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Prediction models for longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety:a systematic review
No full textA study of a free convective boundary layer using a parcel-based Lagrangian model
No full textWe study the development of a dry convective boundary layer forced by surface heating and growing into a stably stratified atmosphere above. This is already a well-studied problem, and the novelty here is the application of a radically new, Lagrangian-based numerical approach. We employ the “Elliptical Parcel-In-Cell” (EPIC) method, which represents all prognostic quantities (e.g., vorticity and buoyancy) as a set of space-filling deformable ellipsoidal parcels. Mixing occurs via the splitting and merging of these parcels, which we view as turbulent mixing (it is localised in space, and is not like any existing eddy viscosity model). We compare our results with several recent comprehensive direct numerical simulation (DNS) studies and find broad agreement, and often close quantitative agreement, despite fundamental differences in the numerical methods employed. In particular, we reproduce the two-layer structure of the interface between the boundary layer and the free atmosphere
Minerva 2 for speech and language tasks
Get PDFMost artificial neural networks do not directly incorporate a memory of previous experiences, instead using training data to parameterise a model, and then discarding the training data prior to inference. While some recent models have included a memory, this has typically been added to an already highly parameterised model. An alternative option is to use a purely memory-based model, and then add parameters. This has been shown to work for Minerva 2, a simple, non-parametric, memory-based model which has been widely used in the field of human psychology. We revisit the use of Minerva 2 for speech and language tasks, drawing comparisons between Minerva 2 and other architectures, and showing that an iterative process that Minerva 2 uses for inference is a close relative of deep equilibrium models. We assess parameterised models based on Minerva 2, including a sequence model inspired by Minerva 2’s similarity to the transformer architecture, which shows promising results
The Chinese road to decarbonisation: China’s party-state capitalism in the political economy of fossil energy phase-out
Get PDFWhile blind spots around climate change and China in the literature are now being plugged, there remains an imbalance between emphases placed on green energy build-out versus fossil energy phase-out in the political economy of global energy transition. China’s paradoxical energy economy raises the puzzle as to whether the structures of China’s party-state capitalism render it capable of successfully confronting the fossil fuel industry, just as it has scaled green technologies. This article historicises China’s fossil economy, identifying a unique potentiality for fossil energy phase-out arising from its idiosyncratic post-revolutionary development trajectory. The prominence of the CCP in China’s party-state capitalism contrasts with the West’s basis in profit-seeking market forces. This divergence underpins distinct power resources to dominate carbon-intensive industries and ideational resources to legitimate the social upheavals of energy transition. In practice, fossil energy phase-out is far from pre-determined as the potentiality rests in an ongoing struggle between corporate and political objectives within the regime as well as the uncertain responses of domestic populations and international actors. Regardless, scholars and practitioners alike should now understand China as standing alone in the world system as a geopolitically ascendent, continent-sized, post-revolutionary party-state with unique capacities to lead global energy transition
Marker density of optical tactile sensor for moving object tracking
Get PDFSoft tactile sensors have the ability to infer more physical properties of an object relative to classical optical motion-capture systems. Three marker densities in a tactile sensor array (the Motion Capture Pillow, MCP) were evaluated for tracking two rotary motions using a weighted mannequin head. The Kanade–Lucas–Tomasi algorithm was employed to track head movements using three silicone sheets, each embedded with different marker spacings (5, 10, and 15 mm). The averaged Spearman’s correlation slightly changed from 0.80 (for 10 mm spacing) to 0.67 (for 5 mm spacing) for pitch motion and from 0.68 (for 10 mm spacing) to 0.59 (for 5 mm spacing) for roll motion of the mannequin head with respect to the MCP’s frame. A correlation of +1.0 being the strongest positive correlation and 0.0 being weak correlation. The MAE reduced by 12.9% from matrix with 10 mm spacing to 5 mm spacing for pitch motion, and by 2.9% for roll motion. This established a foundation for further tuning the sensor using a higher density of the sensing matrix. The relatively sparsely dense sensor matrix with 15 mm spacing had minimal impact on the tracking performance of the sensor. Sources of noise were narrowed down to hysteresis, and boundary conditions. These results demonstrated the influence of marker density on the object tracking abilities of an optical soft tactile sensor, and established a basis for future optimisation
Therapy culture for the business class: exploring how CEO peer groups make and legitimate elite cohesion
No full textIn the current context of extreme economic inequality and rising concentrations of income and wealth at the top, the social processes through which elites restrict the wider population's access to resources and opportunities, and the role of exclusive organisations in maintaining cohesion among a select few, have important implications for social inequalities. Drawing on 41 semi-structured interviews with wealthy members of the business class living in and around Manchester in northern England (21 of whom were members of a CEO peer group), I analyse how three social processes—homophily, structured reciprocity and therapeutic cultural resources –make and legitimate cohesion between members, as well as instances of when cohesion fails. In doing so, I explore how therapy culture has travelled upwards, to the executive and owning class, through CEO peer groups. I make the case that CEO peer groups represent a fruitful entry point into wider debates about class formation for the contemporary business class in the UK and, given their global scope, more broadly
Clinical effectiveness of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture:five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial
Get PDFAIMS: In the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial (SWIFFT), surgical fixation was compared with cast immobilization using the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) score at one year as the primary endpoint. The aim of this longer-term study was to assess the clinical effectiveness of the two treatment pathways at a five-year follow-up. METHODS: Patients who had not withdrawn from the trial were invited for a clinical assessment at five years after randomization and asked to complete a patient-reported questionnaire in the clinic, or by post or telephone. The PRWE was collected along with the grip strength, range of motion (ROM), imaging data, EuroQol five-dimension three-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L) score, and the use of health resources. The repeated measures analysis model used at one year was repeated to include the five-year timepoint. RESULTS: A total of 344 patients provided a valid PRWE score at five years (78.4% of the original cohort). There was no significant difference between the groups at five years (mean difference 0.6 (95% CI -2.4 to 3.6); p = 0.709). These results were robust to sensitivity analyses, restricting data collection windows. Neither the pain and function subscales of the PRWE score nor the overall estimate of the treatment effect showed a significant difference between the groups. Neither non-compliance with allocation of treatment, the displacement of the fracture, nor the patient's preferred treatment at baseline had an effect on the PRWE scores between groups. Only seven patients for whom imaging was collected at five years had a nonunion, three of 146 (2.1%) in the fixation group and four of 121 (3.3%) in the immobilization group. Grip strength and ROM were similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: The clinical effectiveness of the two forms of treatment remained similar at five years. The recommendation that adult patients with a fracture of the waist of the scaphoid which is displaced by ≤ 2 mm should be treated inially with immobilization in a cast, followed by early fixation of a nonunion, is further corroborated by these findings
Brexit as revelatory policy shock: what can we learn about international student mobility from changes in EU student mobility to the UK after Brexit?
Get PDFThe UK's exit from the European Union in January 2020, following a referendum in 2016, represented a significant potential rupture to EU student mobility to the UK. When the UK was an EU member, EU students were entitled to identical treatment to UK domestic students in higher education, able to finance undergraduate and master's fees through UK student loans (or pay no fees in Scotland) and access doctoral funding. After Brexit, EU students were treated like any other international student and liable for upfront and very high tuition fees. This policy shock has the potential to significantly disrupt full-degree EU student mobility to the UK. Using a comprehensive dataset of all EU full-degree enrolments in UK higher education, 2007 – 2023, we investigate patterns of incoming EU student mobility to the UK before and after Brexit. We find the sharp disjuncture to have both overall and more particular effects. Looking at how the shock of Brexit plays out differently across sending countries, levels and fields of study and institutional destinations provides interesting revelations about how international student mobility operates
Institutions and social entrepreneurship: a hierarchy of institutions to revisit institutional voids, support, and configurations
No full textIn this retrospective, we expand on theorizing about institutions and social entrepreneurship (SE) as presented in our Decade Award-winning 2015 article. Our 2015 paper developed the institutional configuration perspective, which considers joint and interaction effects of formal and informal institutions. It organized disagreement about how formal institutions shape SE, contrasting the institutional voids and institutional support perspectives. In this retrospective, we introduce a revised hierarchy of institutions as a ‘middle-ground’ approach to advance research on institutions in international business and entrepreneurship. This hierarchy integrates insights from different disciplines (institutional economics, sociology, political science, and cultural theory). It explicates the macro-level economic and microfoundational psychological effects of four layers of formal (government activism and constitutional institutions/rule of law) and informal institutions (cultural values and norms). The hierarchy progresses research on institutional voids by distinguishing four types of formal and informal institutional voids. It advances research on institutional configurations by highlighting new synergistic and compensatory configurations. It also offers new insights into institutional change. Finally, we advance research on institutions and SE by theorizing a new institutional paradox for SE that reconciles the institutional void versus support debate and by charting opportunities for how institutions shape the SE process from entry to exit
Multi‐criteria decision‐making methodologies applied to hazard and operability studies in high‐hazard industries
Get PDFMajor accidents causing fatalities and significant environmental and asset damage continue to occur in high-hazard industries, despite regulatory requirements and organisational mitigation measures. The Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study is a widely used risk assessment method to identify hazards and implement mitigation measures, but it has limitations, including the effort required and challenges in prioritising recommendations. This study reviews the integration of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodologies with HAZOP in high-hazard industries. A case study using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Preference Ranking Organisation Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) demonstrated varying results based on effort, time and outcome verification. The results informed a guide that selects the most suitable MCDM method based on the number of recommendations, residual risk ranking and degree of separation. This paper demonstrates that MCDM methodologies can enhance HAZOP studies by improving recommendation prioritisation in high-hazard industries
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