Law Enforcement Review / Правоприменение
Not a member yet
455 research outputs found
Sort by
Электронный кадровый документооборот: от правового эксперимента к практике
Get PDFThe subject. The introduction of electronic technologies into management processes has led to the need to regulate the issues of the use of electronic personnel document management (further - EPDM). In the spring of 2020, Russia was conducting a legal experiment on the use of electronic documents related to work. As part of this experiment, according to the rules established by federal law, individual employers voluntarily refuse to issue certain types of personnel documents in paper form. It concerned employment contract and other contracts with an employee (on financial responsibility, apprenticeship), a vacation schedule, employee statements, as well as regulatory and organizational and administrative documents of the employer on labor (orders on admission, dismissals, penalties, etc.). The results of this experiment became the basis for the introduction of appropriate amendments to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.The main purpose of the study is to develop recommendations for improving the current labor legislation for the legalization of electronic personnel document management as part of a system of measures to achieve the maximum balance of interests of employees and employers.The main methods of the research are the analysis and generalization of judicial practice on labor disputes related to the evaluation of electronic evidence, the practice of using electronic personnel document management by individual employers, both participating and not participating in the legal experiment conducted at the federal level.The main results, scope of application. The preliminary results of above mentioned experiment have been summarized and an assessment of the validity and potential effectiveness of the draft law submitted to the Russian Federal Assembly has been given. The authors propose the results of a critical analysis of the interim results of the legal experiment on the introduction of EPDM. The authors demonstrate the pros and cons of electronic document management in terms of the readiness of the current legislation for it, as well as subjects of labor relations. The innovations of the prepared draft law on the introduction of a new article 22.1 to the Russian Labor Code as well as its positive aspects and some shortcomings are considered. Not only legal and technical shortcomings are indicated, but also some fundamental substantive contradictions. For example, a negligent attitude to the involvement of employees in making managerial decisions in the social and labor sphere due to the establishment of a trade union monopoly in a number of issues of social dialogue when introducing electronic personnel document management. The draft law does not consistently address issues related to security, enhanced qualified signature and the costs associated with obtaining it by an employee. The modern attitude of Russian courts to electronic evidence in labor disputes is demonstrated by the example of judicial practice. These examples demonstrate the most pressing issues of the introduction and use of EPDM, which need to be resolved at the legislative level. There is a need for effective protection of all participants in labor relations in the context of the development of digital technologies and their implementation in the daily life of each person.Conclusions. Adoption of new federal law regulating EPDM was necessary to establish general rules for employee-employer interaction in the digital environment, as well as for legalization of the exchange of electronic documents as a way of labor management.Внедрение в управленческие процессы электронных технологий привело к необходимости нормативно урегулировать вопросы применения электронного кадрового документооборота. Весной 2020 г. в России проводился правовой эксперимент по использованию электронных документов, связанных с работой. Его результаты стали основой для введения соответствующих поправок в Трудовой кодекс РФ. Авторы предлагают результаты критического анализа как промежуточных итогов правового эксперимента, так и проекта закона о внесении в Трудовой кодекс РФ новой статьи 22.1. На основе обобщения судебной практики по трудовым спорам, связанной с оценкой электронных доказательств, сформулированы выводы и предложения по совершенствованию действующего законодательства
Практика Европейского Суда по правам человека в определении «коридора» допустимых ограничений свободы предпринимательской деятельности
Get PDFThe subject of the article is the application of the concept of the range of permissible restrictions on rights and freedoms that not enshrined in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights.The purpose of the research is to identify the basic position of the Court on the question of determining the degree of proportionate balance between public and private interests in establishing restrictions on the rights and freedoms of a person in the sphere of business activity.The methodology. In the process of the research, both general scientific and special methods of knowing socio-legal phenomena (formal legal method, circular causality method) were used. The multivariance of achieving common standards for assessing the range of permissible restrictions on the freedom to conduct a business is determined by analyzing the balanced influence of internal and external factors, the interaction of many dichotomies and adichotomies.Results, scope of application. The provisions of the Convention define the range of rights and freedoms protected. However, the Court in its practice broadly interprets the list of rights and freedoms protected by the Convention. The Court considers the Convention as a "living instrument" in order to adapt it to changing conditions of public life. The Court’s current practice does not imply that the Court has exceeded its powers. The court implements the idea of circular causality of legal phenomena, perceived including in European space. European tradition recognizes the possibility of changing the legal space in different ways. The main way of transforming the legal system is to change quantitative parameters. It is possible to accumulate the qualities of practical implementation of the principles enshrined in the Convention by ensuring the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Investigators of the Court's practice mainly analyse the characteristics of the protection of human rights and freedoms explicitly mentioned in the Convention. The complexity of the study of the Court's practice for the protection of unrecognized human rights and freedoms stems from its heterogeneity. However, an analysis of the practice of protecting such rights and freedoms reveals the internal mechanisms of the Court to ensure the equilibrium of legal space. The article defines the basic position of the Court on the question of determining the degree of proportionate balance between public and private interests in establishing restrictions on the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen not expressly enshrined in the Convention. The realization of economic rights and freedoms requires the greatest flexibility of the mechanism for the protection of rights and freedoms. Intensive economic development requires a rapid change in the legal space. The interpretation of human rights and freedoms has an impact on the level of protection of the economic rights and freedoms. The text of the Convention has been modified without adopting its new edition.Conclusions. Law enforcers are particularly interested in analyzing the Court's practice in cases related indirectly to the protection of freedom to conduct a business. The Court determines the main vectors of interpretation of the freedom to conduct a business. Law enforcers can use the Court's approach in interpreting the provisions of the Convention without risking being accused of human rights and freedoms violations. The generalizations make it possible to establish the ideological and substantive component of the basic axiological imperative of the Court in the protection of the economic rights and freedoms through the protection of the right to property. It was concluded that the Court's decisions justified the need to protect the freedom to conduct a business by its inherent connection with the right to property, as well as the universality of the criteria for determining the legality of restricting the rights and freedoms.Исследуется практика Европейского Суда по правам человека по делам об определении правомерности ограничения свободы предпринимательской деятельности. Установлено, что, несмотря на определение круга защищаемых прав и свобод положениями Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод, Европейский Суд по правам человека (ЕСПЧ) в своей практике расширительно толкует перечень прав и свобод, получающих защиту в ЕСПЧ. Сделан вывод, что ЕСПЧ в своих решениях обосновывает защиту свободы предпринимательской деятельности ее имманентной связью с правом собственности, а также универсальностью критериев определения правомерности ограничения прав и свобод человека и гражданина. Практика ЕСПЧ по признанию свободы предпринимательской деятельности в качестве фундаментальной свободы через закрепленное в Конвенции право собственности позитивно сказывается на формировании равновесного экономического пространства и создании условий для экономического развития стран, входящих в Совет Европы
Вакцинация от COVID-19 в системе национальной безопасности Российской Федерации: согласование частных и публичных интересов
Get PDFThe subject. Having a proven positive social and economic effect, vaccination remains one of the most important institutions in the system of public safety. The development of this institution requires a rational legal support, considering not only current epidemic process, but also potential threats of bioterrorism and the development of biological weapons. In this light, effective legal regulation of vaccination measures, determination of their desirable forms and scope of the population coverage, as well as cooperation between citizens and the State in ensuring epidemiological safety become a matter of paramount importance.The purpose. The authors propose to discuss two issues: the limits of the possibility of introducing the institution of mandatory vaccination and the issue of legal assistance for the population to participate in vaccination programs in order to achieve the maximum possible coverage.The methodology. The article employs a comprehensive approach which combines formal interpretation and comparative analysis of legal acts and courts decisions with the insights from sociology, behavioral sciences and discourse analysis. The article focuses on the international and national standards of regulation of the vaccination by the means of public and private law in order to achieve herd immunity.Our analysis of the vaccination institute place in the legal system demonstrates that this institution can be included in a row of disciplinary, coercive and binding institutions for citizens prescribing mandatory participation. However, its coercive potential is relatively small and is limited to certain segments of the society that are of strategic importance for ensuring the epidemiological safety. The article posits that such groups remain in the legal field of exceptions, whereas in general, the vaccination institute presumes that the mandatory component is prescribed primarily to the state, not the citizens. And therefore, the citizen's participation in vaccination has the character of an individual rational choice.Conclusions. Our analysis shows that the law on vaccination should be focused on the facilitating socially desirable individual choice rather than binding norm prescription. In this area, the main tasks of legal regulation are establishment of an adequate system of accounting and distribution of individual risks, as well as fair compensation for possible damages during vaccinations. The second main direction of legal development is overcoming information asymmetry in the situation of individual decision-making in order to reduce the shortage of reliable data and to ensure effective communication within an expert community, the state and the person. We propose that this development contributes to the transformation of a purely legal norm on vaccination into a social and cultural one and strengthens the cooperative strategies of citizens in the fight against vaccine-controlled diseases.Предметом исследования являются вопросы правового регулирования мероприятий по вакцинации от COVID-19 в контексте национальной безопасности Российской Федерации, а также взаимодействие граждан и государства в обеспечении эпидемиологической безопасности. Целью статьи является поиск наилучших практик по вопросам необходимости и определения пределов возможности внедрения правового института обязательной вакцинации и содействия правовыми методами участию населения в программах вакцинации с целью достижения максимально возможного охвата граждан Российской Федерации. Методологическую основу статьи составляет междисциплинарный комплексный подход, сочетающий формально-юридический метод и сравнительный анализ правовых актов и судебных решений с научными выводами из социологии, политологии, медицины, биоэтики. Статья посвящена международным и национальным стандартам регулирования вакцинации средствами публичного и частного права в целях достижения коллективного иммунитета. Выделены основные направления совершенствования правового регулирования вакцинации в России: установление адекватной системы учета и распределения индивидуальных рисков, а также справедливое возмещение возможного ущерба при вакцинации; преодоление информационной асимметрии в ситуации индивидуального принятия решений с целью снижения дефицита достоверных данных и обеспечения эффективной коммуникации внутри экспертного сообщества, государства и личности
Антимонопольное регулирование деятельности цифровых компаний и функционирования интернет-платформ в России и Европейском Союзе
Get PDFThe subject. The article examines the antimonopoly regulation of relations arising in the course of the activities of modern companies that ensure the operation of certain digital online platforms. The development of digital information technologies has led to the emergence of various new forms of economic and social communications. These forms include, among other things, digital technological platforms operating on the Internet and representing a kind of platform within which information interaction of various subjects takes place, related to the implementation of their professional activities or interpersonal communication. In this regard, the law faces the task of ensuring effective regulation of relations that are formed in the context of the development of electronic market systems and digital services. An important role in this should be assigned to antimonopoly legislation, since the possession of large data sets and the latest information technologies can lead to companies trying to use their resources to violate the rights of other subjects.The aim of the study is to determine the legal essence of the Internet platform and to identify possible features and limits of antimonopoly regulation of the activities of companies that ensure their work, including taking into account the current Russian and foreign legislation and law enforcement practice in this area.Research methods are formal – logical interpretation, systemic method and comparative analysis.The main results, scope of application. Digital technological platform is a complex phenomenon that includes various results of intellectual activity, both subject to and not subject to legal protection, including computer programs, databases, as well as technical means, ensuring the functioning of the digital platform. In addition, the analysis of Russian antitrust legislation and the theory of civil law led to the conclusion that the existing exemptions from the scope of the rules on the prohibition of monopolistic activities established for holders of exclusive intellectual rights could significantly complicate the application of antitrust rules to digital companies that are copyright holders results of intellectual activity that are part of the Internet platform. At the same time, the currently established law enforcement practice actually follows the path of limiting these antimonopoly immunities, despite their legislative consolidation, which is hardly justified. On the other hand, the existence of broad antitrust immunities is also unfounded. In order to bring the antimonopoly legislation in line with the needs of the emerging digitalization relations antitrust immunities are subject to limitations.Conclusions. There are new criteria for determining the dominant position of digital companies in the relevant markets, which include network effects, large user data and significant barriers to entry into the market.Исследуется антимонопольное регулирования отношений, возникающих в процессе деятельности компаний, обеспечивающих работу цифровых платформ. Отмечается, что цифровая платформа представляет собой комплексное явление, включающее в себя различные результаты интеллектуальной деятельности, как подлежащие, так и не подлежащие правовой охране. Также обосновывается, что имеющиеся в российском антимонопольном законодательстве изъятия из сферы действия норм о запрете монополистической деятельности, установленные для обладателей исключительных прав, выступают в качестве препятствий к применению антимонопольных норм в отношении цифровых компаний, являющихся правообладателями результатов интеллектуальной деятельности. Подобные антимонопольные иммунитеты оцениваются как подлежащие ограничению
Свобода мысли, слова и выражения мнения: некоторые проблемы формулировки и определения границ в контексте влияния религиозного фактора
Get PDFThe subject of study. The article examines certain aspects to realize freedom of thought and expression, as well as the acceptable limits. Freedom of thought, speech and expression issues are considered separately in the context of the religious component, its characteristics in the Islamic religion. The provisions of the main sources in the Muslim system of law – the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet and Messenger of Muhammad (May Allah bless him) have been studied in sufficient details. The legal analysis on the issues under consideration was carried out based on doctrinal opinions, the current Russian and international legal acts, judicial practice, including the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The article describes extremism through the prism of freedom of thought, speech and expression. It is noted that extremist activity is one of the consequences of misinterpretation, true awareness and perception of freedom of thought, speech and expression.The purpose of the study. The main purpose of the study is to clarify the origins of conflicts in the process of realizing freedom of thought, speech and expression, and substantiate the hypothesis that freedom of thought, speech and expression should have certain boundaries, especially in context of the influence of the religious factor.The methodology of the study. The study is based on a dialectical approach to the disclosure of legal phenomena and processes using general scientific methods (systemic method, logical method, method of analysis and synthesis) and special scientific methods. Among the latter there are formal legal method, linguistic method, comparative legal method, which have found their application in the legal analysis to realize freedom of thought, speech and expression.Conclusions. As a result, it is emphasized that freedom of thought, speech and expression is the achievement of modern mankind, one of the foundations of a democratic system and an element of civil society. The state-guaranteed opportunity for individuals to exercise these freedoms in society is a guarantee of a "healthy" society in the legal sense. However, as practice shows, unlimited freedom leads to its abuse, thereby infringing on the freedoms of other individuals and therefore, freedom of speech and its expression presupposes the existence of boundaries outlined by the state in the interests of society. The specifics of freedom of thought, speech and expression in the Muslim system of law based on the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet (May Allah bless him), is that this freedom ends where the border line begins, designated by the law of the Most High.Предмет исследования. Исследуются отдельные аспекты реализациисвободы мысли, слова и выражения мнения, а также приемлемые границы ее ограничения. Отдельно рассматриваются вопросы свободы мысли, слова и выражения мнения в контексте религиозной составляющей, а именно ее характеристики в исламе. Достаточно подробно изучаются положения основных источников мусульманской системы права – Священного Корана и Сунны Пророка, да благословит его Аллах и приветствует. Юридический анализ по исследуемой проблематике проведен опираясь на доктринальные мнения, действующие российские и международные нормативно-правовые акты, позиции судебной практики, в том числе и Европейского Суда по правам человека. Приведена характеристика экстремизма через призму свободы мысли, слова и выражения мнения. Отмечено, что экстремистская деятельность выступает одним из последствий неверной интерпретации истинного осознания и восприятия свободы мысли, слова и выражения мнения.Цель исследования. Основной целью исследования является выяснение причин, являющихся источниками происхождения конфликтов в процессе реализации свободы мысли, слова и выражения мнения, и обоснование гипотезы о том, что свобода мысли, слова и выражения мнения должна иметь определенные границы, особенно в контексте влияния религиозного фактора.Методология исследования. Исследование построено на основе диалектического подхода к раскрытию правовых явлений и процессов с использованием общенаучных (системный, логический, анализ и синтез) и частнонаучных методов. В числе последних формально-юридический, лингво-юридический, сравнительно-правовой, которые нашли свое применение при правовом анализе проблематики реализации свободы мысли, слова и выражения мнения.Выводы. В качестве итога подчеркивается, что свобода мысли, слова и выражения мнения – это достижения современного человечества, одна из основ демократического строя и элемент гражданского общества. Гарантированная государством возможность реализации указанных свобод индивидами в социуме является залогом «здорового» в правовом смысле общества. Вместе с тем, как показывает практика, безграничная свобода приводит к ее злоупотреблению, тем самым к ущемлению свобод других индивидов, в связи с чем свобода слова и ее выражение предполагает наличие границ, которые очерчивает государство в интересах социума. Специфика реализации свободы мысли, слова и выражения мнения в мусульманской системе права, основанной на Священном Коране Сунне Пророка, да благословит его Аллах и приветствует, состоит в том, что такая свобода заканчивается там, где начинается линия границы, обозначенная посредством закона Всевышнего
Модель гибкого налогового администрирования и налоговый комплайенс
Get PDFThe subject. The author studies models of tax administration.The purpose of the article is to confirm or refute hypothesis that successful tax administration strategy consists a balanced combination of tax enforcement measures and positive incentives.The methodology of the study includes content analysis of the scientific papers prepared by European and American lawyers and economists.The main results, scope of application. Tax compliance is an essential component of a wellfunctioning tax system. The forms and methods by which states ensure tax compliance, and taxpayers try to avoid paying taxes, change significantly over time, due to the modernization of tax policy, changes in the alignment and transformation of economic forces, institutions, norms and technologies, Historically, tax relations have always been strictly vertical and hierarchical, relying on administrative-command methods of tax administration, and also characterized by retrospective tax audits and the threat of imposing harsh sanctions to ensure tax compliance. The one-sided nature and lack of flexibility of such a model, limited by the triad of regulatory instruments “obligation – control – responsibility”, was initially subjected to comprehensive criticism in the scientific community.Revolutionary transformations in public administration practice have an impact on all aspects of tax interactions, including tax compliance and tax administration. The global trend lies in the understanding that tax administration, in essence, should be expressed not in the confrontation between taxpayers and tax authorities, but in their dialogue, interaction and cooperation.The flexible tax administration model is based on new approaches to public administration based on a shift in emphasis from coercion to persuasion, from rigidity to flexibility, from “reactivity” to “proactivity”, from “influence” to “interaction” between managers and those controlled. Today, fiscal authorities are encouraged to adhere to a «cooperative approach» in dealing with taxpayers, based on principles such as dialogue, mutual understanding, impartiality, reciprocity, transparency, compromise and flexible response. At the same time, law-abiding behavior should be encouraged in every possible way, and unlawful behavior should be subject to increased discouragement.The doctrine of flexible tax administration advocates the development of trust in the relationship between taxpayers and tax authorities, offering the latter a wide range of tools to ensure tax compliance, and not limited to control and sanctions. The main mission of the state is to encourage taxpayers to partner with fiscal authorities and to voluntary compliance.For any state, the most desirable situation is the voluntary fulfillment of tax obligations by all participants in tax interactions, which makes it possible to minimize the size of the tax gap. Both persuasion and coercion as methods of tax administration have their pros and cons. Therefore, the key to a successful tax administration strategy is not abandoning one method in favor of another, but combining them in a balanced manner so that both methods cumulatively complement each other.Conclusions. In order to effectively increase the level of tax compliance, it is necessary to use a comprehensive tax-legal, organizational and informational toolkit, including both tax enforcement measures demonstrating the tax administration's determination to ensure tax compliance on the part of tax violators, and measures of positive incentives and rewards oriented for service support of law-abiding and conscientious taxpayers.Отмечается, что глобальный тренд современной налоговой политики заключается в понимании того, что налоговое администрирование по своей сути должно выражаться не в противостоянии налогоплательщиков и налоговых органов, но в их диалоге, взаимодействии и сотрудничестве. Фискальным органам рекомендуется придерживаться «сотруднических подходов» во взаимоотношениях с налогоплательщиками, основываясь на диалоге, взаимопонимании, беспристрастности, транспарентности и гибком реагировании. При этом законопослушное поведение должно всячески поощряться, неправомерное – подвергаться усиленному дестимулированию. И убеждение, и принуждение как методы налогового администрирования имеют свои плюсы и минусы. Поэтому ключ к успешной стратегии налогового администрирования – не отказ от одного метода в пользу другого, но их сбалансированное комбинирование, чтобы оба метода кумулятивно дополняли друг друга
Земли сельскохозяйственного назначения: цивилистический взгляд на социальное обязательство по их сохранению
Get PDFThe subject. Study focuses on the problem of conservation and efficient use of agricultural land. It is important for any state, but it is especially relevant for Russia, given the size of the country’s territory and the large proportion of arable land. Statistics shows a tendency to reduce the total area of arable land. This trend is especially alarming for the Krasnodar Region, the granary of Russia. In this regard, the scientific analysis of judicial and arbitration practice in cases related to the use of agricultural land is relevant. It is important to see the trends emerging in law enforcement and assess their importance for solving the overall task of preserving agricultural land.The purpose of the study is to identify a scientific civil basis for improving both legislation and law enforcement practice. The author puts forward a scientific hypothesis that a new stage of civil legal regulation should offer both the legislator and the judicial authorities a new idea that can be productively used, among other things, to solve the problem of conservation and efficient use of agricultural land.The methodology. The following methods were used in the research: general scientific dialectical, universal scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, abstraction, formal logical, system-structural), special legal methods (comparative legal, method of system interpretation, method of legal modeling.The main results, scope of application. The author describes the prospects of using a socially oriented model of civil law regulation. Such a functional approach brings to the fore a social obligation, the presence of which should be assumed in the content of each subjective civil right. The argumentation of social responsibility as an element of subjective law acquires special significance in relation to civil rights to land plots. In their implementation the perspective value is not the autonomy of the will and the power of the owner, but the preservation of the value of the land, including its fertile qualities, as well as the development of social relations in which the lands of this category participate. The theoretical idea of the social orientation of civil law regulation is of great importance for the emerging law enforcement practice, since it sets before the courts the task of considering social interests, including, of course, the general interest in preserving agricultural lands, including especially valuable and productive lands.Conclusions. A theoretical basis (scientific idea) is proposed for improving civil legislation and law enforcement practice, which can be fruitfully used for the conservation and effective use of agricultural land.Рассматриваются правовые проблемы сохранения и эффективного использования земель сельскохозяйственного назначения. Учитавая статистические данные, свидетельствующие о тенденции сокращения общей площади пахотных земель, дается научный анализ судебно-арбитражной практики по делам, связанным с использованием земель сельскохозяйственного назначения, с целью определить направленность складывающегося правоприменения и оценить его значение для решения общей задачи сохранения сельскохозяйственных угодий. Аргументируется идея социальной обязанности в качестве элемента правового статуса обладателя субъективного права, доказывая его важное значение для складывающейся правоприменительной практики и сохранения сельскохозяйственных земель, в том числе особо ценных и продуктивных
Использование спутников для дистанционного зондирования Земли: правовые проблемы и перспективы
Get PDFThe subject of the study incorporates the problems and prospects of remote sensing of the Earth, an analysis of the effectiveness of the international legal framework in this area is given in the article.General and special methods of legal analysis were used.The main results of the research include the proof that from a technical point of view, the definition and concept of remote sensing do not cause disagreement among professionals, but it was not possible to achieve consensus on the international legal status of remote sensing. It is not in the main sources of international space law. The Principles of Remote Sensing of 1986 are imperfect and outdated in many respects, although they remain the only universal international document regulating remote sensing, and have not been challenged for more than 30 years. A balance has been established between the interests of states on the main controversial issues, such as the relationship between freedom of space monitoring, state sovereignty and access to remote sensing data.The results are practically significant, as they can serve as the basis for new normative legal acts at the international level, in the long term it is important to further expand cooperation in the field of remote sensing within the UN and other international organizations, conclude regional and bilateral agreements and develop national legislation.The conclusion of the study is that the formation of the legal framework for remote sensing occurs by integrating the norms of "soft laws" into national laws, fixing them in international treaties and, as a consequence, the emergence of norms of customary law and norms of international law.Рассматриваются правовые проблемы и перспективы дистанционного зондирования Земли, дается анализ эффективности международно-правовой базы в этой области. Использовались общие и специальные методы правового анализа. Основные результаты работы заключаются в доказательстве того, что с технической точки зрения определение и концепция дистанционного зондирования не вызывают разногласий среди профессионалов, но достичь единства по международно-правовому статусу дистанционного зондирования не удалось: его нет в основных источниках международного космического права, а Принципы дистанционного зондирования 1986 г. во многих отношениях несовершенны и устарели, хотя и остаются единственным универсальным международным документом, регулирующим дистанционное зондирование, и не оспаривались более 30 лет. Установлен баланс интересов государств по основным спорным вопросам, таким как взаимосвязь между свободой космического мониторинга, государственным суверенитетом и доступом к данным дистанционного зондирования. Результаты практически значимы, так как могут служить основой новых нормативно-правовых актов международного уровня, в долгосрочной перспективе важно и дальше расширять сотрудничество в области дистанционного зондирования в рамках ООН и других международных организаций, заключать региональные и двусторонние соглашения и развивать национальное законодательство. Выводом исследования является положение, что формирование правовой базы дистанционного зондирования происходит путем интеграции норм «мягкого права» в национальные законы, закрепления их в международных договорах и, как следствие, появления норм обычного права и нормы международного права
Типичные коррупционные проявления при уголовном преследовании предпринимателей
Get PDFThe subject. The study is devoted to the study of corruption aspect of criminal prosecution of entrepreneurs in Russia.The aim of this paper is to identify typical corrupt practices in the criminal prosecution of entrepreneurs, to investigate their causes, as well as to formulate recommendations for minimizing the identified practices of abuse.The methodology. The author analyzes the cases of criminal prosecution of entrepreneurs who have filed appeals to the Center for Public Procedures "Business Against Corruption", the Center "Protection of Business". These public platforms act as filters of appeals for unwarranted criminal prosecution. In case of confirmation of the facts of illegal use of criminal law instruments in relation to an entrepreneur, the appeal with the attached expertise is sent to the Commissioner for the Protection of Entrepreneurs' Rights.The main results, scope of application. To corrupt practices in the field of criminal prosecution of entrepreneurs the author included the following: unreasonable use of preventive measures in the form of detention in contravention of the direct prohibition of pt. 1.1 of the art. 108 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation; ignoring the fact of committing a crime in the field of business and as a consequence qualification of the crime not by special business, but by common crimes; "superficial" preliminary investigation, resulting in criminal proceedings without due cause; ignoring the prejudicial facts established by arbitration courts in criminal proceedings; unreasonable imputing the commission of an intentional act.The reasons for the corrupt practices highlighted and investigated by the author are such factors as the wording of the law and its interpretation, limitations and imprecision of the law, allowing discretion on the part of law enforcers; the established KPIs of law enforcement agencies that encourage "the pursuit of performance" and accusatory bias; declarative ethical standards adopted by public authorities and companies, i.e. the lack of effectively implemented instruments of integrity management; low level of public control over criminal proceedings.In order to minimize the above practices, it is necessary to further improve regulations, to stimulate ethical regulation in organizations; to modernize the metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies, focusing on non-departmental parameters; to significantly increase the role of the institution of business ombudsman as an additional guarantor of legal rights and interests of entrepreneurs, and to actively introduce digitalization tools, in particular, digital records of criminal cases.It is important to emphasize again that the author does not claim to cover all possible corrupt practices in the prosecution of entrepreneurs and their causes. For example, there is a vicious practice of reclassifying a witness in a criminal case after testifying as a suspect and subsequently as a defendant. Further research could look in more detail at each of these corrupt practices, identify and analyze additional practices, as well as explore opportunities for their mitigation. From the point of view of the applied implementation of the results of the study, it seems that they can be useful, on the one hand, to decision makers when improving criminal policy towards entrepreneurs, but also to entrepreneurs themselves to understand the potential criminal law risks that they may face and must minimize.Делается попытка составления перечня распространенных коррупционных проявлений при уголовном преследовании предпринимателей и причин их возникновения. На основе анализа кейсов федерального Центра общественных процедур «Бизнес против коррупции» и московского Центра «Защита бизнеса» выделяются такие коррупционные проявления, как необоснованное избрание меры пресечения, неверная квалификация факта совершения преступления в сфере предпринимательской деятельности, «поверхностная» доследственная проверка, игнорирование преюдициального значения фактов, установленных решениями арбитражных судов, необоснованное вменение совершения умышленного деяния. По результатам проведенной исследовательской работы сформулированы рекомендации по минимизации указанных коррупционных проявлений
Темпоральные нормы института банкротства
Get PDFIn the context of the burgeoning Russian insolvency law, the applicable regulations may undergo essential changes over a bankruptcy period due to lengthy insolvency procedures. In such case, a pivotal question for the bankruptcy participants is the application of legal developments that significantly affect the participants’ scope of rights and obligations to the initiated procedure.This study is aimed to develop and substantiate a unified procedure for the commencement of legal provisions governing the bankruptcy procedure.The following tasks promote the above purpose:1) Determining applied options of commencement of amendments to the Insolvency Law;2) Weighing strengths and weaknesses of the determined options;3) Concluding on the most suitable procedure for commencement of amendments in these legal relationships.The analysis of amendments to the Insolvency Law highlights the absence of a legislator’s unified approach. The article outlines seven models of amendments commencement used by the legislator:1) amendments to the Insolvency Law do not describe the commencement procedure, so the general rule applies here: entry into force after ten days upon the date of their official publication;2) amendments to the Insolvency Law explicitly specify the date of entry into force or the period on the expiry of which the amendments enter into force;3) amendments to the Insolvency Law enter into force on the day of their official publication;4) amendments to the Insolvency Law apply in bankruptcy cases in which proceedings are initiated after the date of the amendments commencement;5) amendments to the Insolvency Law single out a cluster of legal relationships (e.g. legal relationships in current costs accounting) to which the amendments apply immediately (which is an exception to the general term of amendments commencement);6) amendments to the Insolvency Law specify legal facts, given which a new version of the law shall or shall not apply; in particular, the legislator has used the following jural facts (1) the beginning of settlements with creditors of the third priority; (2) the completion of a monitoring procedure in relation to an indebted developer;7) amendments to the Insolvency Law imply an extension of new rules to earlier existing legal relationships.Following the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of the given models the authors believe that a new legal regulation (if any) shall be recognized when the bankruptcy case moves from one procedure to another. At the date of transition, the current version of the law in force is determined, its reference indicated in the judicial act. This mechanism allows the parties to the legal relationship to know with certainty the legal assessment from the judicial act and to build on the new legal regulation in their line of conduct. In the event of a fundamental change in the law, the parties will be protected by the current procedure as a temporary safeguard.This will make the bankruptcy procedure foreseeable for the parties and prevent unpredictable risks that did not exist at the initiation of the bankruptcy proceedings.Рассматривается законодательство о банкротстве, относящееся к наиболее динамично развивающимся сферам правового регулирования. Длительность процедур несостоятельности обусловливает возникновение ситуации, когда за период банкротства применимое законодательство претерпевает существенные изменения. В этом случае для участников дела о банкротстве принципиальным становится вопрос о применении к возбужденной процедуре нововведений, существенным образом влияющих на комплекс прав и обязанностей ее участников. Проведенный анализ изменяющих законодательство о банкротстве норм позволяет констатировать отсутствие единого подхода законодателя к установлению правил их применения. Указывается на необходимость разработки единого критерия применения новых норм о банкротстве, предлагается вариант решения обозначенной проблемы