Law Enforcement Review / Правоприменение
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Болезнь как уважительная причина восстановления срока принятия наследства
Get PDFThe subject. Compliance with the term for the implementation of the inheritance rights for persons wishing to become successors of a deceased citizen is an important condition for acquiring rights to hereditary property. Nevertheless, frequently, owing to various reasons, citizens from among the heirs cannot comply with the procedure established by law, which, in most cases, engenders the need referring to the court with a inquire about extension of the deadline to recognize the right to inherited property. The court will be able to satisfy the stated requirements if there is a valid reason, which prevented the heir from exercising his right.The purpose of the article.The authorsdare to determine whether a disease, including a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, can be considered as a respectful reason for a recovery period for acceptance of the inheritance. The established objective has determined the need to solve the following tasks: (1) to analyze the legal reasoning of the disputed issue in the doctrine; (2) to study jurisprudence on the subject of the study; (3) to assess how fully the rules of Article 1155 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are applicable in relation to the citizens from whom it is potentially impossible to get out of a diseased state; (4) to offer our own perspective on the issue.Research methods are systematic approach and formal legal analysis of doctrinal sources and the existing Russian legislation and law application practice.The main results of a study. It is shown that not every painful condition can be regarded as a valid reason for restoring the term of inheritance acceptance under Article 1155 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The existing science means do not allow us to formulate a final conclusion on the issue under study. Therefore, taking into account the evaluative nature of the rule applied, only the law enforcement body is able to make a decision, fully analyzing the relevant circumstances.Conclusions.When considering cases on the restoration of the term of acceptance of inheritance due to illness, the courts need to take into account a combination of factors: the nature of the disease, its duration, treatment conditions, prognosis of the disease, the degree of social adaptation of the heir. The rules of Article 1155 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation regarding the establishment of a six-month period for applying to the court need to be revised. Their use is unjustified, and compliance is impossible in the event that a person's exit from a painful state is not expected, while due to the course of the disease, the heir is unable to declare his rights.На основе анализа правоприменительной практики, статистических данных, доктринальных суждений показаны особенности применения ст. 1155 Гражданского кодекса РФ. Посредством использования общенаучных (обобщение, анализ, синтез и др.) и частнонаучных методов (формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой и др.) доказано, что выяснение того, насколько та или иная болезнь действительно мешала своевременному осуществлению права наследования, представляет в ряде случаев значительную сложность. Поэтому судам необходимо учитывать совокупность факторов: характер заболевания, его длительность, условия лечения, прогноз развития заболевания, степень социальной адаптации наследника
О доступной среде в муниципальных образованиях Российской Федерации
Get PDFThe subject. This article discusses the main issues related to the competence of local governments in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled.Methodology. The paper analyzes the federal legislation regulating the powers of local self-government bodies in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled, and discusses the essence of these powers.Main results, scope of application. The powers of local self-government bodies in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled should be considered, first of all, as the powers of the owner.At the same time, the powers of the owner are not the only powers of local governments in this area. Local self-government bodies participate in activities to ensure that disabled people living on the territory of the relevant municipalities have equal opportunities with other citizens in the exercise of their rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Based on this, local self-government bodies should participate in providing an accessible environment for disabled people not only on municipal property, but also on the territory of the municipality as a whole, together with state authorities and organizations.The second group of powers of local self-government bodies in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled can include: (1) the powers of local self-government bodies, which are implemented by them when granting local self-government bodies separate state powers in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled; (2) the powers of local self-government bodies, which are implemented by them jointly with the state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation at the expense of subsidies from the regional budget as part of the implementation of measures of the state programs of the subjects of the Russian Federation on the accessible environment; (3) the powers of local self-government bodies to participate, together with public organizations of disabled people, in the work on certification of priority facilities and services in priority areas of life of disabled people and other low-mobility groups of the population, carried out by state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation.Conclusions. When considering the issue of the essence of the powers of local self-government bodies in the field of providing an accessible environment for the disabled, based on the analysis of the practice of the Russian Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court, it was revealed that by their nature these powers, as a rule, are neither separate state powers transferred to local self-government bodies for implementation, nor their own powers of local self-government bodies to address issues of local importance.Рассматриваются основные вопросы, связанные с компетенцией органов местного самоуправления в сфере обеспечения доступной среды для инвалидов. Дается анализ федерального законодательства, регулирующего полномочия органов местного самоуправления в сфере обеспечения доступной среды для инвалидов, рассматриваются вопросы о сущности указанных полномочий
Интеграция законодательства о противодействии налоговым преступлениям в Европейском Союзе: возможности и ограничения
Get PDFThe subject. The article examines the norms of the current tax and criminal legislation of the EU, the experience of which in the future may be in demand in the process of integrating the legal regulation systems of the EAEU states when developing issues of countering tax crimes. The subject of the article is to analyze the problems of: methodology of tax crime research in the EU and data sampling criteria; integration of national tax systems; definition of tax crime in the EU; spread of VAT fraud.Modern law enforcement practice is analyzed using the system-logical method, which indicates the complication of forms of tax evasion and concealment of actual financial and economic transactions.The main results. It is noted that the need for effective law enforcement to ensure the financial stability of states, to counteract distortions of competition resulting from tax evasion is due to the organized and highly structured nature of a significant part of tax crimes, the expansion of the scale of cross-border tax crimes involving foreign elements. The European legislation does not contain a definition of a tax offense as such, but contains a list of types of behavior with specific descriptions of prohibited behavior. It seems that national legislators deliberately preserve a certain amount of ambiguity between prohibited and permitted tax evasion, offering a broad definition of tax evasion, since narrow specifics in the definition of such offenses can lead to undesirable impunity, exclude a flexible approach in responding to changes in this area of legal relations.As a result of the application of the formal legal approach and comparative analysis, conclusions were obtained that, subject to careful preliminary research and practical verification, successful decisions in the field of combating tax evasion and tax fraud adopted in some jurisdictions can be used to improve the legislative provisions of other states.Рассматриваются нормы налогового и уголовного законодательства ЕС, опыт применения которых в перспективе может быть востребован в процессе интеграции систем правового регулирования государств ЕАЭС при разработке вопросов противодействия налоговым преступлениям. Исследование показывает, что при условии тщательного предварительного анализа и практической проверки успешные решения в сфере борьбы с уклонением от уплаты налогов и налоговыми мошенничествами, принятые в одних юрисдикциях, могут быть использованы для совершенствования законодательных положений других государств
Оценка эффективности моделей стимулирующих правовых режимов предпринимательской деятельности в сфере цифровых инноваций и технологий
Get PDFSubject. The article explores the issues of assessing the effectiveness of models of incentive legal regimes of entrepreneurial activity in the sphere of digital innovations and technologies.Purpose. The purpose of the study was to develop approaches to determining the effectiveness of incentive legal regimes of entrepreneurial activity in the field of digital innovation and technology, as well as to develop criteria and methods for evaluating existing models of these legal regimes.Methodology. The methodological basis of this study are general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction), private scientific methods (interpretation of legal acts), as well as content analysis, study of reports and analytical references of governmental organizations.Results. The general approaches to assessing the effectiveness of law and legislation existing both in Russia and abroad are analyzed. The author defines the types of effectiveness of incentive legal regimes of entrepreneurial activity in the sphere of digital innovations and technologies, as well as their criteria. The author's methodology for assessing the effectiveness of incentive legal regimes in the sphere of digital innovations and technologies is proposed.Conclusions. The methodology proposed in this study for assessing the effectiveness of such legal regimes can be used as part of the actual impact assessment, and the conclusions reached by the authors may form the basis for further future research on legal regimes for entrepreneurial activity.Исследуются вопросы оценки эффективности моделей стимулирующих правовых режимов предпринимательской деятельности в сфере цифровых инноваций и технологий. Проанализированы общие подходы к оценке эффективности права и законодательства, существующие как в России, так и за рубежом. Определены виды эффективности стимулирующих правовых режимов предпринимательской деятельности в сфере цифровых инноваций и технологий, а также их критерии. Предложена авторская методика оценки эффективности стимулирующих правовых режимов в сфере цифровых инноваций и технологи
Принцип законности и положение «судья подчиняется закону» в контексте доктрины развития права contra legem
Get PDFThe research subject. This study focuses on the correlation between the doctrine of development of law contra legem and the principle of legality, with a specific emphasis on the position that “judge submits to the law”.The purpose of the research. The objective of this research is to examine the compatibility of the doctrine of development of law contra legem with the principle of legality and evaluate the applicability of the "fourteen-year-old child" formula in assessing legislative regulations.Methodology. This research utilizes a legal analysis and conceptual examination of the doctrine of development of law contra legem and the principle of legality. It also involves a comparative analysis of legal principles within the post-Soviet context.Main results of the research. The analysis reveals that strict adherence to the principle of legality may not always align with societal interests. The doctrine of development of law contra legem provides an exception to the principle, allowing judges to evaluate and challenge the illogicality or unfairness of legislative regulations. The "fourteen-year-old child" formula, with its low standards for determining such flaws, safeguards judicial independence and shields judges from potential political pressures.Scope of application. The findings of this research can be applied within the legal framework, particularly in post-Soviet jurisdictions, where the interplay between the principle of legality and the doctrine of development of law contra legem is of significant relevance.Conclusion. The strict fulfillment of the requirements of the law (legality) is not a goal, but a means of ensuring the certainty and stability of the rule of law, the harmonization of public life. Based on the doctrine of the development of law contra legem, the communication of the post-Soviet judge and legislator should be viewed from the perspective of a three-layered relationship of “subordination – cooperation – opposition”.Рассматривается соотношение доктрины развития права contra legem и принципа законности, положения «судья подчиняется закону». Анализируя принцип законности с точки зрения максимы «пусть гибнет мир, но торжествует закон», автор приходит к выводу, что неукоснительное выполнение требований закона (законность) – не цель, а средство. Если неукоснительное соблюдение принципа законности может иметь для общества губительное значение, то из принципа законности нужно сделать исключение и заявить: «пусть закон проиграет, но мир не погибнет».Все принципы права, включая принцип законности, имеют исключения. Единственным допустимым исключением из принципа законности и положения «судья подчиняется закону» является доктрина развития права contra legem.Постсоветский судья, основываясь на доктрине развития права contra legem, может оценить вопиющую нелогичность или несправедливость законодательного регулирования по формуле «четырнадцатилетнего ребенка», стандарты которого настолько низки, что избавят судью от возможной «агрессии» политической власти
Перипетии трансформации университетского юридического образования в первый период советской власти (1917 – 1920-е гг.)
Get PDFThe subject. The article examines the history of the formation of university legal education in a very difficult period of the first years of Soviet power (1917-1930), in which it was subjected to great trials.The purpose of the article is to reveal the causes, forms and confrontational nature of the relationship between the Soviet government and the university community in the first time after the October Revolution.Methodology. A series of structural experiments is analyzed, some of them are illustrated on materials, including archival ones, of Petrograd (Leningrad) University, which was at that time one of the largest universities in the country.Main results. The difficulties of transformation in 1918-1919 of law faculties of universities into legal departments of a new organizational form – faculties of social sciences are shown. Legal departments structurally included, as a rule, two cycles: judicial and administrative. The term of study was reduced to 3 years. Legal departments were created with the aim of forming new legal personnel for "socialist construction". The conditions of admission and the content of students' education are changing. In the beginning, absolutely everyone could study at universities, regardless of citizenship and gender, who had reached the age of 16. Entrance exams were canceled, even documents on secondary education were optional. The status of teachers has changed significantly. Lectures and seminars were mostly replaced by the "brigade-laboratory method" of teaching: the teaching material was studied by teams of a dozen students led by a foreman; the tasks involved independent study of literature and analysis of practical incidents; the teacher was involved in the process only if students had difficulties. Another innovation was the practice of students in justice institutions organized since 1922. However, the faculties of social sciences did not meet the expectations of the Soviet government and in the mid-1920s they were closed. Instead, faculties of Soviet law were opened at universities with two departments – judicial and economic and administrative. They were also closed in 1930-1931. Instead, specialized legal institutions were created under the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Justice.Conclusions. Despite all the government search experiments with their mistakes and failures, the liquidation of university law faculties in the 1930s and early 1940s, since the 1940s, the training of lawyers at universities has nevertheless been resumed, continuing the traditions of the centuries-old domestic law school to provide the country with highly qualified legal personnel.Юридическое образование в первые годы советской власти подверглось большим испытаниям как правотворческого, так и правоприменительного характера. В статье раскрываются причины, формы и конфронтационный характер взаимоотношений между советской властью и университетским сообществом в первое время после Октябрьской революции, негативное отношение новой власти и профессорского корпуса друг к другу. Проанализирована череда структурных экспериментов, часть из них проиллюстрирована на материалах, в том числе архивных, Петроградского / Ленинградского университета, являвшегося в то время одним из крупнейших вузов страны. Прослежены особенности преобразования юридических факультетов в правовые отделения факультетов общественных наук, в том числе изменения условий приема и содержания обучения, статуса преподавателей. Проанализирована деятельность сменивших факультеты общественных наук факультетов советского права, раскрыты причины и последствия их закрытия в 1930 г
Состязательное соблюдение Россией и США Договора по космосу 1967 г.
Get PDFIntroduction. Thе Russian Federation and the USA, being parties to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, in their national legal acts refer to this source. Each of these states recognizes that the 1967 Outer Space regime is to be perfected, while having different legal outer space policy. The USA is a leader of the military outer space infrastructure and of creation national outer space legislation and separate international agreements (“The Artemis Accords”), thus imposing its own track to develop the 1967 Treaty.Materials and methods. This research addresses relevant international documents on international space law as well as acts of national legislation pertaining to the topic. Research results. In modern political conditions the quality of a state defense and its economic development is linked to the efficiency of the outer space infrastructure, including communication and reconnaissance satellites. While the U.S. intends to achieve military supremacy in the outer space, the 1967 Treaty seems to be a barrier to such intention although the U.S. provides its own interpretation of the Treaty. Another significant area of competition between Russia and USA in the outer space legal policy is the observance of the natural resources treaty provisions. According to the USA, a state is entitled unilaterally exploit the space resources, and its persons are entitled to commercial use of such resources based on national law. This position of the United States resulted in creation of its national legislation opportunities for natural resources activities in outer space. The Russian Federation continues to defend multilateral approach to the exploitation of space resources and to call upon strictly observance of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. There are also competitive legal positions of the USA and Russia relating to the notion of “common province of mankind” provided by the 1967 Treaty.The main results. In this context, the paper after providing prolegomena to the competitive principle in international law, suggests some theoretical ideas for perfecting of the legal position of the Russian Federation as a response to the modern outer space legal policy of the USA.Discussion and conclusions. In the legal literature on this issue different views are assessed – from a radical rejection of the US model of behavior and continuation of efforts to strengthen the 1967 Treaty regime, to proposals to adopt a new national Russian legislation providing rights of persons to exploit the natural resources of celestial bodies, thus provid-ing incentives for private investors. This track leads to more competition with the USA, observing at the same time the 1967 Treaty as the “corpus juris specialis”.Будучи участниками Договора по космосу 1967 г., Россия и США проводят состязательную политику по совершенствованию режима, созданного указанным договором. Международно-правовая политика США нацелена на «уточнение» этого режима посредством сепаратных соглашений «Артемида». В статье исследуется, как оптимальнее для России реагировать на это в контексте договорных положений о мирном использовании космоса и о неприсвоении природных ресурсов небесных тел
Повышение гражданского участия в общественном контроле на муниципальном уровне
Get PDFThe subject of the research is public control, which is considered to be a modern instrument of citizens' participation in the cases of local self-government. It significantly complements the basic mechanisms of direct democracy at the municipal level, providing the population with the opportunity to evaluate the activities of local authorities.The purpose of the study is to consider public control from the perspective of its implementation at the municipal level. The key task is to find and justify additional subjects close to this level, revealing new opportunities for a more active response of residents to the short-comings of the local authorities. The most important in this series is the definition of citizens’ role and the public structures they create in the implementation of public control. Another significant task is to develop recommendations for improving the legal regulation of public control at the municipal level.The methodology. The solution of the set tasks is supposed to be carried out using a number of cognition methods with the analysis as the leading one. It has become determinant in the study of scientific sources and the empirical base. The doctrinal method was used to study the opinions of legal scholars on the issue under discussion. Working with legislation regulating public control was based on a formal and logical method. To formulate the research conclusions the authors used general scientific methods of synthesis and analogy, as well as general-to-specific method.The main results. The analysis showed that the public chambers (councils) of municipalities created by local governments to exercise public control are to a certain extent dependent on these bodies. We focused on more independent segments of the local community that are not included in the law, but show examples of social activity. The resource of society increases many times if three new subjects at the municipal level are given legislative access to public control: citizens, local public associations, and organized groups of citizens – territorial public self-governments that successfully operate in the local territories of municipalities. Conclusions. The recommendations presented in the study are the basis for improving domestic legislation on public control and local self-government. Filling in the legislative gaps should have a positive impact on law enforcement practice. The practical nature of the received conclusions and proposals is that they open up new opportunities for the representatives of the local community: (a) to protect their rights and legitimate interests with the help of the tools of public control; (b) to promptly correct mistakes and miscalculations of local authorities. The authors are convinced that the development of democracy on the scale of such a huge state as the Russian Federation should start with a small entity — its entrance hall, street, neighborhood, settlement, and city.Один из новых демократических институтов России – общественный контроль – рассматривается с позиций его реализации на муниципальном уровне. Анализируется законодательно закрепленный перечень субъектов, уполномоченных осуществлять контрольные мероприятия. Установлено, что унифицированный субъектный состав, замыкающийся в основном на общественных палатах (советах), не учитывает специфику местного самоуправления. С целью активизации гражданского участия в контроле и оценке деятельности власти на муниципальном уровне рассматривается незадействованный ресурс местного сообщества, отдельные сегменты которого и сейчас показывают примеры общественной активности. На этой основе вносятся предложения о законодательном расширении перечня потенциальных субъектов общественного контроля
От социального противоречия к социальной конкуренции – базовому правовому режиму (способу) жизнедеятельности государства (Часть I)
Get PDFThe subject of the article is social competition as a natural mechanism for resolving social contradictions that arise and exist in society.The aim of the article is to confirm or refute hypothesis that the resolution of social contra- dictions is a kind of legal regime for the realization of property as the fundamental purpose of the existence of the stateAccording to the author's methodology of normative structuralism, the assignment to each mode of property organization of a specific function (social development function, social compromise (convergence) function, social security function) generated the corresponding potential for the emergence and existence of social contradictions, where the state as an artificial (reasonable) sufficiency had to direct the energy of the said contradictions into the normative-legal channel and thus ensure the existence of social competition.The main results. The restriction and leveling of social competition and the transition to domination as the basic legal regime (mode) of statehood destroys the natural mechanism for resolving social contradictions and transfers this mechanism to the plane of directive political and ideological expediency. As a result, the power of the structural organization of the state is transformed into a goal of its existence, and property only into a means of real- izing this goal. There is a disavowal of property as a fundamental goal of the existence of the state; the escalation of its imperialization begins, triggering the destruction of social competition as the basic legal regime (mode) of life. There is a danger of an existential rup- ture between the three most important social institutions of human civilization: property, competition, and the state.Society, constituting the creation of the state as artificial (reasonable) sufficiency, through the functioning of the structural organization of power has fixed the fundamental purpose of existence - property in the form of an integral structural platform of the main ways of its organization (private (individualized), mixed (corporate), general (collective)), assigning to each of them the execution of the corresponding social function.Conclusions. Society, realizing the existence of a social contradiction, purposefully forms appropriate ways (rules) to overcome them to ensure its progressive development. The es- sence of the legal regime as the existence of the resolution of this social contradiction can be defined by the concept of “competition”. Представлена первая часть исследования социальной конкуренции как естественного механизма разрешения социальных противоречий, которые возникают и существуют в обществе. Автор считает разрешение социальных противоречий своеобразным правовым режимом реализации собственности как фундаментальной цели существования государства. Согласно авторской методологии нормативного структурализма, присвоение каждому способу организации собственности определенной функции (функции социального развития, функции социального компромисса, функции социального обеспечения) породило соответствующий потенциал для возникновения и существования социальных противоречий, а государство должно направлять энергию указанных противоречий в нормативно-правовое русло и тем самым обеспечивать существование социальной конкуренции
Теоретические подходы к основаниям дифференциации в трудовом праве
Get PDFThe subject. Differentiation in the science of labor law is examined as a feature of its sources; it is named among the principles of the branch and features of the method of legal regulation. The article analyzes the formation and development of the doctrine of differentiation (with an emphasis on its foundations) in the science of Soviet labor law, as well as modern problematic aspects of differentiation in labor law. Alongside the traditional division of the grounds for differentiation into objective and subjective, in the modern science of labor law it is proposed to conduct it on the basis of the structure of the employment relationship and the factor of working conditions. Subjective differentiation is proposed to be associated not only with the personal characteristics of citizens who are the subjects of employment legal relations, but also with the individual characteristics of the employer.Purpose of the study. It is proposed to specify the criteria according to which the grounds for differentiation are divided into objective and subjective ones (whether the need for special regulation is dictated by the specifics of work or is related to the special qualities of an employee). In addition, proposals are made to improve labour law in order to ensure the effective protection of labour rights.Methodology. The research was carried out with the application of the formally legal interpretation of legal acts as well as the comparative analysis of Russian and European legal literature. Method of rather-legal analysis are also the basis of the research.The main results. Thus, the criterion at the foundation of classification of differentiation factors of labour law norms is fairly obvious: whether the need for special regulation is dictated by the specifics of work (that said it does not matter which person will perform it) or whether the specificity of legal regulation is related specifically to the special characteristics of the employee and will appear regardless of the nature of his work.Consequently, employee's loss of special status entails termination of the specific rules of labour law, regardless of the will of the employer. At the same time, it is advisable to amend the Labor Code of the Russian Federation by establishing the obligation of the employee to inform the employer of such legally significant changes within a reasonable time. At the same time, the norms establishing benefits in respect of such employees should cease to be effective from the moment the employee loses his/her special status (e.g. due to removal of disability, termination of powers as a member of an election commission or member of an elected body of a trade union), while the rules imposing additional obligations and restrictions on the employee may be linked to the moment the employee notifies the employer.Conclusions. The authors clarified the criteria for classification the grounds for differentiation in labour law and, as a result, proposed amendments to labour law.Анализируется становление и развитие учения о дифференциации в трудовом праве. На примере практики применения норм об особенностях правового регулирования труда лиц, работающих по совместительству, показано, как ошибочное понимание основания дифференциации правового регулирования их труда приводит к нарушению трудовых прав указанных лиц. В этой связи предлагается уточнить критерии, по которым основания дифференциации разделяются на объективные и субъектные