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The Persecution of the French Huguenots
No full textAt the start of the sixteenth century, the French Protestants, also known as Huguenots, came to play a major role in the history of France, threatening the overarching power of the Catholic Church, and inadvertently, the power of the French monarchy. Strongly influenced by Reformation leader and theologian, Jean Calvin, this new religious movement suffered immense persecution in France throughout all periods of their existence. Although the Edict of Nantes (1589) temporarily granted religious tolerance to the Huguenots, it was subsequently revoked during the reign of Louis XIV in 1685, and the persecution and violence worsened. During this time, many Huguenots who were mostly tradesmen and members of the bourgeoisie decided to flee France, taking refuge in countries that would later reap the benefits of their skills and industriousness. Not only was the persecution of the Huguenots unjust, but it also caused a major economic downturn in France and deteriorated the reputation of the French monarchy in Europe. This research explores the reasons behind the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the manner in which the Huguenots were persecuted, and the consequences of the Huguenot exodus from France
“Instrumentos”: Perspectives of the Study of Literature as a Tool in Multicultural Education for the Mapuche Communities of Southern Chile
Get PDFIn 1861, the Chilean national state occupied the southern territory of the country, beginning a process of violent subjugation of the indigenous Mapuche people. Traditionally, schools were a place to impose the majority culture and systematically discourage the Mapuche language and cultural practices. The past few decades have seen a national movement for intercultural education as a platform for the revitalization of Mapuche traditions and lifestyle. Through interviews with teachers in the intercultural education field and education students at the Universidad Católica de Temuco and through a case study at the elementary school Escuela G-539 in the rural Mapuche community of Chapod, this investigation examines the current application of Mapuche culture in educational settings and the perspectives of relevant actors on its future. It focuses on the study of literature and argues that this subject area can provide a space to incorporate the culture in various arenas. Analyzed aspects include the incorporation of Mapudungun, the Mapuche language, to preserve the language and provide an authentic learning environment, traditional oral educational techniques in a literature and language arts context, and Mapuche storytelling in the classroom
Analysis of 13Be Created by a Charge Exchange Reaction
No full textThe traditional way of creating neutron-unbound nuclei involves the removal of one or more nucleons from a fast beam. This method often results in a background that makes it difficult to identify the particle of interest. This process also requires starting with beams that are heavier than the particle of interest, which are unstable, difficult to make, and have low-intensities. To avoid these obstacles, experiments can be done with a more unorthodox entrance channel as was done in the present work. Here, 13Be was produced via a charge exchange reaction. A beam of 13B ions at 75MeV/u was produced by the cyclotrons and A1900 fragment separator at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University. When this 13B beam hit the 47 mg/cm2 9Be target many reactions occurred including a charge exchange reaction that made 13Be. The 13Be decayed to 12Be + n in approximately 10-20s. The neutrons were detected by either the Modular Neutron Array (MoNA) or Large multi-Institution Scintillator Array (LISA), and the 12Be fragment nuclei’s paths were directed by a 4T superconducting sweeper magnet through an array of charged particle detectors. The two four-momentum vectors (for the fragment nucleus and the neutron) are calculated to determine the decay energy of 13Be which will be compared with previous results. The cross-section for the charge exchange process will be calculated from the number of 13Be events
The Electrodeposition and Dealloying of NiCu Films for Catalytic Methanol Oxidation Activity
No full textCatalytic nanostructures have seen a surge of interest in the past decade. With Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), the surface area, topography, and composition of these nanostructures can be characterized. The accessibility of these instruments has generated interest involving the interactive effects of surface topography and catalytic activity of binary alloys. The research conducted involved electrodepositing, dealloying, and characterizing various nickel-copper binary alloys for methanol oxidation applications. By dealloying copper out of the sample through Controlled Potential Electrolysis (CPE), a high-surface nanoporous material was fabricated. Utilizing Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), the oxidation of methanol was analyzed before and after dealloying to determine whether porosity enhanced the catalytic efficiency. These samples were also characterized via SEM/EDS before and after dealloying
Relationships and Transgressions: The Impact of Offender Relationship and Forgiveness on Written Language, Mental Health, and Flourishing
No full textTransgressions within relationships impact an individual’s daily life. When an offense occurs, forgiveness toward the offender is shown to have positive influences on the victim’s mental health and flourishing. This study is designed to further examine the impact of the victim’s relationship with the offender on forgiveness, as well as the effect of forgiveness on written language, mental health, and flourishing. Questionnaire and free response writing methods were employed for data collection. Participants came in for two sessions spaced one week apart and completed a survey at each visit. The surveys included questions about a particular offense, their relationship to the offender, levels of depression and anxiety, flourishing, and satisfaction with life. Discussion of the offender relationship included questions about closeness, commitment, and importance of the relationship. In addition, subjects engaged in mental imagery about the offense. Following the imagery, they described their thoughts, feelings, physical reactions, and what they would want to do or say in response to the offense and offender. We predict that the levels of closeness, commitment, and importance in the offender relationship will predict levels of forgiveness. We then expect that relationship characteristics will be related to written language use and changes in mental health. We hypothesize relationship characteristics will positively predict changes in flourishing and words conveying positive affect, social orientation, benefit-finding, forgiveness, and gratitude. Conversely, we expect relationship characteristics to negatively predict changes in anxiety, depression, and words conveying negative affect and cost. Furthermore, we predict that forgiveness will mediate the effects of relationship characteristics on written language, and relationship characteristics on mental health
Religiosity, Body Image, and Perfectionism
No full textMedia images of thin women present a challenge to women’s body esteem. This study examined the relationships among religiosity, perfectionism, basing self-worth on beauty, and body esteem in college women. We expected to see the groups most threatened after viewing images of thin models to be heavy women, women who based self-worth on beauty, and perfectionist groups (i.e., people who heavily weigh others’ opinions of them). Individuals high in religiosity (i.e., basing self-worth in God, high religious commitment) should not be as affected by seeing thin models. We also examined the extent to which people preserved self-worth by shifting importance to other non-threatening domains. We report our preliminary analysis of 55 women from Hope College
Efficient Access To 3-substituted-gamma-hydroxylactams: The Uncatalyzed Addition Of Diorganozinc Reagents To Cyclic Imides With Heterocyclic Substitution
No full textA range of 3-substituted-gamma-hydroxylactams have been prepared via the uncatalyzed addition of organo-zinc nucleophiles to cyclic imides. This reactivity is primarily limited to imides containing heterocyclic N-substitution, but proceeds efficiently with a variety of diorganozinc reagents, including those prepared and utilized without purification, as well as organozinc halides. It is hypothesized that the presence of a Lewis basic directing group is required for optimum reactivity. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
The Effects Of Income Source, Context, And Income Level On Tax Compliance Decisions In A Dynamic Experiment
No full textThis study employs a laboratory experiment to explore the joint effect of income source (earned versus endowed) and decision context (tax versus nontax) on tax compliance behavior. During the experiment, subjects faced various income levels and made multiple reporting decisions. The results indicate that overall compliance is not significantly affected by the interaction of income source and context. However, this joint effect influences the relationship between income level and compliance and how compliance behavior evolves over time. In both cases, the treatment group with earned income in a tax context displays behavior that is distinct from the other three groups
The Complexity Of Pebbling Reachability And Solvability In Planar And Outerplanar Graphs
No full textGiven a simple, connected graph, a pebbling configuration is a function from its vertex set to the nonnegative integers. A pebbling move between adjacent vertices removes two pebbles from one vertex and adds one pebble to the other. A vertex r is said to be reachable from a configuration if there exists a sequence of pebbling moves that places at least one pebble on r. A configuration is solvable if every vertex is reachable. We prove that determining reachability of a vertex and solvability of a configuration are NP-complete on planar graphs. We also prove that both reachability and solvability can be determined in O(n6)time on planar graphs with diameter two. Finally, for outerplanar graphs, we present a linear algorithm for determining reachability and a quadratic algorithm for determining solvability. To prove this result, we provide linear algorithms to determine all possible maximal configurations of pebbles that can be placed on the endpoints of a path and on two adjacent vertices in a cycle