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Vocabulary Knowledge
No full textVocabulary knowledge is an intricate construct that involves the acquisition of multiple aspects of knowledge of words, including their pronunciation, spelling, formโmeaning mapping, collocations or multiple meanings (Nation, 2020). This complexity has made
vocabulary knowledge an elusive concept to describe and investigate (Milton & Fitzpatrick, 2014). In an attempt to explain such a multifaceted construct, three major theoretical models
of what it means to know vocabulary have been proposed: networks, developmental, and dimensional. The conceptual foundation for these models relies on two historic distinctions in
lexical knowledge: size vs. depth, and receptive vs. productive mastery. With a focus on second-language (L2) vocabulary knowledge, this entry offers an overview of what it means to know vocabulary, the main theoretical frameworks proposed to understanding the nature of vocabulary knowledge, and recent developments on the empirical evidence available in support of these conceptualisations of the construct
Corenet: A flexible framework for generating and prioritising core cycle network designs
Full text linkMode shift to cycling is a policy objective in many countries. However, cycling infrastructure designs often fail to produce the joined-up, direct, and safe networks needed for trips to switch. Planned interventions rarely align with demand, creating disjointed networks and ineffective investment. This paper introduces a new โcorenetโ method for developing core cycling networks that provides complete and connected infrastructure designs for places with or without existing cycling networks. The method demonstrates its application in the Network Planning Tool for Scotland (NPT) to support city-wide network designs and serves as the foundation for the Network Planning Workspace (NPW) tool, enabling local authorities to plan cycle networks through a structured, tiered approach. The method integrates multiple datasets, including estimates of current and future demand and network geometries from multiple sources. It enables users to generate designs suited to local needs by balancing network cohesion, coverage, and directness metrics. The โcorenetโ method also simulates network growth, supporting strategic expansion of cycling infrastructure in a prioritised sequence. Furthermore, a set of network evaluation metrics has been developed, enabling rigorous assessment of both proposed and existing cycling networks. We conclude by discussing how the method can be extended in future research and integrated with established processes for strategic network planning
Governing atmospheric oxidation capacity is the key to synergistic air quality and climate gains
No full textMobile vendor routing adoptions to wholesale market relocations considering cooperative and non-cooperative behaviours
Full text linkWholesale markets are crucial in urban supply chains, serving as key distribution hubs for mobile vendors within the informal sector. This study examines how wholesale market relocation affects the routing efficiency of mobile vendors and innovates how cooperative and non-cooperative behaviours shape the spatial distribution outcomes. Methodologically, the study develops an adaptation of the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm (CWSA), modified to the operational characteristics of mobile vendors. This approach extends the classical vehicle routing algorithm to decentralised/dynamic informal distribution systems, allowing the potential to cooperate by sharing customer base. The findings reveal that strategically planned market relocations can significantly reduce travel distance, whereas poorly located markets exacerbate routing inefficiencies. Cooperative behaviour further amplifies efficiency gains by reducing redundant travel and balances load distribution. Empirical analysis of the Segiri market relocation in Samarinda (Indonesia) indicated distance savings of 5.27 % under inclusive scenario, which could rise to 34.91 % in selective scenario
โBrains and beauty plus pedigreeโ:Conjugality, commodification, and capital accumulation in the colonial Indian marriage market
Full text linkThis article traces how and why the โcompetitionโ of marriage culminated in the rise of the matrimonial advertisement across early twentieth-century India. It examines how the matrimonial, as a systematized textual schema, became a constitutive component of a reforming marriage market and integral to how the gendered body was imagined within transforming familial norms. The article draws on the extensive scholarship on labour and marriage in colonial Bengal to argue for the development of an โAll-Indiaโ middle-class marital marketplace as new forms of networking and work emerged. It does this by undertaking a cross-regional comparative analysis of matrimonials between 1915 and 1950 across urban Indiaโalongside memoirs, colonial ethnographies, and periodicalsโto extrapolate strategies of status-making and explore how discourses on conjugality ceded into legislative debates around customary law and property. The article begins by considering the placement and composition of matrimonials before delving into how matches were assessed, arguing that they expressed shifting marital norms, conjugal capital, and caste consolidation which led to the commodification of an expansive marital marketplace. It then examines debates around monetary marriage exchanges (like dowry) as a form of capital accumulation, disentangling how requests were articulated within the matrimonial advertisement through the complex textual grammars of signalling wealth
Creating an effective methodology for end-user engagement in AI auditing
Full text linkA methodology explains the object of an AI-audit. This object has three loci: identifying significant events (harms or risks), governance (model is behaving as expected), and assurance (trust). The methodology in this paper is being developed as part of the PHAWM project (The Participatory Harm Auditing Workbenches and Methodologies project can be found at https://phawm.org), which seeks to design a workbench that supports inclusive, participant-led auditing of AI application across a range of domains. Project participants range from health service users, parents of school-aged children, to museum professionals and librarians. The project addresses a key gap in existing approaches: the absence of human-centred infrastructures that empower end-users to identify events (An event refers to an occurrence triggered by an AI application that may affect entities and has associated metrics. Each event can be assessed for likelihood, magnitude, and positive or negative valence. We avoid the term harm in our methodology due to its subjectivity, although we acknowledge its common use, including in our own project title, within AI auditing discourse), understand system behavior and participate meaningfully in audit processes
Kuznets at -7000:Is there a really long-term relationship between growth and inequality?
Full text linkFabrication and characterization of boron-terminated tetravacancies in monolayer hBN using STEM, EELS and electron ptychography
Full text linkTetravacancies in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with consistent edge termination (boron or nitrogen) form triangular nanopores with electrostatic potentials that can be leveraged for applications such as selective ion transport and neuromorphic computing. In order to quantitatively predict the properties of these structures, an atomic-level understanding of their local electronic and chemical environments is required. Moreover, robust methods for their precision manufacture are needed. Here we use electron irradiation in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) at a high dose rate to drive the formation of boron-terminated tetravacancies in monolayer hBN. Characterization of the defects is achieved using aberration-corrected STEM, monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), and electron ptychography. Z-contrast in STEM and chemical fingerprinting by core-loss EELS enable identification of the edge terminations, while electron ptychography gives insight into structural relaxation of the tetravacancies and provides evidence of enhanced electron density around the defect perimeters indicative of bonding effects
Detecting faulty lithium-ion cells in large-scale parallel battery packs using current distributions
Full text linkOne of the main concerns affecting the uptake of battery packs is safety, particularly with respect to
fires caused by cell faults. Mitigating possible risks from faults requires advances in battery
management systems and an understanding of the dynamics of large packs. To address this, a
machine learning classifier based upon a support vector machine was developed that detects cell
faults within large packs using a limited number of current sensors. To train the classifier, a modelling
framework for parallel-connected packs is introduced and shown to generalise to Doyle-FullerNewman electrochemical models. The fault classification performance was found to be satisfactory,
with an accuracy of 83% using current information from only 27% of the cells. Validation on
experimental pack data is also shown. These results highlight the potential to combine mathematical
modelling and machine learning to improve battery management systems and deal with the
complexities of large packs
GRB 250702B:discovery of a gamma-ray burst from a black hole falling into a star
Full text linkGamma-ray bursts are the most luminous electromagnetic events in the Universe. Their prompt gamma-ray emission has typical durations between a fraction of a second and several minutes. A rare subset of these events have durations in excess of a thousand seconds, referred to as ultra-long gamma-ray bursts. Here, we report the discovery of the longest gamma-ray burst ever seen with a โผ25000 s gamma-ray duration, GRB 250702B, and characterize this event using data from four instruments in the InterPlanetary Network and the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image. We find a hard spectrum, subsecond variability, and high total energy, which are only known to arise from ultrarelativistic jets powered by a rapidly spinning stellar-mass central engine. These properties and the extreme duration are together incompatible with all confirmed gamma-ray burst progenitors and nearly all models in the literature. This burst is naturally explained with the helium merger model, where a field binary ends when a black hole falls into a stripped star and proceeds to consume and explode it from within. Under this paradigm, GRB 250702B adds to the growing evidence that helium stars expand and that some ultra-long GRBs have similar evolutionary pathways as collapsars, stellar-mass gravitational wave sources, and potentially rare types of supernovae
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