evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural and historical context in which they exist (Coch, 1998). The building knowledge of this type of architecture is always handed down traditions and is thus more based on the knowledge achieved by trial and error and in this way handed down through the generations (Singh et al., 2009). Vernacular buildings are most often residential buildings. People have traditional lifestyles in vernacular buildings in virtually every climate in the world, from the Arctic circle to the tropics, in temperatures from below zero to over 40°C, and historically without the benefit of gas or electrically driven mechanized heating and cooling systems (Meir & Roaf, 2003).
After the emergence of modernist architecture, aided by the industrial revolution, vernacular buildings are seen to be in a state of decline and are frequently looked down upon, abandoned, neglected or actively demolished. Associated, by many at least, with an out-dated past and poverty, they are steadily replaced by architectural models that favour more modern, inter-national technologies, materials and forms (Oliver, 1997). It is assumed, as in international standards such as CENASO 7730 or ASHRAE 55, that people suffer less discomfort in very closely controlled conditions, then such vernacular buildings, along with modern passive buildings, cannot provide their occupants with ‘comfortable’ indoor climates (Santamouris, 2007). But nowadays, by the more and more important issues of energy consumption in building construction sectors, the continuity of the vernacular traditions is emphasized in academic research and building practice because of its climate-response, passive model and low-energy consumption. The principles that were used in traditional buildings can very well be implemented in modern buildings so as to produce “energy saving” buildings. If these principles are sensibly adopted in modern buildings, it should be possible to build sustainable buildings for the future (Shanthi Priya, Sundarraja, Radhakrishnan, & Vijayalakshmi, 2012). We can learn a lesson from the approach of the builders who acknowledged the interdependence of human beings, buildings and physical environment (Coch, 1998). A “new vernacular” can be developed, harnessing the types of low-tech solutions that are familiar to most of us from the vernacular, together with modern passive and active renewable energy technologies and strategies to reflect the new cultural, climatic and economic realities of the 21st century (Meir & Roaf, 2003).
Vernacular buildings have to adapt to the environment through low-tech methods. Changing building form and material is the most important technique to adapt to the environment to obtain the best comfortable living space, in another words, the environment deeply influenced building form design and material use. Fathy (1986) described the climate effect on building form generation in vernacular building as: “For example, the proportion of window to wall area becomes less as one moves toward the equator. In warm areas, people shun the glare and heat of the sun, as demonstrated by the decreasing size of the windows. In the subtropical and tropical zones, more distinctive changes in architectural form occur to meet the problems caused by excessive heat. In Egypt, Iraq, India, and Pakijstan, deep loggias, projecting balconies, and overhangs casting long shadows on the walls of buildings are found. Wooden or marble lattices fill large openings to subdue the glare of the sun while permitting the breeze to pass through. Such arrangements characterize the architecture of hot zones, and evoke comfort as well as aesthetic satisfaction with the visible endeavour of man to protect himself against the excessive heat”.
In recent years, a significant amount of research has looked specifically at environmental performance issues of vernacular architecture, including its thermal properties, energy consumption and resources (Foruzanmehr & Vellinga, 2011). Both qualitative and quantitative such as field measurements, field surveys, statistical methods, comparative study and computer simulation methods are used in the investigation of the performance of vernacular buildings. Professor Paul Oliver of Oxford University compiled the book “Dwellings: Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture” and published in 1997 with 4000 pages collection of research by over 750 authors from 80 countries. With two volumes categorized by climate and the ‘‘vernacular responses’’ of a plethora of cultures and another volume focused on materials, resources and production, it is the world’s foremost source for research in the area (Zhai & Previtali, 2010). Zhai and Previtali (2010) introduced an approach to categorizing distinct vernacular regions and evaluate energy performance of ancient vernacular homes as well as identify optimal constructions using vernacular building techniques. Chandel, Sharma, and Marwah (2016) reviewed the vernacular architecture features affecting indoor thermal comfort conditions and energy efficiency for adaptation in modern architecture to suit present day lifestyles. Singh et al. (2009) carried out a qualitative analysis on the vernacular buildings in north-east India. And Shanthi Priya et al. (2012) have conducted the qualitative and quantitative analysis to investigate the indoor environmental condition of a vernacular residential building in coastal region of Nagapatinam, India. Cardinale, Rospi, and Stefanizzi (2013) performed one experimental research on two types of vernacular buildings which lie in Southern Italy. Nguyen, Tran, Tran, and Reiter (2011) carried out an investigation on climate responsive design strategies of vernacular housing in Vietnam by a new research methodology which is adapted to the natural and social context of Vietnam. Ng and Lin (2012) analysed the microclimate of two Minangkabau vernacular houses in villages of Balimbing of Bukittinggi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Ali-Toudert, Djenane, Bensalem, and Mayer (2005) addressed the issue of outdoor thermal comfort in a hot and dry climate in relation to urban geometry. Beccali, Strazzeri, Germanà, Melluso, and Galatioto (2017) reviewed some models evaluating thermal comfort in natural ventilated vernacular buildings, based on adaptive approaches.
Borong et al. (2004) concluded that sun shading and insulation are of great importance while natural ventilation is just considered as an auxiliary approach for the design principles of the traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings, based on the field measurements of the thermal environment parameters and a long-term auto-recorder of the indoor and outdoor temperature at four typical traditional vernacular dwellings at Wannan area in summer. Bouillot (2008) studied six Chinese vernacular houses in different provinces and found that the value and the diversity of the Chinese housing stock is due to the combination of the specific structure of the Chinese eastern climates, which creates the contrast of cold-dry winters and hothumid summers, with the structure of the Ming t’ang, which contains the opposition of the yin and the yang. Liu et al. (2011)’s study interprets the characteristic of warm in winter and cool in summer in traditional Yaodong dwelling by measuring the indoor, outdoor and the wall’s temperatures in winter and summer. The results show that the Yaodong thick wall effectively damps the external temperature wave and keeps a steady inner surface temperature, are the chief causes of warm in winter and cool in summer in Yaodong. Gou et al. (2015) focused on a qualitative analysis of ancient dwellings located in the village of Xinye, in the hot summer and cold winter region of China. According to the analysis, the climate responsive strategies of the dwellings are mainly focused on natural ventilation, sun-shading and thermal insulation, illustrated by different building aspects such as the building location, building group layout and orientation, internal space arrangement, opening design, among other variables. Soflaei, Shokouhian, and Zhu (2017) investigated the potential of traditional courtyard houses in Iran and China in responding to environmental challenges alongside social norms over a long period of time. The social and environmental dimensions of the sustainability as well as the main elements of traditional courtyard houses in Iran and China were identified.
Because of the advantage of vernacular building using passive ways to achieve thermal comfort and energy efficiency as mentioned above, this research will start with the investigation of a Chinese vernacular buildings in chapter 4. The next part of the literature review is an overview of passive cooling techniques
Coupling occupants’ behaviour and natural ventilation potential analysis in the design of a Chinese rural house
Get PDFIn chapter 11, the VGA analysis method proposed by the author was used for the evaluation of the layout designs of Chinese rural houses proposed by the local government. Type 10 was selected as best design type, because it can most easily achieve thermal summer comfort for occupants in passive ways. The optimised layout has a high potential to achieve natural cross-ventilation, especially in the public spaces, which are important for the local occupants’ thermal summer comfort in hot and humid climates. Chapter 11 also shows occupants’ movement behaviour in the spaces. The public spaces in the house are the most attractive spaces for occupants. This is related to the occupants’ spatial perception. This helps the occupants to enjoy the natural ventilation in the public spaces because there is a high potential to achieve natural ventilation there.
In this chapter, the optimised layout design of chapter 11 will be developed for a new rural house design in the studied area. The focus of the design is still on the occupants’ behaviour and natural ventilation potential with respect to the spatial configuration. This study will demonstrate how to use the VGA analysis method for the optimisation of spatial configuration, coupling occupants’ behaviour and natural ventilation analysis to design practice
Verkennende casestudy
Get PDFIn de voorgaande hoofdstukken werd ingegaan op de context en het theoretisch kader. Hierna volgt het empirische deel van het onderzoek met allereerst een verkennende casestudy in voorliggend hoofdstuk, gestructureerd op basis van het IAD framework van Ostrom (2011) zoals toegelicht in hoofdstuk 3. Deze enkelvoudige casestudy is uitgevoerd om grip te krijgen op beïnvloedende factoren bij investeringsbeslissingen in stedelijke vernieuwing. De resultaten en inzichten die volgen uit de casestudy vormen de basis voor het ontwerp van de gamesimulaties, die aan bod komen in de hoofdstukken 5, 6 en 7.
In dit hoofdstuk wordt de casus Vernieuwingsplan Centrumgebied Kanaleneiland in Utrecht behandeld. Het betreft een stedelijke gebiedsontwikkeling met als hoofdstrategie sloop/nieuwbouw, aansluitend op de focus van dit onderzoek. Het gebied omvatte aan het begin van de vernieuwing significant corporatiebezit van twee woningcorporaties, gecombineerd met commerciële en maatschappelijke functies. Het gelijkwaardige bezit en positie van de woningcorporaties Portaal en Mitros in het gebied als vertrekpunt, maakt vergelijkende analyse en onderzoek naar wederzijdse beïnvloeding mogelijk. De vernieuwing wordt gekenmerkt door een complexe samenwerkingsvorm met publieke en private actoren en een lange looptijd, waarbinnen veel contextuele veranderingen hebben plaatsgevonden waaronder de economische crisis in 2008. De interacties tussen de actoren lijken veel invloed te hebben gehad op de investeringsbeslissingen en uitkomsten van de vernieuwing.
De casestudy is uitgevoerd op basis van interviews met de betrokken actoren, ondersteund door inhoudsanalyse en studie van besluitdocumenten, overeenkomsten en het complete projectdossier dat beschikbaar was vanuit woningcorporatie Portaal. De geanalyseerde documenten zijn niet opgenomen in dit proefschrift, maar wel beschikbaar via de auteur. De casestudy heeft plaatsgevonden in het laatste kwartaal van 2015. Begin 2019 heeft een laatste update van de informatie plaatsgevonden in overleg met de actoren.
In de volgende paragraaf wordt de opzet van de casestudy uiteengezet. Paragraaf 4.3 geeft een beschrijving van de casus in Kanaleneiland Centrum, de investeringsopgave en de samenwerkingsvorm. In paragraaf 4.4 worden de resultaten van de interviews behandeld. In paragraaf 4.5 worden de resultaten bediscussieerd en geabstraheerd naar een algemeen niveau, waarna deze in paragraaf 4.6 worden vertaald in aannames ten behoeve van de gamesimulaties. De conclusies zijn weergegeven in paragraaf 4.7
PAS stakeholders & activities to achieve alignment
Get PDFPAS consists of three main components; steps, stakeholders & activities, and mathematical models, as explained in chapter 4. In this chapter, the stakeholders & activities are the focal point (see Figure 6.1). By explaining the interactive design process in detail, the reader understands how the stakeholders perform the activities to achieve alignment between the organization and the corporate real estate portfolio.
The stakeholders & activities are displayed in the left column of the flowchart in Figure 6.2. There, the stakeholders that are involved are divided in three types: the responsible management (RM), the stakeholders (S) and the facilitator and systems engineer (F & SE). They need to perform two types of activities: interviews and workshops. In the activity interviews, the stakeholders perform steps 1 to 4. In the activity workshops, the stakeholders perform step 5. They design an alternative corporate real estate portfolio and continue designing other alternatives until they mutually agree that the best possible alternative has been made. The activities are finished when, in the last interview, each stakeholder individually confirms the selection of the best alternative.
The results of the three pilots have been discussed in chapter 5 including the final input the stakeholders have given in the interviews for steps 1 to 4. The best alternative the stakeholders have chosen in step 6 was also presented. This alternative was designed interactively and iteratively in the workshops in step 5. However, how the stakeholders have designed this alterative has not yet been explained. Since, interactively and iteratively designing alternatives in the mathematical models is a major component of PAS this design process is explained in this chapter. This chapter shows the interfaces that the stakeholders can use when designing alternatives including instructions on how to navigate the model.
This chapter presents the pilots as follows:
–– Pilot study 1: TU Delft’s food facilities in paragraph 6.1;
–– Pilot study 2: TU Delft’s lecture halls in paragraph 6.2;
–– Pilot study 3: Oracle’s office locations in paragraph;
–– And the pilot study comparison and conclusion in paragraph 6.4.
For each pilot study, in the first subparagraph, the design interfaces that the stakeholders have at their disposal, are explained. In the second subparagraph, the stakeholders workshop set up is discussed in which they use the interface to design alternatives. Lastly, in the third subparagraph, the iterative process is discussed. The iteration takes place between step 5 (designiWng alternatives) and step 1 to 4 (variables, curves, weights and constraints)
A Multidimensional Typology of Open Spaces in Europe
Get PDFTo improve the ecosystem service provided by open spaces in dispersed urban areas is a key challenge for sustainable spatial development in Europe. The typology presented in this article illustrates the different potentials that open spaces in territories-in-between have across 10 cases in Europe. Unlike other typologies, neither function nor form is used for the classification, but the potential interaction of open spaces with social, technical and ecological networks. Therefore, the typology informs regional spatial planning and design about the potential ecosystem services in networked urban regions. Thereby the importance of territories-in-between, which are often neglected by mainstream spatial planning and design, for sustainable development is highlighted
Capturing Real Impacts: Environmental Peacebuilding Evaluation in the Middle East: Lessons Applicable Worldwide
No full textThis research was conducted to close the knowledge gap relating to suitable evaluation methodologies for interdisciplinary approaches of Environmental Peacebuilding, covering not only intended but also unintended, unanticipated, positive and negative, short and long-term outcomes. Information was gathered on Middle Eastern case studies and from a global perspective, triangulating facts from literature reviews, expert-, NGO-, and beneficiary interviews, and a global expert survey. Findings clarify the complexity of internal and external, donor-based aspects, all indicating the need to fundamentally revise current evaluation structures to ensure effectiveness of projects. Moreover, a framework was developed to support practitioners in their monitoring and evaluation (M&E) activities
Competence Need Fulfillment Increases Engagement: Does Individual Need Strength Moderate the Effect?
Get PDFThe empirical literature on Self Determination Theory is unclear about whether individual need strength moderates and enhances the effect of basic need fulfillment on positive outcome variables. This study tested whether competence need strength moderates the effect of competence need fulfillment on engagement. A sample of 181 students was randomly assigned into three experimental conditions and their felt competence was manipulated. Results showed that the high need fulfillment group had significantly higher engagement levels than the low need fulfillment group. However, there was no evidence for a moderation effect of need strength on the relation between need fulfillment and engagement
I want to succeed, and I can succeed. Examining the moderating role of achievement values and self-efficacy on women’s task choices and implicit association with leadership
Get PDFDespite long-standing progress, women remainunderrepresented in managerial positions. Rising toleadership might require women to overcome norms thatpromote gender-congruent behavior. This studyinvestigated the impact of exposure to a traditional malestereotype on women’s implicit association betweengender and leadership and the number of nontraditionalleadership roles they choose. The study also examinedwhether high scores on self-efficacy and achievementvalues moderate the impact of the gender conformityexposure. Results indicated that self-efficacy andachievement values directly predicted more agentic workroles chosen by women. Surprisingly, gender conformitycues increased participants’ willingness to compete foragentic tasks
The Ethical Implications of Employing Socially Assitive Robots in the Aged-care Sector in Japan
Get PDFGround-breaking innovations in technology depict a promising future for humanity. In particular, the robotic industry is expected to solve many of our modern challenges especially with regard to the health sector. As expected, when introducing human-robot interactions in our daily lives, we need to renegotiate our human values in terms of autonomy, control and privacy. This paper aims to explore the ethical dilemmas occurring when employing socially assistive robots in the aged-care sector. It will also make recommendations for future ethical use of social robots. The cultural background is set in Japan, a leader in robotic development.“Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted under the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC BY-SA) license and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page”
Connection with SDG 9The Sustainable Development Goals number 9 refers to building resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. These actions are highly dependent on technological innovations. In order to create long-term sustainable structures, we need to welcome advancements in our life but in the same time treat them carefully. This paper tackles one of the recent technological advancements in the field of robotics. Socially Assitive Robots have been designed to help children, people with disabilities and elders in a social, non-intrusive and positive way. In spite of this, ethical dilemmas which clash with the design of the robots are not often taken into account. That is why, the research is meant to fill in the gap and prove that an ethical sustainable goal can be met by responsible advancements in technology
The Effect of Innovation on Productivity in Services: Evidence from Germany
Get PDFInnovation has already been in the past an important driverfor change, performance and competitive advantage. Dueto the constantly changing and more complex environmentthrough instant flow of information, it gets increasinglymore important nowadays. While the manufacturingsectors applied innovation in various ways, the structuraltransformation entails innovation to services. However, thecorresponding amount of research is scarce and itsimplications for organizational change and company’sproductivity. Hence, this research study aims to investigatethe effect of innovation on productivity in service firms inGermany. The results suggest that innovation andproductivity are negatively related
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