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Urban Density: Historicising Land Rights and Heritage as a Planning Trope
Full text linkSingapore’s Old Kallang Airport was once Southeast Asia’s finest commercial airport in the late 1930s, when international travel was at its height before the Second World War. The British identified this to be their first purpose-built civil airport and a testament of the prospects of air travel, with Singapore as a gateway between England and Australia. Within a kilometre radius from the main terminal, most adjacent buildings and sites like the open-air theme park Happy World, have been demolished and redeveloped to cope with pressures of the urban centre alongside key infrastructural works. The conservation of the buildings within Old Kallang Airport, against a slate of tabula rasa in context, questions the prospect of urban redevelopment and intensification where the site is read through the built and barren landscape, a tussle of land rights over time and space. Today, Old Kallang Airport is hoarded up and rehabilitated for posterity, while the Singapore Land Authority attempts to seek complementing interim uses to sustainably rejuvenate this urban vacuum. This paper investigates the architectural permutations in urban density, programmatic use through urban morphology and historical synapses to inform possible urban planning and design outcomes
Exploration of Marxist Humanism in 20th Century Global New Town Planning: A Case Study of Vällingby in Sweden
Full text linkMassive new town construction activities unfolded globally in the 20th century, demonstrating the desire to embody the idealistic and democratic spirit of a new world order. Amidst a world torn apart at the time, new town construction became a window of opportunity to explore, consolidate, and showcase ideologies. In the 1930s, influenced by Marxism, the Swedish Social Democratic Party emerged from the working class and came to power. Faced with insecurity caused by the Great Depression, the party proposed to bridge the gap between the opposing American free-market economy and the Soviet socialist system by attempting to combine socialist programs, democratic politics and capitalist enterprise, advocating for a relatively moderate middle path. As a result, rooted in Marxist humanism, the goal concept of People\u27s Home emerged and was embodied in the country’s new town development backed by spatial planning and public policies, with Vällingby being the most representative. The paper examines the innovative ABC-Town theoretical model derived from new town planning practices under the People\u27s Home initiative. Using the planning of Vällingby as an example, the study summarizes five key aspects of the planning model, and proposes thoughts and insights for current new town planning
The urbanization process in the largest metropolitan area of minas gerais through the rivers and railways paths
Full text linkThis paper examines the urbanization process of the largest metropolitan region in Minas Gerais, Brazil, situated between mountainous terrain and the Velhas River Valley. Historically significant, this area links key urban centers from Brazil\u27s colonial gold era and the 19th-century industrial period. The research delves into the historical importance of the Velhas River Valley as a crucial route through the Iron Quadrangle, rich in gold, iron ore, and water. The later establishment of the railroad along this valley cemented its role as a developmental axis. This study highlights the significant influence of waterways and railways in forming the primary metropolitan area of Minas Gerais, currently the third largest in Brazil with a population exceeding 5 million. The paper begins with the colonization and territorial expansion in Minas Gerais, emphasizing the natural river routes and strategic railway placements that determined the locations of main urban centers. It then transitions to the era of Brazilian development driven by road systems, noting the decline of railroads, which once underpinned transportation and growth. This shift not only altered urbanization but also negatively impacted the region\u27s socio-environmental quality. The paper critically evaluates the transition from rail to road, noting the deterioration of socio-environmental cohesion and the resulting fragmentation and territorial disorder in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte
“Tuocheng Creation Plan”: Contemporary Development Path of Millennium Ancient Towns in Underdeveloped Regions of China
No full textNowadays, the resilience of the Earth, humanity, environment and ecosystems are still under severe pressure. The philosophy of “making no one lag behind” in the “The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” should be the target for universal participation across regions. This study selects Tuocheng ancient town, which is founded in 214 BC and known as the “Millennium Ancient Town”, as our research object. Being located in the water sources for major metropolitan cities, such as Hong Kong and Shenzhen, Tuocheng ancient town has long been an underdeveloped region due to its backward structure of industries. Meanwhile, currently, the ancient dwellings, ancestral halls and temples in Tuocheng ancient town are facing the problems of space declining and cultural elements’ losing. In the context of China’ Rural Revitalization and “Typical Town Construction” initiated by Guangdong Province, with multiple problems and obstacles, what are the futures plans for Tuocheng ancient town? With little prior research support, firstly, based on the five comprehensive local field surveys, we released the “Tuocheng Creation Plan” originally from the community empowerment perspective. This plan emphasizes the dominant role of the local residents and aims at the development of regional diversity. Secondly, through continuous field surveys, we made efforts to excavate and utilize the original regional resources of Tuocheng ancient town, including the local people, culture, land, industry and scenery. And we also carried out some community empowerment practices on the basis of these resources of Tuocheng ancient town. Finally, we proposed three fundamental pathways for improvement in line with the contemporary development of Tuocheng ancient town: (1) Talent cultivation, aiming at nurturing the local new generation of youth; (2)Community co-construction, aiming at promoting the sustainable development of the town; (3) Civil participation, aiming at boosting the implementation of “The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. In summary, this practical research significantly sheds light on the development of underdeveloped ancient towns in China
Reviews and Responses for AI-Driven Identification of Contrail Sources: Integrating Satellite Observations and Air Traffic Data
Full text linkSee detailed reviews and responses in the PDF file.
DOI for the original paper: https://doi.org/10.59490/joas.2023.720
Towards Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings In Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Exploring Energy Retrofitting Options And Assessing Their Feasibility
Full text linkThe thesis explores energy retrofitting options for enhancing the energy efficiency of residential buildings in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It identifies and validates cost-effective energy retrofit schemes that have the potential for energy savings. The thesis also assesses the feasibility of energy retrofitting scenarios for building envelopes and their impact on reducing energy consumption, improving thermal comfort, and mitigating the environmental impact of buildings. The results of this research can guide architects and decision-makers on energy-saving measures for residential buildings in Saudi Arabia, with Jeddah serving as a representative case study. 
Adaptive reuse of the industrial built heritage in the Merchant City, Glasgow: The conservation-based planning approach
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Industrial built heritage adaptation in the Merchant City of Glasgow from the 1980s interwoven the development of conservation-based planning history. However, this assemblage conservation approach has been subject to criticism for the legislation ossification and material authenticity of the built heritage. The research investigates the paradoxical situation of industrial-built heritage adaptation based on existing preservation policies, and archive files, with site investigation. The analysis mingles the adaptation theories, urban physical regeneration, and planning history. The existing morphological conservation approach was influenced by a series of historical factors, processes, and decisions: the transformation from comprehensive redevelopment to urban rehabilitation; the revitalizing inner city with the embrace of the private sector; the re-evaluation of industrial built heritage from the 1980s; the shifting of city images after deindustrialisation that transformed the heavy industries core into a services centre; and with the neoliberal planning concept, the shifting from urban managerialism to urban entrepreneurialism. To illustrate these consequences related to building heritage conservation in Glasgow, this paper draws on evidence from the adaptation of existing Victorian industrial buildings. Furthermore, this paper examines value-based preservation policies and how to preserve the authenticity of the built heritage due to the inevitable morphological shifting
Rethinking the reproduction and innovation of modernism in China through Kunio Maekawa’s residential district planning in Shanghai
Full text linkThis paper investigates Kunio Maekawa\u27s contributions to urban construction through two residential projects in Shanghai, initiated by different clients and yielding varied outcomes. The planning of the Oriental Development Company residential district showcased the designer\u27s avant-garde understanding of modernist urban planning theory and reflected his aspirations for Shanghai\u27s urban development at the time. The Hua-Hsing Commercial Bank residential district, which was successfully realized, demonstrated Maekawa\u27s skill in adapting modernist principles to meet the local context and urban planning needs of Shanghai. The analysis focuses on the realized Hua-Hsing Commercial Bank residential district, exploring how Maekawa\u27s designs fostered community interaction and social cohesion. The project underscored his innovative integration of public spaces within residential districts, which not only enhanced the residents\u27 quality of life but also strengthened community bonds. These spaces were thoughtfully designed to balance high- density housing with accessible communal green areas, reflecting a sophisticated understanding of the interplay between architecture and urban living dynamics. By examining these projects, the paper highlights Maekawa\u27s significant impact on urban development and modernist architecture in Asia, particularly through his thoughtful approach to designing community-oriented living spaces in rapidly expanding urban environments
Open-space districts in the city planning act of Manchukuo
Full text linkManchukuo was a Japanese puppet state that existed in northeastern China before World War II. In Manchukuo, city planning was legislated through the Town and Country Planning Act, which was drafted based on the Japanese City Planning Act of 1919 but included ‘open-space districts’ (later ‘open-space areas’), which did not exist in Japanese law at that time. Open- space districts were the first land-use regulations for open space in Japan and its colonies. The current Japanese City Planning Act of 1968 divides city planning areas into urbanisation promotion areas and urbanisation control areas. Many studies in Japan have observed that Japanese city planning techniques and methods were almost complete in the 1930s based on the similarity of the text of open-space areas and urbanisation promotion areas. This study examined the validity of this claim through a comparative analysis of open-space areas in the Manchukuo Town and Country Planning Act and urbanisation control areas in the Japanese City Planning Act of 1968. In terms of dealing with sprawl, open-space areas and urbanisation promotion areas have the same purpose; however, the former was a spatial blockade, while the latter was a land-use guideline based on the assumption that the area would be developed in a planned manner. The latter was also a new technology that compensated for the shortcomings of the former. This paper refutes the widespread claim that Japanese urban planning techniques and methods were largely perfected in the 1930s
The Influence of Educational Institutions on Early Modern Development in Suburban Tokyo, Japan : For the Jesuit School Establishment Project
Full text linkThe first modern suburban development in Tokyo, Japan, is Shinmachi Residential Area in Sakura-shinmachi (1913). However, development in the same period was limited and increased in the 1920s. The background of the early development of Shinmachi Residential Area, etc., is still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the details and characteristics of this area’s modern urban planning history, thereby contributing to the inheritance of a favorable regional environment formed in the modern era. After the Jesuits began selecting lands to establish a school in Japan in 1908, there was a movement to consolidate larger lands in more suburban areas. Specifically, these were Komazawa Village and Kichijoji Village. Finally, Jesuit schools did not come there and were established in Yotsuya, Central Tokyo, as Sophia University. Later, the land in Komazawa Village was developed as Shinmachi Residential Area, and the land in Kichijoji Village was developed as a school town by Seikei Gakuen educational institution, as pioneers in suburban development. Thus, the Jesuit’s international educational involvement partially characterized early modern suburban development in the Tokyo area