TU Delft Open Access Journals
Not a member yet
3113 research outputs found
Sort by
Call and Response: Popular Media and Architecture in London\u27s Historic Housing Crises
Get PDFA "housing crisis" is often naively understood as a simple market imbalance between supply and demand, frequently occurring within cities in a capitalist mode of development. If that were the case, the solution would be to simply open the pipes and build more houses, a regulatory action delegated to technocrats. But as Reinhardt Koselleck reveals, crisis is a concept constructed by special interest groups with the aim of challenging absolute power, enlarging a sphere of popular criticism towards business-as-usual. This paper considers the operative nature of \u27housing crisis\u27 and related terms by investigating their use as a tool for urban reform in the 19th and 20th centuries in London. In newspaper articles, think tank publications and government reports, criticism often took on qualitative dimensions, leveraging change to housing practices. Crisis itself has had different meanings, from a moral apocalypse to a political risk to an historic opportunity. This is in contrast to how the term is used today, where it is no longer a climactic moment of decision and relief, but a perpetual and seemingly unsurmountable condition. While London\u27s housing crisis is today universally accepted according to experts\u27 statistics, it is rarely addressed on popular aesthetic grounds
\u27New Classical\u27 Contemporary Architecture: Retrotopic Trends and Phantasms of Tradition
No full textCet article s’attache à retracer la généalogie des idées portés par le réseau anglo-saxon d’architectes new classical qui partagent le souhait de renouer avec les traditions prémodernes et avec une « architecture classique », largement idéalisée et réinventée. Résonnant avec les arguments réactionnaires et identitaires de la droite populiste actuelle, cette doctrine architecturale s’est structurée au tournant des années 1980 au plus fort des débats autour du postmodernisme et s’est développée depuis lors, en dehors des scènes courantes de l’architecture contemporaine, à la faveur d’importants relais politiques (notamment, au Royaume Uni, celui du Prince de Galles) et de la structuration d’un cadre institutionnel et d’une commande spécifiques. Au-delà de leur positionnement stylistique, les protagonistes de cette new classical architecture revendiquent une volonté de revenir aux modes de construction artisanaux traditionnels et manifestent un certain rapport au temps résolument anti-historiciste qui rejoint ce que Zygmunt Bauman a appelé la retrotopia
Protecting the historical city : urban regeneration in Eastern Germany during the 1990s as a starting point for a sustainable urban development
Get PDFSince the 1970s, the existing historical building stock gained more value. Monument protection was gradually introduced in the urban planning process as were its methods and instruments. Approaches for an urban development based on the existing building stock were made in both former german countries, GDR (German Democratic Republic) and FGR (Federal Republic of Germany), even if the extent was different. Especially with the regeneration of the historical old towns in the GDR beginning in late 1989, early 1990, the preservation of urban architectural heritage formally became an integrated part of urban development strategies in united Germany. The adaption and development of instruments to protect and develop historical city centres is part of the research project ‘Stadtwende’. Surveys based on the results of qualitative expert interviews and archive research show that the ‘turn’ (Wende) in 1989 had an impact on the development of a planning practice that took the existing building stock into account. With regard to recent trends the paper shows the historical genesis of the preservation of urban heritage in urban planning and asks to what extend it could support a resource-saving urban development today
A Theory-Based Approach to Urban Planning at the City Edge: An Analysis of Japan before World War II
Get PDFEarly urban plans in Japan, such as the Tokyo Park System, included wedge-shaped green belts that penetrated urban areas. The reasons for their establishment, however, were unclear. To explore the reasons behind them, focusing on the outskirts of cities is necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to focus on the green areas at the edge of urban areas to decipher the ideas of urban planning experts from that time and clarify the planning background behind these wedge-shaped green spaces. By keyword searches at the National Diet Library, thirty-nine documents on urban planning up to 1945 were selected. Subsequently, we analyzed them with a focus on the ideal city size and objectives of green spaces. As a result, many experts believed that cities should be developed in a planned manner. Furthermore, most experts understood green belts as a natural enclosure for the artificiality of the city, instead of a non-urban area to control the area of the city. From the above-mentioned results, it is believed that wedge-shaped green spaces emerged to satisfy the demands of the experts of the day, which were to ‘develop cities’, ‘prevent continuous urban areas’, and ‘bring cities and nature closer together’
Port Modernization Perspective in the Netherlands and Japan: Highlighting the Contribution of Dutch Civil Engineers
Get PDFIn the 19th century, civil engineers outlined new planning perspective for port modernization or reform through hydraulic engineering: dredging, land reclamation, river improvement, dyke building and channel creation. In addition, these works for port modernization were closely connected with spatial urban development. Dutch civil engineers created the basic designs of the ports in Rotterdam and Osaka, which were the two leading modern ports in Europe and Asia from the 19th century to the 20th century. Owing to advances in port function contributed by Dutch civil engineers, this paper explores how to change urban structures by considering two ports from the Netherlands and Japan, using their investigative reports, design drawings and survey maps. In the Rotterdam Port project, Caland, a Dutch engineer, provided a comprehensive plan for improving the functions of rivers and ports. Rijke, a Dutch engineer, and other Japanese civil engineers also provided an effective plan for the Osaka Port Project. However, owing to topography, people’s opposition and historical background, the project was not realised completely. The transition of the two ports shows how port modernisation provides modern industry and urban development, in which civil engineers played crucial roles as the first trigger
Early Settlement of Portuguese America
Get PDFThe Portuguese Empire expanded over five continents and endured for nearly six centuries. Beginning with small forts and trading posts in Africa in the early fifteenth century to the formal handover of Macau to China in 1999, Portugal reigned over one of the longest lasting modern empires in the world. The Portuguese foray into the Americas was with the colony of Brazil and was a happenstance because a Portuguese captain accidentally landed in South America. What ensued was limited claims, multiple attacks from other European Empires, and the Portuguese quickly establishing the Donatary Captaincy system to colonize Brazil. This system of colonization was successful in the small Atlantic Islands the Portuguese colonized decades before, but was a near complete failure in Brazil. This paper shows how the Donatary Captaincies failed because of four reasons: (1) the decision to use Donatary Captaincies was reactionary; (2) individual captains assumed the initial capital cost of colonization without surplus to maintain their claims; (3) there were no residency laws for captains to be in the colonies; and (4) continual defensive attacks by indigenous populations hindered colonial growth. By providing the historical background and planning decisions about early Portuguese America, the entire story of “discovery” through Donatary Captaincies to a singular Governorate General adds to the understanding of early Portuguese colonization in Brazil. This paper contributes to the literature by providing a review of secondary sources regarding the early Portuguese colonization through the lens of built environment in English
Sustainable and resilient supplier selection: the case of an Indonesian coffee supply chain
Get PDFSupplier selection has become one of the core elements of supply chain management because suppliers affect a company\u27s bottom line and supply chain performance directly. Supplier selection is a complex decision-making process that includes multiple criteria and a set of supplier alternatives. This study integrates the dimensions of sustainability and resilience into the supplier selection process. The aim is to propose a systematic supplier selection framework to help companies categorize suppliers based on their sustainability and resilience performance and select the ones that perform well on those two dimensions. We use a novel multi-criteria decision-making method (MCDM), the Best-Worst Method (BWM), to solve the complex decision-making process of coffee supplier selection in a local roastery in Indonesia. The data was collected from two groups: experts regarding the coffee supply chain in Indonesia and a decision-maker at a coffee roastery in Indonesia. The result shows that the economic criteria for sustainability performance and risk reduction criteria for resilience performance are the most important supplier selection criteria for both groups. There are no significant differences between the importance evaluations of criteria by both group of experts, which indicates that the supplier selection process of the company aligns with the expert perspective
Port call information sharing and inter-organizational relationships: an exploration
Get PDFPorts have been taking major steps to improve information sharing for supporting their port call services. Despite the strong aspiration for this improvement, progress is still slow. In this paper, we argue that the progress is hampered by the challenges of an inter-organizational nature. To explore this argument, we conceptualize the link between inter-organizational relationships and information sharing in ports. We use and operationalize the partnership model, which was originally proposed for the supply chains, for the port context. We test the applicability of the model for the port of Rotterdam. Data was collected using desk research, expert interviews and surveys amongst all port actors. We find that potential for inter-organizational relationships varies substantially between the port actors, which implies an unequal potential for information sharing between them. While some actors show potential for strong relationships, in which two-way frequent exchange of information is supported, others could only support basic, occasional, or unbalanced information sharing. Therefore, it is unrealistic to assume that the information can be uniformly exchanged between all the actors. Instead, we suggest tailored information-sharing strategies that fit to actors’ business interests and characteristics. We conclude that this salient aspect of inter-organizational relationships between port actors should be acknowledged and considered for the effective design of port development strategies
COVID-19 and transport. A review of factors of relevance to the design of measures and their effects worldwide
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to the introduction of transport-related policy measures worldwide. In this paper, we review the literature on factors that are important for the design of those measures, and their effects on safety, physical and mental health, economy and environment. We conclude that factors underlying the introduction of transport related measures are related to the broader discussion on COVID-19 measures (e.g. on social distancing). This makes it impossible to determine the independent influence of determinants aimed at transport on the effects (virus spread, economy, well-being). Furthermore, the effects of measures appear to differ strongly between countries. Important determinants for these effects are (1) socio-economic factors, (2) cultural factors, (3) political factors and (4) individual factors. In addition, the extent to which people can work at home appears to be very important for the introduction and effectiveness of COVID-19 measures. In the category of \u27cultural factors\u27, the degree to which people have a \u27sense of civic responsibility\u27 and trust in the government and institutions plays a major role in the compliance with advice and coercive measures. Furthermore, experiences with previous viruses appear to have made a positive contribution to COVID-19 policies that are successful at containing the virus. Finally, individual factors play a role in the compliance with COVID-19 measures. For example, a pro-social attitude is associated with better compliance. And: if people rate the effectiveness of such measures higher, they are more likely to act on them. The paper also provides recommendations for policy and further research
Longue durée: Aided self-help and sites & services in the delta?
Get PDFAccording to Gerald L. Burke, an English geographer, settlement layouts during the expansion of 17th-century Dutch cities were consciously planned; rather than stemming merely from ‘chance growth’, their development followed several key steps. This planning was the logical result of dealing with the difficult delta conditions, due to which settlement was only possible through cooperative effort. Burke writes:
It [Burke’s book] gives a brief account of urban and rural evolution in a country which, endowed initially with the poorest of natural resources, stood in constant danger, throughout the ages, of losing most of them to the depredations of the North Sea. There is so much to be admired in the manner in which those results were achieved. The qualities of courage and tenacity, ingenuity and faith ... are those of a people with deep and abiding attachment to their homeland who sought from earliest times, and still seek, to extend its area by winning new territory from sea and lake, marsh and bog, instead of casting covetous eyes upon the lands of their neighbours.
The Dutch have made their vulnerability profitable, and this shift constitutes an important mental aspect of the ‘fine Dutch tradition’, or the ‘dynamic tradition of making urban plans using the parameters of the natural system – linking in an efficient way the hydrological cycle, the soil and subsurface conditions, technology and urban development opportunities’ (Hooimeijer, 2014). This tradition facilitated the aforementioned; it is the foundation of the Dutch planning culture, in which the ‘public cause’ is not only dominant but fundamental.
Considering this tradition as the cultural longue durée, the question arises how, after two centuries of a welfare state and two decades of ‘participation society’, the nature of this cooperation in the delta between public and private conditions has changed? To answer this question, Simone Rots and Jacqueline Tellinga were invited to discuss the role of self-organisation – bottom-up meets top-down – in this culture, alongside the concepts of ‘aided self- help’ and ‘sites & services’