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Impact of thermal oxidation on morphological characteristics of cordierite and attapulgite substrate materials
Get PDFThe diesel particulate filter (DPF) is one of the most effective devices for reducing particulate emission, where the continuous DPF regeneration is necessary for maintaining filter efficiency. There is currently a lack of investigation on the effect of thermal oxidation on morphological characteristics of substrate materials. In this study, the cordierite (Cord) and attapulgite (ATP) powders were mixed with CeO₂, serving as substrate and catalyst, respectively. The soot particles were collected from a heavy-duty diesel engine. Through the thermal oxidation from 450°C to 650°C, it was found that the special fibrous or rod-like structure of ATP produced more pore volume and surface area, as well as an efficient heat recovery mechanism after thermal oxidation. The block-like structure of Cord only acted as a substrate, maintaining its intact crystalline structure during thermal oxidation. Notably, the oxidation reactivity of ATP/CeO₂/Soot was higher than Cord/CeO₂/Soot because the ATP generated more catalyst active sites and sufficient contact area for the soot-oxygen-CeO₂ reaction. This study expands the potential application of ATP as DPF substrate material
Meeting of minds: imagining the future of child and youth mental health research from an early career perspective
Get PDFChild and youth mental health is an international public health and research priority. We are an interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral network of UK-based early career researchers (ECRs) with an interest in child and youth mental health research. In this paper, we reflect on ongoing challenges and areas for growth, offering recommendations for key stakeholders in our field, including researchers, institutions and funders. We present a vision from an ECR perspective of what future child and youth mental health research could look like and we explore how the research infrastructure can support ECRs and the wider research field in making this vision a reality. We focus specifically on: (a) embracing complexity; (b) centring diverse voices; and (c) facilitating sustainable research environments and funding systems. We present recommendations for all key partners to consider alongside their local contexts and communities to actively and collaboratively drive progress and transformative change
Local Landscapes, Evolving Minds: Mechanisms of Neighbourhood Influence on Dual-State Mental Health Trajectories in Adolescence
Get PDFNeighbourhood variation in socioeconomic deprivation is recognised as a small but meaningful determinant of adolescent mental health, yet the mechanisms through which the effects operate remain poorly understood. This study used #BeeWell survey data collected from adolescents in Greater Manchester (England) in 2021–2023 (life satisfaction: N = 27,009; emotional difficulties: N = 26,461). Through Latent Growth Mixture Modelling, we identified four non-linear trajectories of life satisfaction (Consistently High (71.0%), Improving (8.7%), Deteriorating (6.3%), and Consistently Low (13.9%); entropy = 0.66) and three non-linear trajectories of emotional difficulties (Low/Lessening (53.7%), Sub-Clinical (38.3%), and Elevated/Worsening (8.0%); entropy = 0.61). Using a multi-level mediation framework we assessed (1) whether neighbourhood deprivation predicted trajectory class membership and (2) the extent to which effects of deprivation operate through aspects of Community Wellbeing, as measured by the Co-op Community Wellbeing Index (CWI). Greater deprivation increased the odds of following Deteriorating (OR = 1.081, [1.023, 1.12]) and Consistently Low (OR = 1.084, [1.051, 1.119]) life satisfaction trajectories and reduced the odds of following a Sub-Clinical emotional difficulties trajectory (OR = 0.975, [0.954, 0.996]). Mediation analyses revealed that the effects of deprivation on Consistently Low life satisfaction partially operate through Equality (ab = 0.016, [0.002, 0.029]) and Housing, Space, and Environment (ab = −0.026, [−0.046, −0.006]). Further indirect effects were observed for Housing, Space, and Environment, which reduced likelihood of Sub-Clinical emotional difficulties for those living in deprived neighbourhoods (ab = −0.026, [−0.045, −0.008]). The findings highlight the distinct effects of neighbourhood deprivation on affective and evaluative domains of adolescent mental health and the protective effect of housing and related environmental factors in disadvantaged contexts, advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning neighbourhood effects on dual-state adolescent mental health
Data-Driven Kalman Filter with Maximum Incremental Capacity Measurement for Battery State-of-Health Estimation
No full textState of health (SoH) estimation is crucial for the reliable operation of battery management systems. While various SoH estimation approaches have been proposed, the integration of adaptive filtering with practical indirect health measurements remains insufficiently explored. This study introduces an online, data-driven SoH estimation framework that combines Gaussian process regression (GPR) with an extended Kalman filter (EKF). Moreover, the proposed method uses the normalized maximum incremental capacity measurement as a health indicator (HI). Extracting this HI during the constant current phase of the constant current constant voltage charging protocol enables online SoH estimation. The equivalent full cycle count is used for a priori prediction, while the HI is employed for a posteriori updates. Experimental validation of the method is carried out using three publicly available battery datasets, i.e., Dataset 1, Dataset 2, and Dataset 3, through a leave-one-battery-out cross-validation under varying operational conditions. The proposed GPR-EKF outperforms the EKF on Datasets 1-2 and is comparable on Dataset 3, while outperforming the Long Short-Term Memory-EKF across all datasets with average root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 1.88%, 0.45%, and 1.06%, respectively. Furthermore, the method exhibits robust SoH estimation, maintaining an RMSE of 0.91% even when the HI measurement is intermittently available with an 80% probability. These results highlight the potential of the proposed GPR-EKF method for accurate, robust, and online SoH estimation in practice
A systematic meta-review of interventions to prevent and manage delirium in the intensive care unit: part 1 – pharmacological interventions
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Intensive Care Unit (ICU) delirium is a multifactorial syndrome associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased morbidity and mortality, cognitive decline, and higher healthcare costs. Many randomised controlled trials of interventions to prevent or manage ICU delirium have been combined in systematic reviews. We aimed to collate and map the meta-analysed evidence for pharmacological interventions.
METHODS: Eligible reviews included RCTs of any pharmacological intervention designed to prevent or manage critically ill adults with, or at risk of, ICU delirium. We searched 8 databases from inception to 26 September 2023. Two reviewers independently screened search results and confirmed eligibility of full texts. We then mapped the effects for pharmacological interventions (single or combined drugs and sedation strategies) along with the certainty of the evidence for outcomes in the Del-CorS core outcome set, ICU and hospital length of stay.
RESULTS: Of 3,381 studies, we identified 56 relevant systematic reviews reporting our outcomes (17 included in mapping). Thirteen reviews with GRADE assessments were mapped for delirium outcomes (occurrence, duration or severity), six for ICU or hospital mortality, and 15 for ICU or hospital length of stay. The α2-adrenoceptor agonist drug class (primarily dexmedetomidine) had the largest evidence base and was probably favourable over placebo for preventing or reducing delirium occurrence (moderate to high-certainty evidence; 2 systematic reviews). The α2-adrenoceptor agonist drug class (primarily dexmedetomidine) was also probably favourable over placebo for reducing ICU and hospital length of stay (moderate-certainty evidence; one systematic review). The evidence was more variable for other pharmacological comparisons. For ICU mortality, there may have been little or no difference between dexmedetomidine and a non-dexmedetomidine comparator (low certainty), while the evidence was very uncertain on hospital mortality (one systematic review). No meta-analyses reported outcomes for cognition or emotional distress. Co-interventions, in particular non-pharmacological interventions, were often incompletely reported.
CONCLUSIONS: Mapped evidence suggests the α2-adrenoceptor agonist drug class (primarily dexmedetomidine), is most likely to be effective at managing delirium in the ICU. However, underlying conditions indicating or precluding intervention, and the impact of loss to follow-up, remain unclear. We found a lack of synthesised evidence for important core outcomes of cognition and emotional distress, and for deprescribing sedatives/analgesia as part of optimising sedation strategies.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-025-05615-0
The role of chemical, polar and octahedral tilt disorder in high voltage/energy density ceramics
Get PDFPower modules in electric vehicles (EVs) are essential electronic components that manage and convert electrical power between the battery and other vehicle systems, such as the motor. The electronics are required to operate at higher temperatures (>200 oC) and fields (>0.5 MV/cm) than in conventional consumer goods such as phones and tablets. This requires the use of, e.g., SiC based semiconductor technology, along with associated filters/capacitors that can withstand high temperature/fields. Such capacitors have a large energy density arising from the ability of the dielectric to withstand repeated application of high fields (>0.5 MV/cm) without breakdown. This article reviews examples and presents new data and concepts on high energy density dielectrics intended for use in power electronic. In particular, the article focuses on a new class of dielectrics which have high permittivity (>1000) but do not saturate at high field and exhibit a quasi-linear polarisation-field response. The roles of chemical, polar and octahedral tilt disorder are assessed and a new mechanism proposed by which tilt disorder restricts strain coupling and therefore polar coupling, leading to a quasi-linear response in polarisation-field (P-E) loops. The influences of local variations in stoichiometry and multi-valent and multi-sized substituents in these polar lattices to attain enhanced resistivity are also discussed. The article therefore illustrates how a combination of high resistivity and tilt disorder are pivotal in the design of a new generation of high energy density capacitors for power electronics
Editing Mary Elizabeth Coleridge: the lyric as archive
No full textThis article draws on unpublished manuscript materials relating to the poetry of Mary Elizabeth Coleridge to develop a lyric reading of the archive. Identifying resemblances between theoretical discussions of the archive and the lyric, the article proposes a model of archival lyric that might bridge the two. It then takes a detailed look at those compositional contexts that the Coleridge archives reveal in order to develop an understanding of archival lyric as collaborative, provisional, and open-ended
Putting the Brakes on Infrastructure? Judicial Review Challenges to HS2 and the Critique of ‘Litigant Power’
Get PDFA growing critique regards judicial review as inhibiting infrastructure delivery on the basis of what I term ‘litigant power’, which may come to represent the dominant political critique of judicial review under the Labour administration. This differs from classic concerns of judicial power, focusing on how legal challenges by project opponents—notwithstanding their doctrinal outcome—can produce delay and embed a chilling overcaution among industry and policy makers. Having articulated the litigant power critique alongside judicial power, the article explores judicial review’s impacts on infrastructure delivery through a case study of the legal challenges to England’s High-Speed 2 railway project. I argue this litigation presents little evidence of judicial overreach, but in some ways supports litigant power concerns. Nevertheless, I suggest the litigant power critique risks oversimplification, especially in view of the radical reform often proposed, and it also downplays chilling effects associated with the constitution’s centralisation of government decision-making power
From lunch breaks to late nights: a qualitative study of how workplaces can support healthy diet, physical activity and sleep behaviours in young adults
Get PDFBackground
Early adulthood (age 16–24) is an important time for development of healthy behaviours such as diet, physical activity and sleep, which promote wellbeing and maintenance of a healthy weight. This study explored the perspective of young adult employees and employers on the influence of work and the workplace on these behaviours, and what employers and policy makers could do to support healthy behaviours among young adults in the workplace.
Methods
Our research focused on four industries (food services, construction, early years education, and social care), comprising focus groups with young adult employees (aged 16–24) and with employers. Framework analysis of focus group transcripts compared findings and identified common themes across the different industries represented, with a focus on perceived challenges, solutions, and pathways to supporting healthy behaviours.
Results
23 young adults and 28 employers took part in the research. Employers and young adults agreed that work and the workplace had a strong influence on health behaviours and health. Participants discussed both the negative influence of work, for example long working hours, poor working environments, but also the positive role of employers’ support for health, incentives for healthy behaviours and good relationships with managers. While young people recognised the role of employers in supporting their health, they deem that individuals are ultimately responsible. Employers primarily emphasise their role in providing education and raising awareness about healthy lifestyles.
Conclusions
Structural, environmental and relational factors are all important in ensuring that workplaces support young people’s health
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