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The significance of Kalecki’s analyses of the financial and real constraints on economic development
Get PDFThe paper marks the 70th anniversary of the publication of Kalecki’s “The problem of financing economic development” (1955) based on the lectures presented in Mexico City in August 1953. The analysis of the paper is set in the context of Kalecki’s macro-economic analysis of industrialised capitalist economies and of his work at the United Nations. The central messages of Kalecki’s paper are discussed in two parts. The first is focused on what may be termed the real constraints for development and investment, with the political and social obstacles to addressing those constraints. The second is on the funding of balance of payments issues which arise with the problems which methods of funding raise.
El articulo conmemora el LXX aniversario de la publicación en ingles de “El problema del financiamiento del desarrollo económico” de Kalecki (1955), basado en las conferencias impartidas en la Ciudad de Mexico en agosto de 1953. El estudio se enmarca en el análisis macroeconómico de Kalecki sobre las economías capitalistas industrializadas y en su trabajo en la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Los mensajes centrales del artículo de Kalecki se discuten en dos partes. La primera se centra en lo que podría denominarse las restricciones reales para el desarrollo y la inversión, junto con los obstáculos políticos y sociales para enfrentarlas. La segunda trata de las dificultades de financiamiento de la balanza de pagos derivadas de problemas inherentes a los métodos de financiamiento
Organisational justice in online harms management in UK police services: enacting a feminist ethics of care
Get PDFThis article presents a novel integration of two theoretical concepts traditionally examined and applied separately in policing scholarship: feminist ethics of care and organisational justice. Drawing from pioneering empirical work on online harms management in UK police organisations, we analyse 52 interviews with managerial personnel from four partner forces to problematise the emphasis on organisational reputation in online harms management. By applying a feminist ethics of care lens, we theorise and demonstrate how care-based principles, such as attentiveness, relationality, and contextual responsiveness, can underpin organisationally just management strategies in practice. We propose embedding networks of care structures and dependencies within police organisations and advancing a politics of care to enhance perceptions of organisational justice among police personnel, while ensuring managerial officers are supported in and through their care relations. This theoretical integration offers new visions and actionable approaches to care which empowers police personnel and potentially translates into wider public good through more democratic policing. Our policy-oriented recommendations for online harms management are generalisable to international policing contexts and other public-facing professions beyond policing
The newfound relationship between extrachromosomal DNAs and excised signal circles
Get PDFElevated levels of extrachromosomal DNAs (ecDNAs) are associated with poor prognoses of many cancer types. These large circular DNAs typically harbour oncogenes and regulatory elements which, together with high levels of ecDNA transcription, confer a growth advantage to cancer cells. Replication of ecDNAs, followed by their unequal distribution at mitosis, further promotes rapid cancer evolution. In contrast to ecDNAs, the role of circular DNA by-products from V(D)J recombination in cancer development has largely been overlooked. Developing lymphocytes generate millions of excised signal circles (ESCs) each day through gene rearrangement at the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor loci. Despite their similar size to ecDNAs, ESCs were long assumed to be inert and lost during cell division. However, it is now known that ESCs potently trigger genome instability when complexed with recombinase proteins. Not only this, but new data show that just like ecDNAs, ESCs replicate and persist, with high levels strongly correlating with poor prognosis of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL). Despite these striking similarities, the properties of ESCs and ecDNAs are seldom linked. Here, we provide the first comparative review of ecDNAs and ESCs, and highlight the reasons why these molecules are more closely related than once assumed
Editorial to the Special Issue on Road User Interactions in the Age of Vehicle Automation
No full textSocial inclusion of people with severe mental illness:a review of current practices, evidence and unmet needs, and future directions
Get PDFSocial inclusion means being able to participate in activities valued within one's community or wider society as one would wish. People with severe mental illness (i.e., psychoses, bipolar disorder, and severe depression) experience some of the highest rates of social exclusion compared to people with other disabilities. This is the case regardless of the availability of specialist mental health services. Therefore, questions arise about the extent to which mental health services can and do prioritize social inclusion as a goal of service provision, and what strategies are needed outside of mental health services, at the levels of legislation and policy, statutory services, and civil society. In this paper we consider what social inclusion means in different cultures and contexts, since the value attached to different activities varies by culture and by life stage and gender. We discuss the subjective impact of low levels of social inclusion in terms of loneliness, and the evidence base for interventions to address it. We then turn to strategies to increase observable forms of social inclusion, considering them at the levels of legislation, services and other community assets. While evidence for some interventions is largely based on the Global North, we use evidence and examples from the Global South to the extent that we have found them. We also consider the predominant frameworks for social inclusion used in health services, followed by alternatives that may offer a more empowering approach to social inclusion for some people. We then describe strategies to reduce social exclusion through interventions to address stigma and discrimination, directed at key target groups or at population level. We make recommendations for policy makers, researchers, health professionals, and advocates based on the evidence and examples we have found, covering various forms of legislation, services and mental health research. Our conclusions identify the next steps for interventions, including development, evaluation, implementation or modification for better contextual adaptation
QoE-guaranteed optimization in MEC-enabled metaverse: an active inference deep reinforcement learning approach
Get PDFIn this paper, we consider a MEC-enabled metaverse scenario which consists of a remote metaverse server and an edge server that cooperates to provide services to mobile users. The edge server is deployed at the base station (BS), serves a dual role: augmenting computational capabilities for user equipment (UE) and pre-caching a portion of the metaverse service contents before each time slot. Moreover, the foreground information and the requested contents generated by the UEs can also be cached to the BS. We formulate a problem to maximize the cache hit number by jointly optimizing contents pre-caching and resource allocation at the BS while considering UEs preference and reducing the UEs total energy consumption, essential for the efficient delivery of services in dynamic MEC environments. To solve this problem, we reformulate it as a partially observable markov decision process and propose an active inference enabled deep reinforcement learning algorithm, which combines active inference with deep reinforcement learning to select the optimal strategy by minimizing the expected free energy. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the total quality of experience and the cache hit number of UEs, while minimizing the UEs total energy consumption compared with other baseline algorithm
Is generative AI reshaping academic practices worldwide? A survey of adoption, benefits, and concerns
Get PDFAlthough generative AI is transforming academic research and education, little is known about the role, gender, international, and disciplinary variations in uptake and use. This 20-country survey of publishing academics shows the widespread awareness and adoption of generative AI tools in academia, but with substantial international and disciplinary differences, and some role and gender differences. In particular, females were 10 % less likely to use Gen AI frequently (daily or weekly) for research, which may exacerbate gender inequalities. Perhaps surprisingly, the highest adoption rates occurred in some non-Western nations, possibly because of a greater need for translation services. The highest awareness is in the social sciences, perhaps because of the greater need for text analysis. Across all groups, these tools were mainly used for academic writing rather than data analysis and support for critical thinking. Despite this, personalized instruction and problem-solving are among generative AI's most generally claimed benefits. However, participants in all groups were skeptical about the creativity, accuracy, and consistency of AI-generated content in academic contexts. The most significant concerns about using generative AI in academia were inaccuracy, plagiarism, discouraging critical thinking, a lack of transparency and explainability, intellectual property rights violations, and data privacy risks. For policymakers, the findings point to fields and countries that may need action to prevent falling behind, as well as the ongoing need to investigate and monitor the impacts of generative AI on research practices
Pietas and prostitutes: ‘ideal’ victims and the pursuit for justice for South Korea’s military sex slaves
Get PDFSexual slavery has been an ongoing human rights issue within South Korea since World War II, yet discourse has almost exclusively centred on World War II sex slaves. Redress efforts typically focus on these survivors, their bodies symbolising the Korean nation, with post-World War II Korean sex slaves generally seen as ‘willing’ prostitutes. Nevertheless, the bodies, experiences and victimhood of all survivors remain contested. This paper discusses the connection between the ‘ideal’ victims, the World War II Korean sex slaves, and an example of ‘non-ideal’ victims, the gijichon women of the 1970s. Drawing upon recent judgments, Korean law and society, it analyses the impact of an ‘ideal’ victim construct upon survivors’ pursuit of redress in the Korean courts. In this paper I argue that, despite some success within domestic courts, the ‘ideal’ victim construct can explain why all survivors remain marginalised and have yet to receive full truth and justice
Large language models and responsible research evaluation: an extension of the Leiden Manifesto
No full textResearch evaluators and scientometricians sometimes promote the message of responsible bibliometrics through initiatives like the Leiden Manifesto, but these do not mention Large Language Models (LLMs). Since there is evidence that LLMs can make quality predictions for journal articles that correlate more strongly with expert judgements than do citation-based indicators in most fields, they may start to supplement or replace citation-based indicators for some applications. This paper compares responsible evaluation principles from the Leiden Manifesto with those necessary for LLMs, finding them all to be still relevant. It also includes a discussion of how they apply to human expert review and the differences between the three approaches. For example, transparency is inherently weak for LLMs, since their decision-making processes are too complex to fully understand (similarly for experts). Conversely, LLMs may be able to address some issues that citation-based indicators can’t, such as by adapting prompts to the goals of an evaluation. Other issues impact differently. For example, LLM evaluations might encourage authors to customize articles to persuade LLMs, whereas bibliometric evaluations might encourage authors to solicit citations. Finally, two additions to the Leiden Manifesto targeting LLM-supported research evaluations are proposed. First, the cost/benefit tradeoff should be considered when deciding which approach to use. In resource-poor contexts or for minor evaluations, it may be irresponsible to implement otherwise fully responsible solutions. Second, LLM evaluations need to comply with national copyright law when processing academic texts: the ability to access a text does not always entail permission to automatically process it
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