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Open letters: supporting positive change for plants, people and the planet
Get PDFWe are delighted to launch Open Letters, a new format for groups of experts to present bold and succinct calls to action to those in positions to elicit and enact change, such as practitioners and policymakers. Open Letters will outline a specific plant-focussed issue or challenge that the expert author team feels needs a new approach on the global stage based on insufficiently considered science-derived evidence and express this concisely in plain language for a broad readership
Structural Causal World Models for Safety Assurance of AI-based Autonomy
Get PDFWe propose a formal world model, grounded in structural causal models, which we call Structural Causal World Models (SCWMs): interpretable, structured, and machine-verifiable representations of environmental, contextual, and system-internal conditions that define the circumstances under which a system can operate safely. Unlike existing domain-specific approaches, our methodology is domain-agnostic and applicable across diverse safety-critical contexts. By unifying symbolic constraints, probabilistic uncertainty, and causal dependencies, our proposed methodology enables traceable hazard analysis, systematic requirement propagation, and context-aware refinement of safety constraints. We illustrate the methodology through autonomous driving examples, focusing on hazard analysis and safety requirement derivation. More broadly, this work contributes to reducing uncertainty in the safety assurance of AI-based autonomous systems by providing a means of closing the semantic gap in the definition of the system safety requirements associated within complex environments and functions, providing a basis for causal hazard and risk analysis, verification of probabilistic guarantees and run-time monitoring to counteract residual AI model insufficiencies
Celibacy versus Love A Contrastive Approach to the Absence of Women among Crusaders in Prussia (Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries)
No full textThis essay examines the cultural ambience of the many crusaders who travelled to Prussia to fight alongside the Teutonic Order against Lithuania in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It is noticeable that a significant number of crusaders to the Levant, especially monarchs and nobles, were accompanied by their wives; by contrast, there is almost no evidence that women went on crusade to Prussia. Some factors were undoubtedly practical, but the decisive reasons are more likely to be found in the social and cultural nature of crusading in Prussia: the celibate and spiritual character of the Teutonic Order, and the changing nature of crusading itself, in which secular, chivalric values were coming to have greater weight than in the earlier crusades to the Holy Land
Cost-effectiveness of risk-stratified blood-test monitoring strategies for adults with inflammatory conditions
Get PDFObjectives
To assess the cost-effectiveness of extending the interval between monitoring blood tests beyond 3-monthly intervals during established treatment of adults prescribed low-dose weekly MTX (≤25 mg/week), LEF or SSZ.
Methods
Published prognostic models that estimated the risk of stopping treatment due to abnormal blood test results during 5 years of established treatment were incorporated into a cost-effectiveness model. The consequences of having an extended monitoring period and a delay in stopping treatment was estimated by clinicians as the probability of someone having 1 of the 11 adverse events (AEs) that could be avoided with monitoring. The clinicians erred towards overestimating the risks. The costs and quality-adjusted life year loss of the AEs were sourced from recent National Institute of Health and Care Excellence appraisals or from targeted searches. Incremental net monetary benefit (iNMB) of 6-, 12- and 24-monthly monitoring, compared with three monthly monitoring was calculated for each drug conditional on risk decile.
Results
Our analyses show that extending the duration between monitoring appointments is cost-effective in all scenarios, even in a pessimistic analysis, where the risks of all AEs were tripled, and the costs of some AEs were increased. In the base case, biennial monitoring was often most cost-effective although the iNMB between annual and biennial monitoring was often small.
Conclusion
Extending the interval between monitoring blood tests appears to be cost-effective with annual monitoring producing consistently good results regardless of assumptions related to risks of AEs, risk decile or treatment
Should We Embark on “EMBARK”? Reassessing the Role of Radiotherapy and Androgen Receptor Pathway Inhibitors in the Era of Next-generation Imaging
No full textResults from the EMBARK trial reshape the treatment paradigm for high-risk biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. EMBARK data support the use of androgen receptor pathway inhibitors combined with metastasis-directed therapy in a personalized, multidisciplinary care approach for this subset of patients
Memory deficits link trait-like EEG spectral profiles during REM and slow-wave sleep with shared symptoms of depression and anxiety
Get PDFResponsible artificial intelligence attention and firm innovation: an attention‐based view
Get PDFAcademic Summary
This article draws on the attention-based view (ABV) to examine whether, how, and under what conditions top management team (TMT) attention to responsible artificial intelligence (AI) influences firm innovation. We developed a 480-word responsible AI dictionary grounded in 155 academic sources and 527 corporate case descriptions, and applied it to 2452 S&P 500 earnings call transcripts (2011–2021) using natural language processing (NLP) and large language model (LLM) techniques, yielding 2670 firm-year observations. Linking these measures to US patent data, we find that greater responsible AI attention predicts more and higher-impact patents. The effect is stronger in low-technology industries and under short-term investor pressure, while the presence of a chief technology officer (CTO) does not amplify it. Mechanism analyses reveal that responsible AI attention fosters innovation by increasing investment in AI-relevant human capital and mitigating innovation risk. Theoretically, this article enriches the AI and innovation management literature by positioning responsible AI attention as a dynamic strategic asset that mobilizes resources, reduces risk, and enables contextual adaptation. Practically, findings suggest that firms can strengthen innovation by prioritizing managerial attention to responsible AI, distributing responsibility beyond technical specialists, balancing ethical safeguards with strategic flexibility, and aligning governance with investor and industry conditions.
Managerial Summary
This article examines how managerial attention to responsible artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance firm innovation. Using text analytics on 2452 earnings call transcripts from S&P 500 firms (2011–2021) and a panel of 2670 firm-year observations linked to patent outcomes, we show that firms whose top management teams (TMT) devote greater attention to responsible AI produce more and higher-impact patents. This effect is stronger in low-technology industries and when firms face short-term investor pressure; it is not amplified by having a chief technology officer (CTO). In practice, sustained attention to responsible AI tends to build AI-related skills and reduce project risk, thereby supporting a more reliable innovation pipeline. Executives should treat responsible AI as a strategic priority rather than a compliance task by establishing cross-functional governance, investing in role-based governance training, and sharing accountability across the C-suite. Innovation managers can embed ethics checkpoints (bias audits, design reviews) into project workflows to enhance stability and organizational learning. Policymakers can reinforce responsible innovation by providing clear regulatory frameworks and incentives that align ethical safeguards with competitiveness. Together, these actions can help build more durable organizational capability for responsible innovation and support long-term performance and adaptation to ongoing technological change
Supramolecular Diversity in Bis(acylhydrazone) Crystals: Linker Effects, Polymorphism, and Gelator Assemblies
Get PDFA series of previously unknown bis(acylhydrazone)s with aliphatic (zero to four CH2 units) and aromatic (phenylene substituted) linkers was synthesized and structurally characterized. Aliphatic derivatives exhibited distinct conformational geometries and packing motifs, with linker length critically affecting hydrogen bond interactions and energies. Aromatic derivatives revealed three polymorphs of the meta-substituted structure with two of the forms related by temperature. Additionally, a bis(acylhydrazone) low-molecular-weight gelator was crystallized, revealing a unique and impressive hydrogen-bonded framework with large water channels (952 Å3) and strong aliphatic and aromatic stacking interactions. These findings highlight the potential of bis(acylhydrazone)s in crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry, especially in coformer design and selection, and supramolecular gelator applications
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