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Training a Machine Learning Model to Detect Holding Patterns in Aircraft Trajectories
Full text linkThis paper presents a Machine Learning (ML) model developed to detect holding pattern events in aircraft trajectories. Holding patterns are racetrack-shaped flight paths that an aircraft follows while awaiting further instructions or clearance from air traffic control (ATC). They are typically used to delay an aircraft’s approach or to maintain flight without progressing towards its destination, often due to airport congestion, adverse weather conditions, or other operational factors. Accurate detection of these patterns in aircraft trajectories is crucial for performance evaluation studies within Terminal Manoeuvring Areas. Although holding patterns are relatively straightforward to define, efficiently detecting them using rule-based methods is challenging. This study details the process of labelling a dataset comprising over 130,000 aircraft trajectories landing at five major European airports and training a model to accurately identify these patterns
The Delta Transport Processes Laboratory: a novel laboratory for surface wave-induced currents under rotation
Full text linkMarine pollution is a major global environmental problem. The transport and dispersion of marine pollution is driven by a wide range of hydrodynamic processes, including wave-induced currents (e.g., Stokes drift) that are generated by free-surface and internal gravity waves in density-stratified fluids. While the (Lagrangian-mean) Stokes drift is known to fundamentally change transport patterns, wave-induced Eulerian-mean currents, such as those generated in the presence of the Coriolis force due to the Earth\u27s rotation, are generally less well understood. To address this, the Delta Transport Processes Laboratory (DTP-Lab), a multi-purpose lab with novel facilities and state-of-the-art equipment, is being constructed in the Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory at TU Delft. The DTP-Lab combines multiple components: a 4.40-m diameter turntable, which can support a (removable) 5-m long flume; a 12.7-m long stainless steel flume; a piston-type, wet-back, force-controlled surface wave generator; a pumping system to create any type of density stratification; and a 3D Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) system. The design and construction of these components along with technical validation and performance tests are presented in this technical note. A scaling analysis demonstrates the suitability of the laboratory to investigate wave-induced current under rotation. The DTP-Lab will pioneer the combined experimental study of surface waves, density stratification and Coriolis forces. The DTP-Lab is presented here with the objective of giving practical information to future users and to describe its novelty and range of applications
Escalator Level of Service (ELOS) Criteria Based on Flow Characteristics on Escalators and in Approach Area
Full text linkEscalators are an integral part of multi-level public buildings. The researchers have studied the flow characteristics on the escalators, but the guidelines to evaluate pedestrian flow conditions at escalators are missing. This paper proposes the Level of Service (LOS) criteria to assess the flow conditions on and around the escalators. A study was conducted at Delhi Metro stations in India. Arrival flow data and passengers’ flow at escalators are recorded, and arrival density, passenger walking speed towards an escalator, and flow data are extracted. Considering that the theoretical capacity on escalators is never reached, the reference capacity as proposed in the literature is used to estimate flow (v) to (reference) capacity (Cf) ratio. Analysis indicated that the percentage of pedestrians walking on escalators varied between 3.78% and 8.45%; reference capacity varied between 81 and 178 ped/m/min; and the walking speed of pedestrians towards the escalator varied between 1.92 m/s and 0.10 m/s. This indicated the effect of density and flow condition. The maximum density in the approach area is estimated as 3.2 ped/m2. The LOS of the selected escalators based on different criteria indicated that the selected escalators generally operated at either LOS-C or LOS-D. Criteria for planning or implementation of a new facility are also recommended. This would help the professionals and planners in taking an informed decision regarding infrastructural improvements in public buildings
Openness and Closure: Explainable Artificial Intelligence and Simondon’s “Technical Mentality”
Full text linkNearly seventy years ago, Gilbert Simondon introduced a transformative perspective on the relationship between technology and culture, emphasizing the need for a “technical mentality” arising from a renewed awareness of and engagement with technical objects. This article revisits the notions of technical object, technical mentality and open machine, in order to analyze explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). Our central question is: under what conditions can XAI be conducive to a technical culture? It is argued that XAI may contain an embryo of technical openness applied to algorithmic systems, fostering greater proximity and dialogue with humans as mediators of technical activity. However, XAI also embeds the tensions between openness and closure that characterize digital technology: while it may enable greater human understanding and intervention, it can also enhance elements of opacity and automatism. It is concluded that XAI has the potential to assist in promoting a broader and more participatory technical culture, conditional on integrating technology into human culture in a reflective and critical manner, provided that, as with any technical deployment, the ethical and structural challenges it entails are taken into account at its conception and not after the fact
The Transcendental Stupidity of Architecture
Full text linkThis article discusses, within the transcendental empiricism of Deleuze’s philosophy, how stupidity comes to be seen as a positive possibility for thought. Nomad architecture, which is contrasted with the state science of architecture, has a certain stupidity about it, but this is nothing other than the stupidity which allows us access to the groundless ground, the field of the real, which can be perceived as a depth within the forms which architecture creates as an aftereffect. Examples are given, including that of the 2017 Grenfell fire and Anne Querrien’s nomadic architectural work
Critique of Forest Intelligence: Scenarios for Architecture and the City in the Twenty-First Century (and Beyond)
Full text linkThis contribution starts from a question: in what terms can the design reason that is guiding the action of numerous contemporary architects, city planners and project makers be considered and defined? We argue that that such reason can be defined as ‘forest intelligence’, opposed to the human-animal intelligence that has instead characterised the repertoire of architectural-urban solutions from modernity onwards. The latter is characterised by verticality, exemplified by classes of opposites such as centre and periphery, the space of ‘nature’ and the space of the ‘city’. On the other hand, the new ‘forest intelligence’ is characterised by horizontality – urban polycentrism, interrelation between the parts of the city, absence of a clear division between ‘natural’ and urban space. Therefore, we have investigated three remarkable moments of the first quarter of our century. From the art world, the Documenta 13 exhibition (2012); representing architecture and landscape design, Gilles Clément’s Manifeste du Tiers paysage (2004); and from the field of politics, the ‘New Landscape Declaration’ (2016), an updated manifesto for landscape practice. We believe that these three specific and topical events can be understood as activators, initiators and at the same time as spaces for publicising the aforementioned ‘forest intelligence’
Impact of stakeholder cooperation for centralized route guidance and full automated vehicle compliance
Full text linkRoute guidance in traffic management aims to improve traffic network performance aligned with a system optimum. However, service providers commonly offer user optimal travel advice that can negatively impact centralized route guidance. This paper quantifies and demonstrates the impact of different policy strategies for a centralized route guidance systems where road authorities and service providers work together in a coordinated approach. Cooperation through an intermediary is considered with various policy strategies that consider different approaches and levels of cooperation between road authorities and service providers, which are evaluated using traffic modelling. A use case for the ring network of Milan shows that cooperation between the two parties has the potential to get the best out of the measure by utilizing a system optimum approach, while still allowing service providers to offer individual travel advice. The results of the modelled case study clearly show that the two approaches of far-reaching cooperation and increased compliance have a greater positive effect on traffic network performance in terms of reduced delays, reduced congestion and total time spent. In addition, the future presence of Connected Automated Vehicles (CAV) is also considered in which these vehicle demonstrate full compliance. This shows that with increasing percentage of CAVs that route guidance can have a substantial positive effect compared to low compliance or a smaller penetration rate of automated vehicles
Gamification in Automated Air Traffic Control: Increasing Vigilance Using Fictional Aircraft
Full text linkThe introduction of more advanced automation in air traffic control seems inevitable. Air traffic controllers will then take the role of automation supervisors, a role which is generally unsuitable for humans. Gamification, the use of game elements in non-gaming contexts, shows promising results in mitigating the effects of boredom in highly automated domains requiring human supervision. An example is luggage screening, where dangerous items are rarely found, through projecting fictional threats on top of x-ray scans. This paper presents and experimentally tests a proposed implementation of gamification within highly automated en-route air traffic control. Fictional flights were superimposed among automatically controlled real traffic, thus creating fictional conflicts that needed resolving. System supervisors were tasked to supervise the behaviour of a fully automated conflict detection and resolution system, while manually routing fictional flights safely and efficiently through the sector, avoiding conflicts with both real and fictional flights. Automation anomalies were simulated, as well as an automation failure event, after which the system supervisor needed to assume manual control over all traffic. The presence of fictional flights increased self-reported concentration levels and reduced boredom. However, some participants reported that fictional flights were distracting. Thus, while the use of fictional flights increases engagement, it might negatively affect other cognitive functions, and with that, compromise safety. Thus, while the implementation of such a tool might provide benefits in terms of skill retention and engagement, further research is recommended involving professional air traffic controllers, improved measurement tools and a longitudinal study that better excites boredom, complacency, and skill erosion in order to understand and mitigate its negative effects
Reviews and Responses for Data-Driven Prediction of Aircraft Holding Times Using OpenSky Data
Full text linkSee detailed reviews and responses in the PDF file.
DOI for the original paper: https://doi.org/10.59490/joas.2024.7890
Reviews and Responses for Assessing Climate Effects Resulting From Airspace Closures Following the Ukrainian Crisis
Full text linkDetailed reviews and responses can be found in the PDF and HTML versions of this document.The DOI for the original paper is https://doi.org/10.59490/joas.2024.815