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The port city of Yokohama: Its history of requisition by foreign occupation forces and redevelopment in the aftermath due to citizen–local government collaboration
Get PDFYokohama was not a colonial port city, but foreign forces seized the city for decades after the Japan’s defeat in the war. The author clarifies the historical background of the process of derequisition and its redevelopment. Since opening its port in 1859, Yokohama has developed as an international trading city. The city was destroyed by a major earthquake in 1923. Although it recovered as a modern city in the 1930s, it was again devastated in air raids during the war. After the US military seized the city in 1945, the state government had to lease land from landowners and provide it to the US, which continued to be stationed in Japan under the US–Japan Security Treaty. The city government continued to request the land’s release to the original owners. The Honmoku District was seized as a residential area for US families. Due to the prolonged requisition, landowners sold their land to the state to pay taxes, and half of the district became state property. The city planned to use the state property for civic purposes. Intense negotiations between the state and the city dragged on for a long time, finally concluding in 1982
Challenges of Heritage Conservation on a High-Density Island Port Hamlet Mitarai town, Hiroshima, Japan
Get PDFSeto Inland Sea has been functioning maritime transportation and fishery since ancient age. The urban history of Mitarai town has well reflect development process of regional maritime transportation and entertainment sectors for transit passengers. The town is well remained and representing glory of regional maritime legacy and architectural heritages which known as the highest population density of the region. Since the diffusion of new transportation modes, the town faces serious social shrinkage which significantly appeared social ageing and depopulation. Recent hope in Mitarai town where included nation’s 36th preservation district in 1994, however, community faces significant social changes which endangered to sustain substance of local living culture. A number of issues are yet to be addressed to secure residents’ contemporary living needs, which includes: maintaining sustainable tourism demands; prevention measures for natural disasters; appropriate community engagements; and encourage local entrepreneurs. In this paper, author firstly collect and analyse the periodical development discourse on the Seto Inland Sea region, particularly historic transformation of the Mitarai town and the region. Secondly, to analyses development / preservation discourses in Mitarai town
A Study by Shiro Fujimura on the Planning Intentions for the Construction of Civic Center in the Castle Town City of Kofu, Japan
Get PDFIn Japan, as the social system underwent a transformation from the feudalistic period to the Meiji period, government office districts with a concentration of government facilities were formed in castle towns, which had been the main cities during the feudalistic period. In Kofu city, Yamanashi Prefecture, a civic center with quasi-Western-style architecture was formed by Shiro Fujimura, who was appointed as prefectural governor in 1873. The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual situation of the formation of the civic center by focusing on the Kofu civic center, which was planned by Shiro Fujimura in the early Meiji period, as well as how the spatial configuration of the castle town was read to construct public office facilities. Specifically, this study aims to 1) clarify Fujimura’s urban planning intentions based on the layout of planned and constructed government facilities, and 2) clarify the uniqueness of the Kofu civic center by comparing it with Yamagata and Utsunomiya, where planned civic centers were established by prefectural governor Michitune Mishima. The findings are as follows: 1) an L-shaped civic center was formed in front of Ote-gomon and along Tokiwa- dori in the former samurai district near the castle, with the prefectural office facing east; 2) the urban space in the civic center showed modern landscaping with street trees, waterways, road maintenance, fire prevention measures, and shared open spaces; and 3) Mishima developed a symmetrical civic center centering on the prefectural government office as a symbol of the authority of the Meiji government, while Fujimura was the first to construct a silk mill, placing importance on the development of industry, and subsequently the civic center, which was centered on the silk mill
Changes of Geopolitical Landscape of Fujian Coastal Cities in Ming and Qing Dynasties under the Comparison between Chouhaitubian and Fujianhaianquantu
Get PDFThe change of geopolitical landscape in Fujian is a vital topic for understanding the ideas of coastal urban planning in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The study compares two ancient maps, Chouhaitubian (an illustrated book on coastal defence) in the late Ming Dynasty and Fujianhaianquantu (a coastal map of Fujian) in the early Qing Dynasty. It combines them with ArcGIS software for visual analysis to obtain the status of geopolitical landscape changes in the coastal cities of Fujian during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The comparison of the two maps reveals that: Finding 1. The Wei-Suo system of the Qing Dynasty tended to be demilitarised and gradually disintegrated, and a new defence system based on the Folk Fortress was formed. Finding 2. Under the influence of the Seafaring Prohibition Policy, the coastal defence system was moved inward along the ancient postal route. Finding 3. Due to Zheng’s rule of Xiamen and Jinmen, new port clusters were formed in the coastal areas of southern Fujian. Changes in the geopolitical landscape of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were closely related to the above events and policy changes, resulting in changes in the economic and trade patterns of Fujian
Study on the resilience of historical blocks under the process of high-speed urbanization: Take the renewal of Longjin River in Shajing Ancient Fair in Shenzhen as an example
Get PDFAs the largest existing mixed historical block in Shenzhen, Shajing Ancient Fair is a mixture of historical and modern living styles. By studying the theory of urban resilience and taking the transformation of the Longjin River in Shajing Ancient Fair as the starting point, this paper analyzes the vulnerability and resilience characteristics of historical block in the process of high-speed urbanization and provides ideas for the protection and development of cultural heritage in the process of urbanization. In the process of Shenzhen\u27s urbanization, Shajing Ancient Fair is faced with problems such as mass migration of population, changes in land power, transformation in the economic modes, deterioration of living conditions, etc., which reflects the vulnerability of historical blocks. To avoid the resilience fatigue of ancient fairs and repair the vulnerability of historical blocks, river channel transformation is used as an opportunity to improve spatial resilience, ecological resilience, economic resilience, and institutional resilience of mixed historical block in the process of urbanization. This paper focuses on the measures to improve spatial and ecological resilience in the transformation of Shajing Ancient Fairs. Specific approaches include: 1) To improve spatial resilience, use the "acupuncture" renewal method to revitalize the main public space along the river; 2) to improve ecological resilience, divert rain and pollution and rebuild non-motor vehicle parking lots. By summarizing the impact of Longjin River micro-renewal, this study provides a systematic mechanism from the perspective of urban resilience for the beautification of the environment, industrial value-added, and infrastructure optimization of historical blocks
Spatial Constraints and Urban Dwellings: Minimum Space Living in early 1960s’ Macau, Hong Kong, and Singapore
Get PDFThe present paper focuses into socio-economic and architectural aspects of minimum space living format in Macau, Hong Kong, and Singapore’s urban landscapes, during the early 1960s, looking to the ground of research of emerging forms of inhabiting spaces in contemporary urban territories. The main analysis encompasses the historical contexts, considering influence of colonial legacies and public policies on housing practices, presenting a set of case studies, aiming to unravel similarities and differences within their spatial constraints. The achievement of such goals is to be developed through a comparative analysis, in order to derives, in one hand, an amplitude equation of adopted theoretical matrix; and, in the other hand, to identify variations between housing typologies, collective spaces, spatial distributions and technical systems. This proposal examines architectural behaviours shedding light on the evolution of high-density living conditions and public awareness regarding housing standards. Drawing on archival documents, photographic survey, and architectural records, this reflection investigates insights from first statements of architectural modernity in the field of modern housing in tropical climate conditions. Moreover, it provides a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay of architectural innovations in shaping Macau, Hong Kong, and Singapore’s built environments during a pivotal period of their developmental history
Selecting carriers for overseas tank container transport with sustainability objectives
Get PDFThe logistics industry is increasingly prioritizing sustainability, requiring a comprehensive approach to carrier selection for transporting tank containers overseas. Current studies often focus only on economic factors, but social and environmental aspects are also crucial for sustainable logistics practices. This research introduces a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework combining the Best-Worst Method (BWM) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Through a literature review, expert interviews, and secondary data analysis, relevant criteria are identified. The framework is applied to a case study to evaluate carriers for overseas tank container transport on three major shipping lanes, incorporating sustainability objectives alongside traditional criteria. The results show a balanced and clear carrier selection process aligning with current sustainability goals. The findings highlight the possibility of including sustainability criteria without significant costs, providing practical recommendations for logistics companies to improve their carrier selection practices and support long-term environmental and social benefits
Evaluating the mix of maintenance activities on railway crossings with respect to life-cycle costs
Get PDFSwitches & crossings (S&Cs) are vital assets as they allow for increased railway capacity by introducing flexibility and connectivity in railway networks. At the same time, this makes them critical since they can cause costly delays and disruptions if they are not well maintained. This motivates studies to improve maintenance strategies of S&Cs, considering both the life-cycle costs (LCC) of the assets and socio-economic transportation costs for passengers and freight customers. In this paper, the interdependence between deterioration mechanisms, maintenance activities, and expected LCC (including transportation costs) is investigated using a combination of mechanical and econometric modelling. The interrelation between the degradation of contact geometry and track settlement is analysed using simulations of dynamic vehicle–turnout interaction. Long-term mechanical degradation of the S&C is simulated for different maintenance strategies that correspond to different timing of the associated maintenance measures (crossing repair welding and tamping). This provides the basis for analysing the interdependence between preventive and corrective activities using econometric modelling. Based on a case study of a common type of S&Cs in the Swedish infrastructure, the impact of different maintenance strategies on LCC and transportation costs is analysed. Opportunities and challenges in the development of more socio-economically effective maintenance strategies of S&Cs are discussed
eHMI on the Vehicle or on the Infrastructure? A Driving Simulator Study
Get PDFAutomated vehicles (AVs) may require the implementation of an external human-machine interface (eHMI) to communicate their intentions to human-driven vehicles. The optimal placement of the eHMI, either on the AV itself or as part of the road infrastructure, remains undetermined. The current driving simulator study investigated the effect of eHMI positioning on human driving behavior, during the approach and execution of right turns at T-intersections. Forty-three participants drove under three conditions: absence of eHMI, eHMI on the AV (eHMIv), and eHMI integrated into the infrastructure (eHMIi). Participants encountered AVs that either yielded or did not yield to their vehicles. The results regarding the placement of the eHMI showed that both concepts are advantageous, but for different reasons. eHMIv was appreciated because implicit and explicit communication are congruent, although the AV must first be visually identified to respond to it. eHMIi was appreciated because a familiar cue is always at a known location in the environment; as a result, participants braked earlier for the intersection and came less close to the AV (which can be interpreted as a safety advantage or efficiency disadvantage). Although there are limitations to a driving simulator study like this, this research provides important insights into the fundamental question of how information placement affects drivers’ visual attention demands and driving behavior, topics that are important in view of the development of future cities
Reviews and Responses for Aircraft Wake Vortices Affecting Airport Wind Measurements
Get PDFSee detailed reviews and responses in the PDF file.
DOI for the original paper: https://doi.org/10.59490/joas.2023.7212