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The Effect of Automatic and Controlled Processing Metaphorical Sentences on the N400: An Event Related Potentials Study
No full textWe compared automatic and controlled processing of metaphors using literal and metaphorical sentences, a varied inter-stimulus interval (ISI) and related and unrelated word pairs. To assess the difference between automatic and controlled processing, we manipulated the ISI, which was either 100 ms (short) or 1400 ms (long). Previous research has shown that an ISI of 100 ms elicits automatic processing while an ISI of 1400 ms elicits controlled processing. Stimuli were literal sentences (The penetrating needle was painful) or metaphorical sentences (The principal’s eyes were knives) paired with a related word (pierce) or unrelated word (rosy). Literal sentences paired with related words were the control sentences. We examined the differences using event-related potentials (ERP) derived from an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures electrical activity at the scalp. The dependent measure was the amplitude of the N400, a negative waveform that occurs approximately 400 ms after the presentation of the stimulus. A larger N400 amplitude indicates greater difficulty in understanding the semantic context of the target word stimulus. We hypothesized that metaphorical sentences with an ISI of 1400 ms will have a larger N400 than literal sentences with an ISI of 100 ms because both controlled processing and processing of metaphors require greater cognitive effort. These findings will help us understand the differences in automatic versus controlled processing of figurative language in college controls. We plan to extend this study to participants with autism in order to better understand the literal bias of autism spectrum disorder
Milk and Medicine Evaluation
Get PDFThe HIV and AIDS epidemic sweeping through Africa has taken an especially hard hit on Zambia. The disease has played a dramatic role in this nation’s identity and future, leaving many children orphaned. According to the Central Statistical Office of Zambia, 54.2% of children aged 3-59 months were considered malnourished in 2006. The purpose of this research is to evaluate a community-based feeding program in Lusaka, Zambia for AIDS orphans and other undernourished children. Since it was implemented in 2004 by the Christian Alliance for Children in Zambia (CACZ), the Milk and Medicine Program has provided formula, nutritional supplements, medicine and social work support to over 300 children in this AIDS-stricken region of the world. The longitudinal nature of the data set and a series of in-person interviews with program participants and leaders provided the grounds for a comprehensive analysis of the program and its benefits. The research findings will enable CACZ to adjust and continue their program as necessary in order to fully support these vulnerable children
A Meaning-Based Approach to Humility: Relationship Affirmation Reduces Worldview Defense
No full textHumans are notoriously resistant to changing their longstanding beliefs and often act defensively when they encounter individuals holding divergent beliefs. We introduce a meaning-based approach to humility (e.g., reduced defensiveness) with the claim that the desire for meaning motivates individuals to ardently defend their central beliefs. We propose that affirming meaning prior to encountering attitudinally-dissimilar individuals should reduce defensiveness (e.g., less negative attitudes toward those who challenge their beliefs). Christian undergraduates (N = 79) were randomly assigned to a relationship affirmation, self-affirmation, or neutral priming condition, and then received negative feedback from an ostensibly antireligious individual (i.e., outgroup member) after writing an essay explicating their beliefs about an important social or cultural topic. Relationship affirmation reduced defensiveness via more positive ratings of the individual who derogated their beliefs, providing initial evidence for our theoretical approach. Implications for a meaning-based approach to humility are discussed
Resurrection
No full textArtist Statement: The book that I chose to use was labeled Christ and the apostles. I picked this book because of the age and the condition that it was in. I put the nails through the book to represent Christ\u27s crucifixion and how he died for all of our sins. The nails represent the nails that were put through Christ\u27s hands while he was on the cross. The mirrors are so that the viewers can seem themselves in the book, which represents how Christ died for each and everyone of us. On the front of the book are ribbons that I used to portray the celebration of his resurrection.https://digitalcommons.hope.edu/altered_book/1095/thumbnail.jp
Resurrection
No full textArtist Statement: The book that I chose to use was labeled Christ and the apostles. I picked this book because of the age and the condition that it was in. I put the nails through the book to represent Christ\u27s crucifixion and how he died for all of our sins. The nails represent the nails that were put through Christ\u27s hands while he was on the cross. The mirrors are so that the viewers can seem themselves in the book, which represents how Christ died for each and everyone of us. On the front of the book are ribbons that I used to portray the celebration of his resurrection.https://digitalcommons.hope.edu/altered_book/1096/thumbnail.jp