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Bauhaus Graduates’ Urban Planning in the 1950s
Get PDFGraduates from the Bauhaus implemented urban planning in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia during the 1950s. We clarified their urban planning activities by analysing their designs using published reports and books. Our study reveals the following four points. First, the German Building Academy led urban planning in East Germany, and urban planners, including Edmund Collein (1906–92) and Selman Selmanagic (1905–86), held important positions, and designed new cities in East Germany. Second, in Hungary, Tibor Weiner (1906–65) designed the Sztálinváros. Weiner was involved in constructing the new socialist city of Orsk in the USSR in the 1930s. Third, Arieh Sharon (1900–84) designed 15 new cities in Israel. Fourth, graduate Konrad Püschel (1907–97) was involved in the post-war reconstruction of the North Korean city of Hamhung. All held government or academic positions and led new urban planning in East Germany, Hungary, and Israel. Bauhaus graduates commonly conducted thorough research on the nature, history, culture, and settlement of the area before urban planning using the results of their urban planning. These characteristics were influenced by the general urban planning methods of the 1950s and the analytically oriented education in Bauhaus
Rock Armour Slope Stability under Wave Attack in Shallow Water
Get PDFThe stability formula for rock slopes under wave attack was revised in Van der Meer (2021), replacing the mean period Tm with the spectral period Tm-1,0. This rewritten formula closely resembles the Modified Van der Meer formula as in the Rock Manual (2007), with differences primarily in coefficients and the use of H2% in the Rock Manual and H1/3 in Van der Meer (2021).
The wave characteristics change significantly in shallow water due to nonlinearities and wave breaking. The result is a significant change in the wave height and period, especially when severe breaking occurs and infragravity waves become significant or even dominate the spectrum. This may lead to very large breaker parameters. At a certain point, existing stability formulae may thus become inaccurate, both the original and the Modified formula for shallow water. The primary objective of this paper is to identify when and where shallow water stability results deviate from established formulae and how these deviations can be described.
The analysis involves an in-depth examination of datasets from Van Gent et al. (2003), Eldrup (2019), and other relevant data to increase the understanding of waves in shallow water and how they affect rock slope stability.
The use of H2% in the Modified Van der Meer formula gives some difficulties as no reliable prediction method is available for that parameter when the relative depth is small, h/Hm0 deep < 1.5. The Van der Meer (2021) formula applies the significant wave height, and it may be chosen as either Hm0 or H1/3. These two parameters are almost identical in deep water for which the formula was derived, but significant differences may occur in shallow water. The application of the Van der Meer formula in shallow water indicates a preference for use of Hm0 as it describes nonlinear waves better. The main conclusion is that the Van der Meer (2021) formula seems valid much further into the shallow water region than what the Rock Manual (2007) recommends and at least to relative water depths of h/Hm0 deep > 1.5. For shallow water with h/Hm0 deep < 1.5no systematic trend with the energy period is observed anymore and constant combined stability numbers are given for guidance in preliminary design
Use of spatial information to remove barriers and to foster enablers of uptake of Nature Based Solutions for food production and water resource management in Ghana and the Netherlands
Get PDFWater related problems caused by climate change are threatening the future of food systems in both Netherlands and Ghana. In this paper we present the results of a comparative case study analysis. The objective is identifying similarities in the use of spatial information by experts and stakeholders in their attempts to remove the barriers or foster the enablers of NbS uptake in view of climate change. Experiences in this field have been listed in the Rhine-Scheldt Estuaries (the Netherlands) and Bono East Region (Ghana) about rainwater harvesting and reuse of wastewater. The analysis focused on identifying similarities in the use of spatial information by stakeholders in their attempts to remove the barriers or foster the enablers of NBS uptake. Both rainwater harvesting and wastewater treatment techniques are available, and ready to be accepted and applied by farmers and food processing industry. Their uptake however is hampered by multiple barriers, ranging from biophysical and technical barriers to social and institutional barriers. We conclude that spatial information can be an enabler for adoption of nature-based solutions, if the spatial information is applicable for the assessment of a wide range of possible solutions for water scarcity considering food production, either nature-based solutions or technologies. In both case studies we observe a struggle to make the future spatially explicit. In both case studies, the effect on biodiversity of respectively reuse of effluent water and RWH did not play a direct role in the stakeholder dialogue
Two Sides Of The Same Coin? A Panel Data Approach To The Innovation-Standard Relationship
Get PDFPrevious studies have shown an ambivalent relationship between standards and innovation while emphasizing the need to clarify the relationship and uncover their possible causal link. This paper revisits the standard-innovation relationship with the ISO 9001 standard, and patents applications as indicators of standards and innovation, respectively. Using a panel dataset of 81 countries covering the period 1993-2019, we find that ISO 9001 certification is positively associated with innovation. Our fixed-effects and system GMM estimates show that doubling the number of ISO 9001 certificates obtained at the national level increases innovation by 1.3-2.2%. The results vary according to the edition of the standard and the countries’ level of development, whereby developed countries seemed to benefit more from the international quality management standards. The paper also suggests that official development assistance (ODA) may be a vehicle through which wealthier countries can help developing ones harness the benefits of standardization
Open Source Software reference implementations for standards issued by different standards setting organisations: availability, perceptions and practices
Get PDFSoftware reference implementations of ICT standards have an important role for verifying that a standard is implementable, supporting interoperability testing among other implementations, and providing feedback to the standard development process. Providing reference implementations and widely used implementations of a standard as Open Source Software promotes wide deployment in software systems, interoperability, longevity of systems and associated digital assets, and avoidance of different lock-in effects. In this paper results are reported on the availability of, and perceptions and practices concerning, reference implementations and widely deployed implementations provided as Open Source Software for standards issued by different standards setting organisations. Specifically, findings draw from observations and analyses related to software implementations for identified standards and policy statements, issued by ETSI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, ITU-T, OASIS, and W3C
Reviews and Responses for A Catalogue of Deconfliction Actions Extracted from Historical ADS-B Data
Get PDFSee detailed reviews and responses in the PDF file.
DOI for the original paper: https://doi.org/10.59490/joas.2023.722
Artificial Intelligence: Panacea or Non-Intentional Dehumanisation?
Get PDFApplications of artificial intelligence (AI) are able to optimise our lives par excellence, and it is clear that this will only increase as time passes. In many ways, this is very promising, but the forms that AI takes in our society have also sparked many concerns about dehumanisation. What is often recognised is that AI systems implicitly exert social power relations—whether intentionally or not, as might be the case with bias—such that the danger would be gone if only we improved our models and uncovered this hidden realm of intentional oppression. However, these views overlook the possibility that detrimental consequences may also arise precisely because AI is able to attain favourable goals flawlessly. This problem of adverse side effects, which are strictly accidental to the goals we set for AI to effectuate, is explored through the notion of “non-intentional dehumanisation”. To articulate this phenomenon, this essay consists of two parts. The first part will establish how naive AI usage presents a paradigmatic case of this problem. In the second part, we will argue that these issues occur in a two-fold fashion; not only does AI risk inducing harm to the “used-upon”, but also to the user. It is with this conceptual model that awareness may be brought to the counter side of our ready acceptance of AI solutions
How to manage global partner relationships to achieve sustainability goals: A decision support system using the Best-Worst Method and applied to cargo airlines
Get PDFThe urgency of sustainability in aviation has led to a focus on operational activities, especially in the global supply chain of cargo airlines. This study introduces a Decision Support System (DSS) to improve Partner Relationship Management. The DSS helps partners work toward sustainability goals. It uses the Best-Worst Method in a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making framework. The DSS segments partners based on their sustainability capabilities and willingness. It also proposes targeted strategies. The system was applied to a cargo airline aiming for zero emissions and zero waste, managing Ground Handling Agents across 168 outstations. The application showed the effectiveness of partner segmentation, with most partners demonstrating high capability and willingness. A step-by-step strategy was developed to implement sustainability practices, including a checklist for performance assessment. The study concludes that the DSS and strategy offer a structured and actionable approach that can be adapted for other cargo airlines. Future research is recommended to validate the DSS in other industries, explore alternative segmentation methods, and refine strategies considering partner size and impact
Validation of a nonlinear wave decomposition method including shoaling for irregular waves
Get PDFIt is important to decompose the signals when performing physical model experiments. In this paper, a nonlinear decomposition method is extended with the effects of a sloping bed. The approach is validated based on synthetic signals and numerical simulations. Verification with linear synthetic signals shows that the effect on the wave height is limited for intermediate water depth, but increases for shallow water depth with an error of up to 4%. Moreover, when not accounted for a sloping bed the wave height at the first wave gauge is overestimated in shallow water and underestimated in deep water. The results from the numerical simulations show that a shoaling coefficient for the bound waves based on the water depth ratio with a power 1 is reasonably accurate for the sub-harmonics but not valid for the higher harmonics. In addition, it is recommended to verify this assumption for a large range of test conditions. When applying both the method without and with the effects of a sloping bed on physical model experiments, the average differences are 1 % with a maximum up to 4 % in terms of the wave height
Information Sharing and Outreach as Social Capital in Groundwater Governance
Get PDFSuccessful governance of groundwater is process, people, and policy implementation working in tandem. While its success may be measured in desired outcomes, sustaining those outcomes depends on the interaction of these three elements. This paper reports the results of interviews conducted with local groundwater district Directors and district Managers in the state of Texas who make policy decisions and implement those policies, respectively. New paradigms of groundwater governance see public engagement as social capital that results in more effective groundwater management outcomes. The focus of this paper is to test this paradigm by presenting groundwater management and public engagement from the perspective of the professionals and practitioners in groundwater management. I conduct thirteen interviews with groundwater Managers and Directors in Texas. Three themes emerge from a qualitative analysis of these interviews. First, sharing Information and expertise with the public is seen as a public service by groundwater Managers that augments their professional roles. Second, this sharing is an informal, two-way exchange with those who have local experience and knowledge. The two-way exchange is built on social networks that form social capital, lowering the transaction cost of implementing policy by Managers. Third, factors beyond the control of Managers can also affect transaction costs of groundwater management. The transaction costs of groundwater management include coordinating user activity and managing the conflict or tensions that arise over groundwater supply and demand. This paper contributes to the literature on the importance of social capital to groundwater management. Results of the study illustrate the importance of user, well-owner, and stakeholder group engagement to effective and efficient groundwater management and policy outcomes