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Concordia University + Faubion School - South Entrance
No full textPhotograph of completed south entrance to Concordia University + Faubion School: A 3 to PhD Communityhttps://commons.cu-portland.edu/three2phd_const/1003/thumbnail.jp
Analyzing Culturally Specific Approaches towards Women\u27s Empowerment: A Comparison of Two Community-Based Programs in Northern Ireland and Ecuador
No full textResearch conducted in this study examined women’s empowerment through a comparison of case studies in Northern Ireland and Ecuador. The objective was to explore the approaches and effectiveness these programs have towards empowering women. A review of existing literature assisted the researcher in defining and conceptualizing empowerment, thereby creating a framework in which empowerment could occur. Past research indicated that empowerment groups throughout the world addressed such issues as economic, social, and gender equality. Through a comparative case study analysis of two community-based programs and the review of the literature, the researcher discusses the current progress and challenges of women’s empowerment in Belfast, Northern Ireland and Quito, Ecuador
Comparative Cannabis: Approaches to Marijuana Agriculture Regulation in the United States and Canada
No full textThe United States and Canada may be friends and allies, but the two countries\u27 approaches to the regulation of marijuana agriculture have not evolved in tandem. On the contrary, their respective paths toward legalization and regulation of marijuana agriculture are remarkably divergent. In the United States, where marijuana remains a federally prohibited and tightly-controlled substance, legalization and regulation have remained the province of state legislatures and their administrative agencies for decades. In Canada, a succession of court cases paving the way toward medicinal marijuana use has prompted the federal government to develop a national framework committed to legalize, regulate, and restrict access to marijuana.
Many jurisdictions attempting to regulate (or exploring the possibility of regulating) the marijuana industry struggle to address the first step in the supply chain agriculture. This essay will compare and contrast the experiences of the United States and Canada in the regulation of marijuana agriculture. It is evident that there is more than one regulatory approach that can provide a safe and sustainable product to consumers while promoting equity among farmers. Nonetheless, the trials and tribulations of pioneering governments can illuminate the pitfalls, consequences, and drawbacks policymakers are likely to encounter in the future. [excerpt
Marijuana Agriculture Law: Regulation at the Root of an Industry
No full textMarijuana legalization is sweeping the nation. Recreational marijuana use is legal in eight states. Medical marijuana use is legal in thirteen states. Only three states maintain an absolute criminal prohibition on marijuana use. Many of these legalization initiatives propose to regulate marijuana in a manner similar to alcohol, and many titles are variations of the Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act. For political and public health reasons the analogy makes sense, but it also reveals a regulatory blind spot. States may be using alcohol as a model for regulating the distribution, retail, and consumption of marijuana, but marijuana is much more than a retail product. It is also an agricultural product, and by some measures, the largest cash crop in the United States. Since marijuana prohibition laws were passed long before any cultivation regulations, states now face an unprecedented challenge: to regulate, for the first time ever, one of the country\u27s largest agricultural industries.
Major regulatory challenges lie ahead, and how states respond to those challenges will shape the course of the marijuana industry. At present, there is a lack of understanding of the regulatory challenges marijuana agriculture presents and the options states have to address them. This Article identifies those challenges and the regulatory approaches most capable of addressing them. The study begins by describing the existing state of marijuana agriculture regulations. States are likely to find that the marijuana industry\u27s unique characteristics justify a tailored regulatory approach; relying on existing agricultural policies may be ineffectual or lead to perverse outcomes. Next, the study explores fundamental questions about the marijuana fragmentation spectrum. Will the industry come to be dominated by agricultural conglomerates mass producing a marijuana commodity, as many have feared? Or will governments and the industry adopt the appellation model favored by the wine industry to protect local farmers and differentiate between products? The study also analyzes the major environmental impacts of marijuana agriculture, including regulations that address water allocation, water quality, energy, organic certification, and crop insurance. Finally, the study addresses power distribution trade-offs within marijuana agriculture regulation frameworks, including local vs. state, and consolidated vs. fragmented, regulatory authority dilemmas. The findings suggest that responsible and sustainable marijuana agriculture can be fostered at the state level, but only if regulations are responsive to the unique and unprecedented challenges that marijuana agriculture presents
