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Maternal religiosity and social support to mothers: helpers’ religious identity matters
No full textData and statistical script:
The statistical script associated with this study is made public https://osf.io/6mpbe/. However, since the data we use in this study are part of larger project and will be made public in a future, we cannot currently share the raw dataset. Therefore, we provide access to the processed dataset prepared for analyses. Reader may go through the full script or skip the data curation part directly to load prepared dataset and run the statistical models.Supplementary online material:
This study includes Supplementary material in the form of a pdf document: https://osf.io/t4yvz. This document contains supplementary figures, explanations, and tables.Research demonstrates that religious people are trusted more, receive and provide more cooperation, and have larger cooperative networks. This line of research also suggests, that religious prosociality is not always parochial, and often extends to people outside of a religious ingroup. Here, we test whether the intensity of religious practice associates with received support from coreligionists and/or non-coreligionists among a sample of American mothers. Specifically, we test the association between self-reported behavioral religiosity of religious (here Christian) and non-religious mothers from the Greater Pittsburgh area, USA, and the frequency of emotional support (Nmothers = 517, Nsupporters = 1999) and housework help (Nmothers = 447, Nsupporters = 997) they received from Christian and non-religious supporters. We found that maternal religiosity was positively associated with the frequency of housework help received from Christian supporters, but not from non-religious supporters. We did not find evidence for an association between maternal religiosity and emotional support received from religious nor non-religious supporters. We interpret our results through the lens of religious signaling theory.This work was supported by grants from the John Templeton Foundation (61426), Templeton Religion Trust
(TRT2022-30378), and the Templeton World Charity Foundation (33466)
To lead or not to lead? A cultural examination of leadership in independent hotels
Get PDFSupplementary material is available online at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ihr-02-2024-0009/full/html#supplementary-tab .Purpose:
This study explores the impact of ethical and authentic leadership on employees' workplace perceptions, focusing on organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB), trust in leader, commitment, employee voice and empowerment in independent hotels across two contrasting Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness (GLOBE) clusters: Germanic and Middle-Eastern clusters. It examines how national culture influences these relationships in the hospitality industry.
Design/methodology/approach:
Data were collected from 1,678 employees in independent hotels in the Germanic European cluster (Germany and the Netherlands) and the Middle-Eastern cluster (Qatar and Turkey) using selective and snowball sampling techniques. Hypotheses were tested using two-stage structural equation modelling.
Findings:
Ethical leadership significantly affects employee voice in Germany and the Netherlands but not in Qatar and Turkey. Authentic leadership positively influences employee voice in Qatar, Turkey and Germany but does not significantly impact trust in leader in any of the four countries. The study underscores the role of cultural dimensions, particularly power distance, in shaping these relationships.
Originality/value:
This research contributes to the literature by investigating the effects of ethical and authentic leadership on key organisational variables in culturally diverse contexts within the hospitality industry. The findings highlight the necessity of considering national culture in leadership practices and suggest practical implications for independent hotels to adapt their leadership approaches to enhance employee outcomes. Future research should explore cultural dimensions as moderators in organisational relationships
A Topology Detector Based Power Flow Approach for Radial and Weakly Meshed Distribution Networks
Get PDFPower distribution networks may need to be switched from one radial configuration to another radial structure, providing better technical and economic benefits. Or, they may also need to switch from a radial configuration to a meshed one and vice-versa due to operational purposes. Thus the detection of the structure of the grid is important as this detection will improve the operational efficiency, provide technical benefits, and optimize economic performance. Accurate detection of the grid structure is needed for effective load flow analysis, which becomes increasingly computationally expensive as the network size increases. To perform a proper load flow analysis, one has to build the distribution load flow (DLF) matrix from scratch cost of which is unavoidable with the growing size of the network. This will considerably increase the computation time when the system size increases, compromising applicability in online implementations. In this study we introduce a novel graph-based model designed to rapidly detect transitions between radial and weakly meshed systems. By leveraging the characteristic properties of Sparse Matrix-Vector product (SpMV) operations, we accelerate power flow calculations without necessitating the complete reconstruction of the DLF matrix. With this approach we aim to reduce the computational costs and to improve the feasibility of near-online implementations.This work was supported in part by the Newton Fund Institutional Links under the Newton-Katip ¸Celebi Fund Partnership under Grant 623801791; and in part by the U.K. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and Scientific and Technological Research Council of T¨urkiye (TUBITAK) funded by the British Council under Grant 120N996 titled as “Implementing digitalization to improve energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment in Turkish distribution networks”
Advancing medical image segmentation & generalization by capturing global context & mitigating negative knowledge transfer across multi-source data
Get PDFThis thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonDeep learning methods have shown significant success in detecting and segmenting
diseases or pathogens in medical images. However, most of these models are
trained and tested on data from the same source, resulting in poor generalizability
when applied to unseen data, as often encountered in real-world scenarios. This
challenge is primarily due to the domain shift problem, which occurs when there
is a discrepancy in data distributions between the source (training) domain and
the target (testing) domain. This shift often occurs because medical images are
collected from diverse sources, modalities, and vendor machines, with varying scanning
protocols and expertise levels among radiologists and annotators. Furthermore,
deep learning models typically require large, annotated datasets for training. Given
that annotating medical images is labor-intensive and time-consuming, the size of
available datasets is often limited. While numerous small, annotated datasets exist
across various medical domains, directly combining them can introduce another issue
known as Negative Knowledge Transfer (NKT), where knowledge from one domain
negatively impacts performance in another, particularly in multi-domain training.
This research aims to address these challenges by proposing the integration of Atrous
Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) and Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks to capture
global contextual information in the case of specific designed architectures, and
knowledge transfer and domain adapters to mitigate negative knowledge transfer in
the case of diverse, multi-source data. These enhancements improve the model’s segmentation
and generalization performance. Three key contributions are presented:
1)Enhancing Retinal Disease Detection, Segmentation, and Generalization
with an ASPP Block and Residual Connections Across Diverse Data
Sources: We propose a novel algorithm nnUNet RASPP, an enhanced variant of
nnU-Net that incorporates an Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) block immediately
after the input layer to capture global contextual information, as well as
residual connections to mitigate the vanishing gradient problem, thereby improving
the model’s generalizability across data from diverse sources (collected using
three different manufacturer devices). Additionally, we conducted a performance
evaluation of the top teams in the RETOUCH challenge, highlighting the different
architectures employed. Experimented on the RETOUCH Grande Challenge
dataset, and evaluation results on the hidden test set show that nnUNet RASPP
outperformed the baseline nnU-Net and state-of-the-art models by a clear margin.
Also, nnUNet RASPP is the current winner of both the online and offline phases of
the competition. Additionally, nnUNet RASPP demonstrated strong generalization
on unseen datasets.
2) Dynamic Network for Global Context-Aware Disease Segmentation
in Retinal Images Using Multiple ASPP and SE Blocks: We further explore
the potential of using multiple ASPP blocks at various locations, along with
Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks, within a dynamic convolutional neural network
(CNN) architecture that can automatically adjust the kernel size and depth of the
network based on input size. We propose a novel algorithm, Deep ResUNet++, a
dynamic CNN model that incorporates multiple ASPP and SE blocks to capture
global contextual information for disease segmentation in 2D B-Scans. The use of
multiple ASPP and SE blocks offer a more detailed and effective method for feature extraction, context aggregation, and feature recalibration. Deep ResUNet++ was
evaluated on two public datasets, the AROI and Duke DME datasets, outperforming
state-of-the-art algorithms by a clear margin.
3) Enhancing Medical Image Segmentation Through Knowledge Transfer
with Domain-Specific Adapters Across Diverse Data Sources: To further
enhance model generalizability, we aim to leverage the synergistic potential
of multiple datasets to create a single, diverse model trained on data from various
sources, covering multiple modalities, organs, and disease types, collected with
different device vendors and protocols. To mitigate negative knowledge transfer,
we incorporate domain knowledge adapters into the network architecture. We propose
two novel algorithms: (i) MMIS-Net (MultiModal Medical Image Segmentation
Network), which addresses label inconsistencies through a one-hot label space
and employs a similarity fusion block for multi-source medical image segmentation.
And (ii) CVD Net (Convolutional Neural Network and Vision Transformer with
Domain-Specific Batch Normalization), which integrates Vision Transformers and
CNNs with domain-specific batch normalization to improve generalization. Both
algorithms were evaluated on two dataset groups. The first group, comprising 10
benchmark datasets from the Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD) and the RETOUCH,
challenge benchmark and the second group, is the HECKTOR challenge
benchmark dataset. Experimental results on the hidden test sets show that both
algorithms outperformed state-of-the-art algorithms and large foundation models
for medical image segmentation by a clear margin, demonstrating superior generalization
on new, unseen data.
In summary, this research introduces techniques to enhance model segmentation
performance and generalizability by integrating Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling
(ASPP) and Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks for capturing global contextual
information in specific designed models and domain-adaptive adapters to mitigate
negative knowledge transfer on diverse, multi-source data. These methods not only
improve model generalization on new, unseen data but also set new benchmarks in
medical image segmentation, providing robust and generalizable solutions for realworld
clinical applications
Calibrating Colonial Crime: Reparations and the Crime of Unjust Enrichment
No full textThis profound book by leading socio-legal scholar Joshua Castellino offers a fresh perspective on the lingering legacies of colonization. While decolonization liberated territories, it left the root causes of historical injustice unaddressed. Governance change did not address past wrongs and transferred injustice through political and financial architectures. Castellino presents a five-point plan aimed at system redress through reparations that addresses the colonially induced climate crisis through equitable and sustainable means. In highlighting the structural legacy of colonial crimes, Castellino provides insights into the complexities of contemporary societies, showing how legal frameworks could foster a fairer, more just world
How Karma Harms and Helps Generosity Toward Those in Need
Get PDFData availability statement:
Prior to conducting this study, the sampling strategy, methods, and planned analyses were preregistered on the Open Science Framework (Study 1: https://osf.io/kbqr5/?view_only=9c4e05a7456847dfa35c6411630345d1; Study 2: https://osf.io/fxqgv/?view_only=06c177a4d0b149a185be00ec4e7314f9; Study 3: https://osf.io/xa9zy/?view_only=e63da9b28ba84b68be553db51b7436e1). Full details of all measures and manipulations, and the data and analysis scripts from all studies, can be accessed at https://osf.io/rjcsz/?view_only=253772ec166b4ad2a9bc5bc0699ab2e7 .Three preregistered cross-cultural studies (N = 6,049 across India, Singapore, and the United States) tested how belief in karma shapes victim blaming and helping. Study 1 found that belief in karmic causality positively predicts a variety of system-justifying beliefs that legitimate social inequalities, but experimental reminders of karma also encouraged generosity toward others experiencing financial hardship. Studies 2 and 3 tested whether karma framing had different effects on generosity toward different recipients, who varied in their level of need and reason for need. Thinking about karma changed the importance of recipient characteristics, with need being less predictive and external attributions more predictive of giving when thinking about karma. Overall, experimental reminders of karma only reliably increased generosity toward recipients whose financial need was no fault of their own, showing that karmic beliefs draw attention to the reasons for people’s bad fortune, and evoke responses to misfortune that are sensitive to naturalistic explanations.This project was made possible through the support of the Issachar Fund
The effect of attentional cues on mechanical efficiency and movement smoothness in running gait: An interdisciplinary investigation
Get PDFThis article was originally published with errors, which have now been corrected in the online version. Please see Correction (https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2365060 - In the initial version of the article, Figure 1a was published with some error. Now this have been corrected in this correction and also corrected in the original article.)The aim was to examine the effect of focus of attention cues on foot angle for retraining movement purposes. Twenty (females: 8) rearfoot-striking recreational runners (mass: 72.5 ± 11.8 kg; height: 1.73 ± 0.09 m; age: 32.9 ± 11.3 years) were randomly assigned to an internal focus (IF) (n = 10) or external focus (EF) (n = 10) verbal cue group. Participants performed 5 × 6 minute blocks of treadmill running (control run, 3 × cued running, retention run) at a self-selected running velocity (9.4 ± 1.1 km∙h−1) during a single laboratory visit. Touchdown foot angle, mechanical efficiency, internal and external work were calculated and, centre of mass (COM) and foot movement smoothness was quantified. Linear-mixed effect models showed an interaction for foot angle (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.35) and mechanical efficiency (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.40) when comparing the control to the cued running. Only the IF group reduced foot angle and mechanical efficiency during cued running, but not during the retention run. The IF group produced less external work during the 1st cued run than the control run. COM and foot smoothness were unaffected by cueing. Only an IF produced desired technique changes but at the cost of reduced mechanical efficiency. Movement smoothness was unaffected by cue provision. Changes to foot angle can be achieved within 6 minutes of gait retraining.IM received funding from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences
Group Motivational Interviewing for Adolescents at Risk of Internet Gaming Disorder: A Mixed-Methods Preliminary Evaluation
Get PDFData Availability:
The data utilized in this study is considered confidential and can be requested upon formal request to the corresponding author.Internet gaming disorder (IGD) among adolescents is a widespread public health issue, with far-reaching negative impacts on adolescents’ health and relationships with their families. This study evaluated the preliminary outcomes of a two-session Group Motivational Interviewing (GMI) programme designed to address the risk of IGD among students across primary, secondary, and university levels. Conducted in-person during short periods of time when schools were open during the COVID pandemic, the programme used experiential activities and guided discussions to (1) facilitate participants’ reflection on time management, life goals, and gaming behaviours, and (2) cultivate readiness for change. Fifty-five students, aged 9 to 21, participated in the study, and outcomes were evaluated using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data tracked changes in severity of IGD symptoms, motivation for change, and time consumption on gaming, studying, and outdoor activities. The qualitative component involved analysing goal-setting worksheets to understand participants’ motivations and potential barriers to change. Intervention fidelity was monitored using a modified checklist from the Assessment of Motivational Interviewing Groups– Observer Scale. Results revealed significant pre- to post-treatment reductions in gaming time and enhancements in motivation for change, but there was no significant change in the risks of IGD from baseline to post-treatment or three-month follow-up. Changes in the Contemplation Ladder indicated a sustained increase in motivation for change over the three-month follow-up. Furthermore, qualitative analysis revealed academic study as a crucial factor, serving both as a goal (improving academic results) and a barrier (alleviating academic stress) for changes in gaming behaviour. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the two-session GMI programme is a feasible and potentially effective approach to engage students in reflecting on their gaming habits and promoting readiness for change. These preliminary results also provide support for conducting a full clinical trial on the effectiveness of the programme.This research was supported by Health and Medical Research Fund (Project number.: 02180348).. Open access funding provided by The Hong Kong Polytechnic Universit
The Life and World of Francis Rodd, Lord Rennell (1895-1978): Geography, Money and War
Get PDFBook Review.Philip Boobbyer’s book offers us a biographical assessment of Francis Rodd, later Lord Rennell. Rodd held a variety of important roles over the course of his career and, as the author points out in an opening ‘Personal Note’, was Boobbyer’s grandfather. This familial connection inevitably makes Boobbyer close to the subject matter, but also allows him to leverage a large quantity of previously untapped source material in the form of Rodd’s private papers, some of which are not yet fully available to public access
Semantic Communications for Healthcare Applications: Opportunities and Challenges
Get PDFIn this paper, we introduce the healthcare system where Semantic Communication (SC) technology is applied to improve the quality of service for healthcare and medical applications. We first show the concepts and possible architecture of SC. Then, we show different types of SC in the healthcare system. Next, some examples of SC-enhanced healthcare applications are discussed. Finally, we give research challenges and future research directions.10.13039/100018696-Health;
10.13039/100018693-Horizon Europe
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