Law Enforcement Review / Правоприменение
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Парламентская процедура как вид юридической процедуры
Get PDFThe subject. The article examines the refraction of the doctrine of legal procedure in relation to the activities of parliament.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that parliamentary procedure is the kind of legal procedureThe methodology. The author uses formal legal interpretation of Russian legislative acts and decisions of Russian Constitutional Court and European Court of Human Rights as well as such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, systemic approachThe main results, scope of application. The author draws attention to the fact that at the present stage of the development of the theory of law, it can be stated that procedural social relations have developed in the parliamentary bureaucracy, which are not only regulated, but must also be regulated by procedural norms, which confirms the conclusions of the authors of a "broad" approach to the theory of legal process. However, there will be a window of opportunity for the supporters of the "narrow" approach in the parliamentary process. In accordance with the conclusions of the ECHR and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which have prerequisites even in the works of Montesquieu, the parliament, as a body with jurisdictional powers, must comply with the appropriate procedure in their implementation. Hence, the author deduces the tasks of further improving both the doctrine of parliamentary procedure and the need for clear and competent regulation of legal procedures in parliament, the ultimate goal of which is to observe and implement the rights, freedoms and constitutional guarantees of participants in the parliamentary process.Conclusions. The procedures governing the work of the Parliament and its organs are legal procedures in the broad sense of the term. This does not negate the understanding that the legal procedures of the parliament, corresponding to its quasi-judicial powers, has the nature of the jurisdictional process. This conclusion is consistently confirmed in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.Рассматривается преломление учения о юридической процедуре применительно к деятельности парламента. Внимание заостряется на том, что на современном этапе развития теории права можно констатировать, что сложились процессуальные общественные отношения в парламентской бюрократии, которые должны быть урегулированы процессуальными нормами, что подтверждает выводы авторов «широкого» подхода к теории юридического процесса. Однако и для сторонников «узкого» подхода в парламентском процессе найдется окно возможностей. В соответствии с выводами ЕСПЧ и Конституционного Суда РФ, имеющими предпосылки еще в работах Монтескье, парламент как орган, обладающий юрисдикционными полномочиями, – должен при их реализации соблюдать соответствующую процедуру. Отсюда выводятся задачи как дальнейшего совершенствования учения о парламентской процедуре, так и четкого и грамотного регулирования юридических процедур в парламенте, конечной целью которых является соблюдение и реализация прав, свобод и конституционных гарантий участников парламентского процесса
Структура полицейских наук в Словакии
Get PDFThe subject. The authors create an instrumental apparatus that saturates existing and emerging data needs in the theory constituting process and thus create preconditions for police practice development.The methodology. The research is based on the content analyses of final research reports, the object of which is police proceedings and the subject is police reality,The purpose. The authors substantiate the following hypothesis. The source of the development of knowledge in police practice and the development of police theory is a permanent solution to the philosophical contradiction between police theory and police practice, with police practice being the defining aspect of this contradictory unity. The need and areas of scientific knowledge of activities in the police proceedings structure are therefore determined by police practice.The main results. By verifying police practice, the authors confirm the necessary obligatory interaction between theory and practice, which is predominantly determined by the achieved research outputs and their acceptance. At the same time, they respect that systematically processed knowledge from applied research can show the character of a theory. In accordance with their knowledge, consisting of a system of knowledge presented by the achieved outputs from scientific research, evaluation and explanation of phenomena registered in the purposeful implementation of activities in the structure of police proceedings (research object). The term police action can be understood as a synthetic term for a holistic grasp of the police activity and its bodies. The activity of police and security authorities means: a special form of professional service for the state, self-governing as well as commercial organizations and, last but not least, citizens. It contains a set of executive, organizational, management and other activities that have the character of official interventions, official acts, other official activities and other measures. They are carried out in accordance with the rule of law and ethical principles of civil democratic society, preventive and, where necessary, repressive methods of police work. Their aim is to protect the fundamental human rights of citizens and society from crime and other anti-social activities. They define the identity of these phenomena through the subject (optics) of research, systematically defining the police reality by the process parameters, their determinants and constructs of specific police activities. In the Slovak Republic, the authors of this paper participate in the performance of tasks related to the constitution of police sciences. The outputs of applied research offer a system of scientific knowledge about police reality. With the dialectical approach, in relation to the examined activities in the structure of police proceedings, they define the reasons related to the assumption of the existence of links among the elements of police reality, or they reveal their objective absence. By identifying systems, the authors create a model of these purposefully implemented activities with properties characterizing their behaviour. At the same time, they respect that the strategic form of the parameters of this model is expressed by the achieved set intentions and goals of certain specific activities. Determining them is a concentrated expression of this will. The basic context in their work (participation in the process of constituting police sciences), determining the meaning and mission, is a specific subject accepted by them. This is the police reality, an objective fact that the theory of police sciences examines and uses to explain existing and emerging objects. Therefore, their activity in the process of constituting police sciences corresponds to changes in social processes. When creating their instruments (conceptual system, categories, theoretical models, forms of thinking), they combine it with the explanation of new approaches related to the development and advancement of policing processes, characterized by openness and possibilities of social control in their purposeful implementation. This confirms that this process forms a system. Its design shows relative stability and closeness. They do not include any inputs in its content, just those that are foreseen and anticipated. In this context, they realize that the interdisciplinary of concepts enriches the view of constituted police science. For the police sciences , the abstractness and generality of statements from other scientific disciplines is not a starting point, but already the result of research into specific systems (disposition of knowledge), significantly contributing to increase effectiveness of their scientific work. In the conditions of the Slovak Republic, the police sciences are constituted as practical, social and security sciences. Therefore, the authors of this paper accept that the theoretical and methodological development of police sciences requires them to be confronted and independently dealt with the current state in the theory and methodology of science in the early 21st century, to be sensitive to the current development of the overall scientific atmosphere and independently and critically. In this process, the meaningfulness of their scientific work is evident. This corresponds to the registered needs for the transfer of scientific knowledge into police practice.Conclusions. From these findings it is clear that in the current stage of development of the Slovak Republic, the process of constituting police sciences forms a structured system with to the point management. Its successful completion is also determined by the results of a constructive discussion, the authors participated in with this presented knowledge.Рассмотрены полицейские науки, которые согласно словацкой доктрине изучают полицейскую деятельность и подразделяются на практические, социальные и науки о безопасности. Отмечено, что деятельность полиции и органов безопасности означает особую форму профессиональной службы в интересах государства, органов местного самоуправления, а также коммерческих организаций и, что не менее важно, граждан. Такая деятельность включает комплекс принудительных, организационных, управленческих и других актов, выраженных в форме официальных действий, решений, мероприятий и других мер. Они должны осуществляться в соответствии с верховенством закона и этическими принципами гражданского демократического общества, посредством превентивных и, при необходимости, репрессивных методов работы полиции
Толкование условий применения условно-досрочного освобождения от отбывания наказания
Get PDFThe subject of the research is the public relations governing the serving of the sentence by the convicted person and the exercise of the right to parole.The purpose of the article is to determine the content and formulate proposals for improving the criminal legislation and the practice of its application on the basis of established approaches to the interpretation of the conditions for the application of parole, provided for in Art. 79 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The hypothesis of the research is the legislative wording of the conditions for the application of parole, provided for by Russian Criminal Code (paragraph "g" of Part 3 of Art. 79) – “at least three-quarters of the sentence imposed for crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors, as well as for grave and especially grave crimes related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors” – do not have a sufficient degree of specificity and does not allow to unambiguously determine the moment of emergence of the right to parole.The methodology. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) as well as private scientific methods of criminal law research (formal-legal and linguistic interpretation of legal acts) – were used. The authors propose to correct the provisions of the Russian Criminal Code and to consolidate the content of the concepts used in the criminal law on the basis of the analysis of various normative legal acts, acts of judicial interpretation and provisions of the doctrine of criminal law.The main scientific results. During the analysis of the provisions of Part 3 of Art. 79 of the Russian Criminal Code, regulating the conditions for the application of parole, the authors reveal a number of inaccuracies in the provisions of the criminal law. Such inaccuracies do not allow to unambiguously determine the grounds for parole of persons who have com-mitted crimes against the sexual integrity of minors, as well as persons who have committed grave and especially grave crimes connected with the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors. The content of the prescriptions of clause "g" of Part 3 of Art. 79 of the Russian Criminal Code does not have an exact legislative basis, and the interpretation given by the judicial authorities does not always allow us to exclude the uncertainty of the concepts used.Conclusions. The contradictions were identified by the authors related to the inaccuracy of the legislative prescriptions used in determining some conditions for the application of pa-role. The authors conclude the need to amend the criminal law and formulated proposals that clarify the wording of Art. 79 of the Russian Criminal Code. Such corrections will eliminate the duality of understanding of certain conditions of parole and increase the effectiveness of law enforcement practice in this area.В процессе анализа положений ч. 3 ст. 79 Уголовного кодекса РФ, регламентирующей условия применения условно-досрочного освобождения, выявляется ряд неточностей в предписаниях уголовного закона, которые не позволяют однозначно определить основания условно-досрочного освобождения лиц, совершивших преступления против половой неприкосновенности несовершеннолетних, а также лиц, совершивших тяжкие и особо тяжкие преступления, связанные с незаконным оборотом наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров. Содержание предписаний п. «г» ч. 3 ст. 79 Уголовного кодекса РФ не имеет точного законодательного закрепления, а толкование, даваемое судебными органами, не всегда позволяет исключить неопределенность используемых понятий. На основании анализа различных нормативных правовых актов, актов судебного толкования и положений доктрины уголовного права предлагается скорректировать предписания Уголовного кодекса РФ и закрепить содержание используемых в уголовном законе понятий
Условия использования судебных актов для машинного обучения (на примере отдельных решений о защите права собственности)
Get PDFThe subject of the article is some judicial acts on cases concerning protection of private property issued in Russia in recent years in the context of changes in the procedural legislation and legislation on the judicial system. The purpose of this article is to discover whether the current Russian judicial decisions may serve as input data for a machine learning algorithm in future. The main results, scope of application. The article presents an analysis of the changes in the Russian procedural law and in the regulation of the national judicial system in the recent years, which form new trends in judicial practice, according to the latest cases for the protection of private property in the courts. The author makes an analysis of the effectiveness of justice in providing recourse to private property violations in Russia. It is discovered whether the judicial protection has been substantially improved, following the promises of the Russian government. The article argues that these trends in judicial practice will negatively affect the automation of justice in the context of the nationwide digitalization of justice Such digitalization requires setting guidelines for the automated judicial decisions followed by the automated delivery of judicial documents. The methodology combines legal interpretation of judicial acts and Russian legislation comparative research, foresight and critical approach based on structured analysis, induction and deduction. Conclusions. There is a systemic deficiency in protecting private property in Russia, since neither the rules of civil and administrative proceedings, nor the constitutional control tools provide adequate protection on the matter. The recent relocation of the Constitutional Court of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg did not promote the judicial independence of the Court. On the contrary, the Constitutional Court, through formal excuses refrains from processing complaints on violation of private property rights and on the inefficiency of judicial procedures. The recent merger of the Supreme Arbitration Court of Russia and the Supreme Court of Russia has contributed to the uniformity of judicial practice. It violated the rights the owners of the shared premises in apartment buildings, but favored the beneficiaries of the management companies, which breach the owners' rights.Judicial acts studied in this article prove their ineffectiveness in contributing to the quality machine learning for artificial intelligence required for the transition to automatic generation of blueprints and templates of court decisions. Analysis of judicial acts allows to conclude that they cannot serve now as a basis for machine learning of artificial intelligence. They cannot be systematized in databases even by the criterion of the law norms applied by the plaintiffs, since the courts evade the procedural obligation to explain why they reject the law norms that serve as the basis for a lawsuit or complaint, and apply completely different ones. These circumstances require the immediate response from the state authorities, including finding efficient ways to provide sustainable development of justice, i.e. ensuring the Rule of Law and access to courts, since otherwise the digitization of justice will lead to the automation of arbitrariness. На примере судебных дел о защите частной собственности анализируются результаты преобразований в процессуальном законодательстве и законодательстве о судебной системе последних лет, которые формируют тренды судебной практики. В статье на примере разрешения конкретных дел показывается, как эти тренды повлияют на автоматизацию правосудия. Анализ судебных актов позволил сделать вывод, что в настоящее время они не могут служить основой для машинного обучения искусственного интеллекта. Они не могут быть систематизированы в базах данных даже по критерию применения заявленных истцами норм закона, поскольку суды уклоняются от выполнения процессуальной обязанности мотивированно объяснить, почему они отвергают нормы закона, служащие основанием иска или жалобы, и применяют совершенно другие. Проблема требует немедленного конструктивного разрешения в целях обеспечения верховенства права и доступа к правосудию. В противном случае это приведет к автоматизации произвола
Конституционно-правовые аспекты отрешения от должности высшего должностного лица субъекта Российской Федерации в связи с утратой доверия Президента
Get PDFThe subject. The article is devoted to the retirement of a highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in 2020 due to the loss of confidence of the President of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the grounds for loss of such confidence, legal and social nature of confidence and different aspects of restriction of electoral rights for citizens. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate that the retirement of a highest official in constituent entity of the Russian Federation vindicates electoral rights of citizens and decreases a level of confidence to public power of government and law. Moreover, the aim of this article is to prove that practice of the retirement of a highest official in constituent entity of the Russian Federation not always meet legal standards of negative constitutional legal responsibility. The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and logical interpretation of Russian legal acts. Social definitions such as confidence and post-truth were analyzed by methods of philosophy and sociology. The main results and scope of their application. The author describes retirement of a highest official in a subject of the Russian Federation as a measure of constitutional responsibility and constitutional legal coercion in scope of practice in 2020. The author realizes, that President's decrees do not consist legal and appropriate basis for such retirement of a highest official in a subject of the Russian Federation, that is why this measure due to such practice cannot be qualified as negative constitutional legal responsibility. The author suggests ways to improve the mechanisms for applying measures of constitutional coercion in cases of retirement of a highest official in a subject of the Russian Federation due to the loss of confidence of the President of the Russian Federation for prevention of public power abusing, such as: 1) establishing in the federal law formally defined constitutional violations, that threaten the foundations of the constitutional system, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other persons, ensuring defense and security of the state, the presence/absence of which is determined in the manner of a "preliminary" trial by the courts; 2) introduce measures of constitutional legal prevention or restraint against the highest official in a subject of the Russian Federation; 3) in the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation provide specific grounds for the loss of trust, established by the court. In addition to this, the author suggests to change federal law regulation to give a right for citizens, that live in a subject of the Russian Federation, to sue the President's decree about the retirement of a highest official in a subject of the Russian Federation. This measure will guarantee a real judicial protection for electoral rights for citizens. As a result, the article extends constitutional knowledge about measures of constitutional legal enforcement to highest officials in a subject of the Russian Federation.Статья посвящена юридическому анализу состоявшихся в 2020 г. отставок губернаторов ряда субъектов Российской Федерации в связи с утратой доверия Президента РФ. Особое внимание уделено основаниям для утраты доверия. Предложены варианты совершенствования механизмов применения мер конституционно-правового принуждения в вопросах отрешения от должности высшего должностного лица субъекта Российской Федерации, а также гарантий защиты избирательных прав граждан
Теоретико-правовые аспекты административной пенологии
Get PDFThe subject. The article is devoted to the analysis of the effectiveness of administrative punishment enforced to persons with deviant behavior of an immoral orientation, and the development of proposals for improving the effectiveness of administrative punishment from a penological point of view. The subject of the research is administrative punishment and the legally fixed type and limits of administrative-tort sanctions, which allow administrative jurisdiction bodies and courts to enforce a specific type and measure of administrative punishment aimed at forming the legality of the behavior of an administrative delinquent. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that increasing the effectiveness of administrative punishment will significantly reduce the repetition of administrative offenses due to the educational impact on the consciousness and behavior of administrative delinquents, their moral education. The author analyzes the effectiveness of administrative fine by the repetition of administrative offenses (on all-Russian and regional statistics) and develops proposals for improving the effectiveness of administrative punishment. The methodology. The results of this research were achieved through the use of general scientific methods in the framework of observation, comparative, logical interpretation of legal acts, statistical analysis as well as through the analysis of law enforcement practice. The main results. The analysis of law enforcement practice has shown the ineffectiveness of the administrative punishment imposed on persons with deviant behavior of an immoral orientation. In this regard, the author suggests penological conditions for improving the effectiveness of rule-making and law enforcement practice, points out the need to ensure interaction and cohesion of jurisprudence, sociology of law and legal psychology, methods of persuasion and coercion in the development and application of administrative sanctions measures. It provides maximum flexibility of the final decision, the possibility of taking into account legal, social, psychological, economic and other nuances of the case in order to maximize the impact on the consciousness and behavior of a person for his subsequent correction and re-education, the formation of a persistent habit of lawful behavior. The author also proposes to provide for administrative liability for failure to comply with official warnings about the inadmissibility of actions creating conditions for commission of crimes, of administrative offences or of the inadmissibility of the continuation of antisocial behavior. Conclusions. The issues of increasing the effectiveness of the appointment and execution of administrative punishment need increased attention of the state and urgently require a targeted approach to punishment first of all. Статья посвящена анализу эффективности административного наказания, применяемого в отношении лиц с девиантным поведением аморальной направленности, и выработке предложений по повышению эффективности применения административного наказания с пенологической точки зрения. Предлагаются пенологические условия повышения эффективности нормотворческой и правоприменительной практики, указывается на необходимость обеспечения взаимодействия и сплочения юриспруденции, социологии права и юридической психологии, методов убеждения и принуждения в разработке и применении административно-санкционных мер, что обеспечивает максимальную гибкость конечного решения, возможность учета в нем правовых, социальных, психологических, экономических и других нюансов рассматриваемого дела в целях оказания максимального воздействия на сознание и поведение человека для его последующего исправления и перевоспитания, формирования у него стойкой привычки правомерного поведения. Также автором предлагается предусмотреть в гл. 19 КоАП РФ административную ответственность за неисполнение требований предостережения о недопустимости действий, создающих условия для совершения преступлений, административных правонарушений, разрешение которых отнесено к компетенции полиции, либо недопустимости продолжения антиобщественного поведения
Принцип соразмерности и строгая ответственность футбольных клубов за поведение болельщиков в соревнованиях УЕФА
Get PDFThe subject. This article is devoted to the content of the principle of proportionality in disputes about the strict liability of football clubs for the behavior of spectators. The proportionality means that the sanction corresponds to the offense and it has two dimensions. Firstly, the more serious the offense is the higher the sanction should be. Secondly, proportionality protects sport from unreasonably low sanctions while the violation is serious.The purpose of the study is the content of the principle of proportionality: the use of related principles of sports jurisprudence, exceptional circumstances (mitigating and aggravating) in the practice of applying clubs` strict liability for spectators` behavior in UEFA competitions over the period 2007-2021. Liability without fault increases the value of investigating the factual circumstances of a dispute. The broad discretion of the bodies raises the question of the validity of the choice of aggravating circumstances or the refusal of mitigating circumstances. Therefore, the jurisdictional authority in each specific dispute must search for exceptional circumstances thereby fulfilling the principle of proportionality. The second important nuance of strict liability in the UEFA regulations is the difference in the interconnection between violations and sanctions. In some articles, the sanction is predetermined. It is possible to reduce such a sanction only in the presence of an exceptional circumstance and to increase it in the presence of an aggravating circumstance. Separately considered, in conjunction with the principle of proportionality, other principles: principles of predictability of sanctions, equal treatment, the precedent value of decisions on similar disputes (stare decisis).Methodology. The methodological basis of the stated research involves the generalization and analysis of the practice of two institutions of sports jurisprudence. Firstly, the jurisdictional bodies of UEFA are publicly available, as well as available to the author, but currently not available for free download on the UEFA website. Secondly, the relevant decisions of the Court of Arbitration for Sport are in the public domain. Turning to the approaches of law enforcement officers regarding the content of the principle of proportionality meant comparing positions that did not differ in inconsistency. As a result of the analysis of the practice were systematized and identified typical exceptional circumstances, unique exceptional circumstances, and specific enforcement of the principle of proportionality.The main results of research and the field of their application. The article examined the normative limits of sanctions in the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations; exceptional circumstances affecting the choice of sanction; search by the law enforcement officer of the content of exceptional circumstances; principles of predictability of sanctions, equal treatment, the precedent value of decisions on similar disputes (stare decisis) in connection with the verification of sanctions for proportionality. Compliance with the principle of proportionality, in this case, should protect the club from an unreasonably harsh and grossly disproportional sanction. Therefore, it is important to analyze the factual circumstances: which of them are mitigating and which are aggravating. In other categories of offenses, the sanction remains at the discretion of the jurisdictional authority. In such violations, the principle of proportionality takes on a special value. The more flexibility in the choice of sanction is, the higher is the risk of abuse by the jurisdictional bodes. UEFA`s enforcement practice is seeking exceptional circumstances that are not consistent enough to be predictable. Some consistency exists only concerning aggravating circumstances. There is an unreasonably strict approach to mitigating circumstances. The practice of CAS does not differ from the practice of UEFA in terms of strict liability compositions. The principle of proportionality in sports jurisprudence can be interconnected with other legal concepts. Such concepts are equal treatment, predictability, and so-called stare decisis.Conclusions. For the slightly undisputed observance of the principle of proportionality, several requirements must be fulfilled. First, analyze the factual circumstances to find exceptional circumstances among them. Secondly, always choose the minimum sanction in the absence of aggravating circumstances, since strict liability is a forced legal institution. Thirdly, indicate in the decisions what circumstances are mitigating, what aggravating circumstances have been established, and how they both affect the choice of a sanction. Fourth, use the previous decisions of the UEFA`s jurisdictional bodies and CAS of the strict liability offenses when the actual circumstances are close.Рассмотрено применение принципа соразмерности – одной из основ спортивной юриспруденции – по делам о строгой ответственности футбольных клубов за поведение болельщиков, не предполагающей доказывание вины. Ответственность без вины повышает ценность исследования фактических обстоятельств дисциплинарного спора. Автором проанализирована практика применения строгой ответственности клубов за поведение зрителей в соревнованиях УЕФА начиная с 2007 г. Для соблюдения принципа соразмерности санкций предлагается использовать несколько обязательных шагов: 1) проанализировать фактические обстоятельства, чтобы найти среди них исключительные обстоятельства; 2) указывать в правоприменительных решениях, какие обстоятельства являются смягчающими, какие отягчающие обстоятельства установлены и как они в совокупности влияют на выбор санкции; 3) всегда выбирать минимальную санкцию при отсутствии отягчающих обстоятельств, поскольку строгая ответственность является вынужденным правовым институтом; 4) использовать предыдущие решения юрисдикционных органов УЕФА и CAS по данному составу проступка, когда фактические обстоятельства являются близкими (не обязательно такие обстоятельства должны быть аналогичными)
Ошибки в сведениях (данных), составляющих Единый государственный реестр юридических лиц: виды и способы устранения
Get PDFThe subject of research. The issue of reliability (unreliability) of information (data) included in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities has increased after the amendments made to the Russian Civil Code in 2013 and to the Russian legislation on state registration of legal entities in 2015. The legislation, introducing the principle of public reliability of information included in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities does not clearly define what is meant by such reliability. Accordingly, the question arises about what is meant by “unreliability” of information. Although legal norms contain the concept of “error”; the legislation does not contain a single legal regime of “error”. This is expressed in the presence of several independent cases described in the legislation, including, among other things, an independent procedure for correcting an error. It is also not clear how the presence of an “error” correlates with the requirements for the reliability of the data of the Unified State Register of Legal Entities. The author shows the evolution of the concepts of “error” and “technical error” in the legislation on state registration of legal entities, as well as ways to eliminate it for the first time in the Russian doctrine.The purpose of the article is to: (a) analyze the current regulation and qualify various cases of “errors” in the information included in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities; (b) specify the objectives of regulation in each identified case of “errors”; (c) identify the main contradictions in the regulation; (d) form a new model of the reliability of the information included in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and specific legal decisions based on the goals of the legislator to “whitewash” the Russian economy, strengthen the principle of good faith, and ensure the certainty of legal norms. The scientific hypothesis is that the “error” in the information included in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, whatever its cause, is a special case of unreliability of information. Accordingly, all cases of “error” should be settled within the framework of the general model of reliability of information included in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities. The current regulation does not provide real public reliability of the information; in fact, such public reliability today is nothing more than an illusion. Approaches to determining the reliability (unreliability) of information included in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities do not provide such reliability.Description of research methods and methodology. The research is based on a systematic and teleological interpretation of normative material (legal norms, explanations of a normative nature, judicial legal positions). Information about the main scientific results. Conclusions. The conducted research fully confirmed the correctness of the proposed scientific hypothesis. Systematic proposals for changing existing approaches to regulation and specific legal solutions are formulated. Conclusions. It is noted that the current regulation regarding the criteria for the reliability/unreliability of information (data) of the Unified State Register of Legal Entities is confusing and creates uncertainty in the legal regulation. The necessity of changing the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and other federal laws, the abolition of the most odious explanations of a regulatory nature, the foundations of a new regulatory model and proposals for reforming the existing regulatory framework are formulated.В статье впервые в отечественной доктрине показана эволюция понятий «ошибка» и «техническая ошибка» в законодательстве о государственной регистрации юридических лиц, а также способы их устранения. Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы: а) провести анализ текущего регулирования и квалифицировать различные случаи «ошибок» в сведениях, включенных в ЕГРЮЛ; б) указать цели регулирования в каждом выявленном случае «ошибки»; в) обнаружить основные противоречия в регулировании; г) сформировать новую модель достоверности сведений, включенных в ЕГРЮЛ, а также конкретные правовые решения, учитывающие цели законодателя по «обелению» российской экономики, усилению действия принципа добросовестности, и обеспечивающие определенности правовых норм. Основная научная гипотеза автора состоит в том, что «ошибка» в сведениях, включенных в ЕГРЮЛ, чтобы ни было ее причиной, – это частный случай недостоверности сведений. Соответственно, все случаи «ошибки» должны быть урегулированы в рамах общей модели достоверности сведений, включенных в ЕГРЮЛ. Действующее регулирование не обеспечивает реальной публичной достоверности сведений, включенных в ЕГРЮЛ, которая остается, по существу не более чем иллюзией. Подходы к определению достоверности (недостоверности) сведений, включенных в ЕГРЮЛ, фактически ее не обеспечивают. Отмечается, что законодательство, вводя принцип публичной достоверности сведений, включенных в ЕГРЮЛ, ясно не определяет, что понимается под такой достоверностью. Соответственно, не ясно, какие явления охватываются понятием «недостоверность» сведений. Правовые нормы содержат понятие «ошибка», но единого правового режима «ошибки» законодательство не предусматривает. Законодательство описывает несколько самостоятельных примеров ошибок с отдельным порядком исправления каждой из них. Не ясно, как наличие «ошибки» соотносится с требованиями о достоверности сведений ЕГРЮЛ. Констатируется, что действующее регулирование в части критериев достоверности (недостоверности) сведений (данных) ЕГРЮЛ является запутанным и создает неопределенность в правоприменении. Отмечается необходимость изменения норм ГК РФ и иных федеральных законов, отмены наиболее «одиозных» разъяснений нормативного характера (например, о так называемых «массовых» адресах»); сформулированы предложения по реформированию существующего нормативной регламентации и определены основы новой модели регулирования
Легитимность полиции
Get PDFThe subject of the article is assessment of public confidence in the police and the legality of its activities by the opinion of the Russian population. The purpose of the research is to identify the reasons that affect the assessment of the police legitimacy, its perception by the population. The authors also dare to identify the role of "problem areas" of police activity (related to different violations of the law) in people assessment.The methodology of the research includes: sociological survey among Russians, comparative criminological, statistical, hermeneutic methods, expert assessments.The main result, scope of applications. The central link of the police legitimacy is public trust, recognition, leading to the cooperation between the people and the authorities. Legitimacy assessments are formed based on the study of public opinion – the official monitoring procedure. The website of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs provides information on the results of monitoring public opinion about the activities of the police, but an analysis of its content allows us to note its superficiality and unconvincing optimism. This is obviously affected by the shortcomings of the departmental legal regulation of the process of monitoring public opinion about the activities of the police, which, judging by the questionnaire questions (there are only three of them), is rather imitative in nature. We believe that the official monitoring of public opinion on the activities of the police, at a minimum, should be supplemented by the results of independent sociological studies aimed at establishing "problem areas" of police activity related to violations of the law, violence, ill-treatment, provocations, inducing someone, directly or indirectly, to commit illegal actions, other official abuses. Otherwise, the regulatory requirements for the activities of the police, which establish the foundations of its legitimacy, cannot be fully implemented. The survey of 362 citizens conducted by the authors allows to state that, with a fairly high assessment of the activities of the Russian police, respondents pay attention to the existence of such problems as: the lack of transparency of police activities and the presence of formal and informal means of evading the legality of police activity, the tolerance of justice authorities to police lawlessness, intoxication with power by police officers, the impact of police brutality on social and legal despair, violation of the law in the name of achieving its falsely understood goals. The extreme case of perverted official zeal is the execution of illegal orders. There are quite widespread ideas in public opinion that entrepreneurs often become victims of extortion by the police, that the police take bribes from medium and small businesses, that you can buy off police officers. At the same time, the results of the study indicate that a significant part of the population is determined to cooperate with the police.Conclusions. The public demand for the police is relevant, the honor and main meaning of which is to protect the interests of all people and serve justice. People need such policemen who will demonstrate not strength and power, but simple human complicity. This is the main secret of the legitimacy of the police. Another secret lies in the orientation of personnel policy towards professionals in the police: their selection, training and support in difficult situations.Выявляются критерии легитимности полиции и причины ее делегитимации. Отмечается, что центральным звеном легитимности полиции выступает общественное доверие, признание, ведущее к сотрудничеству народа и власти. Оценки легитимности формируются на основе изучения общественного мнения – официальной процедуры мониторинга. Такое изучение в принципе должно устанавливать «проблемные зоны» деятельности полиции, имеющие отношение к нарушениям законности, насилию, жестокому обращению, провокациям, побуждению в прямой или косвенной форме кого-либо к совершению противоправных действий, иным должностным злоупотреблениям. Делается вывод, что официальный мониторинг общественного мнения о деятельности полиции, как минимум, должен дополняться результатами независимых правовых и социологических исследований, нацеленных на установление этих «проблемных зон»
Реализация статьи 67.1 Конституции Российской Федерации в контексте научного историко-правового опыта
Get PDFThe subject of the research is the constitutional and legal norms of Article 67.1 of the Russian Constitution. These legal norms are legal means of realizing the subjective right to possess objectively verified knowledge about the past of the state and society and providing guarantees in obtaining such knowledge.The purpose of article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that some historical facts have the potential of legalization and may be involved in the process of legal impact on public relations.The methodology. A systematic approach was used in combination with historical and logical methods of cognition. It made it possible to study the theoretical, factual and legal grounds for the implementation of Article 67.1 of the Russian Constitution. The formal legal method was also used. It determined the vector of analysis of the legal source and the internal structure of the legal norms of Article 67.1, as well as the legal and technical features of their implementation and enforcement.The main results, scope of application. The article stipulates a set of theoretical, factual and legal grounds for the implementation of Article 67.1 of the Russian Constitution. It is shown that the synthesis of scientific knowledge and historical memory, the object of which is the past of a person, society and the state, lies at the basis of legal practice. Such synthesis conttains the potential for the effective implementation of the subjective right to possess objectively verified knowledge of the past and create guarantees in obtaining such knowledge. Scientific historical and legal experience is defined as a necessary condition in achieving the goal of forming an individual and a citizen, resistant to ignorance and misunderstanding of his national identity, reveals its possibilities in substantiating and verifying a historical fact, as well as within the permissible limits of their legalization.Conclusions. Legal matter is systematic and is strictly organized, therefore it can neither be interpreted arbitrarily, nor applied unreasonably. Article 67.1 of Russian Constitution includes four parts, each of which determines the subsequent one. These parts are also in semantic connection with other constitutional principles and declarations, which together determine the mechanism of legal regulation of a special kind of social relations - relations to the past. The state as a subject of these relations, on the one hand, is the creator of conditions for a representative scientific search and the establishment of reliable historical facts, for the subsequent popularization of the scientific result. On the other hand, state legally fixes scientifically grounded facts of state and social development, indicating unity and continuity. Article 67.1 of the Russian Constitution represents an attempt to consolidate legally the well-established historical facts. A historical fact becomes a constant of historical heritage for society when it receives public recognition. The loss of such constant is an irreversible loss (possibly even the destruction of a part or a whole society). In this case historical fact can be defined as a historical truth and may become a subject to legalization, subsequently acquiring the status of a legal norm: principle, definitive, declarative, prescriptive or logical rule of law. The legal concept of historical truth should be perceived not as the opposite of historical untruth (lie), not in the sense of “this is good, but this is bad” and “who benefits from”, because emotionality goes beyond the legal framework. The legal concept of historical truth should be perceived as the opposite of an unscientific, hypothetically assumed, yet unproven historical fact.Выделяется совокупность теоретических, фактических и юридических оснований реализации ст. 67.1 Конституции РФ. Показывается, что синтез научного знания и исторической памяти, объектом которых является прошлое человека, общества и государства, лежит в основе юридической практики и содержит потенциал эффективной реализации субъективного права на обладание объективно выверенным знанием о прошлом и создания гарантий в получении такого знания. Научный историко-правовой опыт определяется как необходимое условие в достижении цели формирования личности и гражданина, устойчивого к незнанию и непониманию своей национальной идентичности, раскрываются возможности науки в обосновании и верификации исторических фактов, а также в определении допустимых границ их юридизации