Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics (E-Journal - National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute") / Електротехніка і Електромеханіка (Національний технічний університет - "Харківський політехнічний iнститут")
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РАЗВИТИЕ ТЕОРИИ МГНОВЕННОЙ МОЩНОСТИ ТРЕХФАЗНОЙ СЕТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ СЕТЕЦЕНТРИЗМА
Get PDFPurpose. Information technologies allow multidimensional analysis of information about the state of the power system in a single information space in terms of providing network-centric approach to control and use of unmanned aerial vehicles as tools for condition monitoring of three-phase network. Methodology. The idea of energy processes in three independent (rather than four dependent) curves vector-functions with values in the arithmetic three-dimensional space adequately for both 4-wire and 3–wire circuits. The presence of zero sequence current structural (and mathematically) features a 4-wire scheme of energy from a 3-wire circuit. The zero sequence voltage caused by the displacement of the zero voltage phases. Offset zero in the calculations can be taken into account by appropriate selection of the reference voltages. Both of these energetic phenomena with common methodical positions are described in the framework of the general mathematical model, in which a significant role is played by the ort zero sequence. Results. Vector approach with a unified voice allows us to obtain and analyze new energy characteristics for 4–wire and 3–wire circuits in sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal mode, both in temporal and frequency domain. Originality. Symmetric sinusoidal mode is balanced, even with non-zero reactive power. The converse is not true. The mode can be balanced and unbalanced load. The mode can be balanced and unbalanced voltage. Practical value. Assessing balance in network mode and the impact of instantaneous power on the magnitude of the losses, will allow to avoid the appearance of zero sequence and, thus, to improve the quality of electricity.Обеспечение сетецентрического подхода к режиму управления трехфазной сетью и оценка сбалансированности режима сети с учетом влияния мгновенной мощности на величину потерь даст возможность исключить появление нулевой последовательности и, тем самым, повысить качество электроэнергии
АНТОЛОГИЯ ВЫДАЮЩИХСЯ ДОСТИЖЕНИЙ В НАУКЕ И ТЕХНИКЕ. ЧАСТЬ 40: НАУЧНОЕ ОТКРЫТИЕ МЕТОДА ВЗРЫВНОЙ ИМПЛОЗИИ ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ СВЕРХКРИТИЧЕСКОЙ МАССЫ ЯДЕРНОГО ЗАРЯДА И УКРАИНСКИЙ «СЛЕД» В АМЕРИКАНСКОМ АТОМНОМ ПРОЕКТЕ «МАНХЭТТЕН»
Get PDFPurpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about the prominent American scientist-chemist and physicist George Bogdan Kistiakowsky, having the Ukrainian «roots» and bringing in a considerable scientific and technical contribution to development and creation of the first atomic bombs in the USA. Methodology. Scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of the opened scientific and technical information of world level in area of atomic and nuclear physics, physics of hyperpessure, applied electrophysics, modern experimental physics, atomic science and technology. Results. The state-of-the-art review of the state of basic scientific and technical problems, arising up before scientists and engineers at development and creation within the framework of the «Manhattan» American atomic project of the first standards of atomic bombs of the USA is resulted. Two basic methods of receipt in the a-bomb of above critical mass of the divided nuclear material of military load are described: method of «cannon-shot» and method of «explosive implosion». Basic information is resulted about the declassified scheme and construction decisions, applied scientists and specialists in the first atomic bombs of the USA. Technical information is indicated about basic ordinary hard chemical explosive matters (EM), atomic bombs of the USA of implosend type utillized in the first. Originality. Systematization of the scientific and technical materials devoted the basic results of pioneer nuclear researches in the USA and USSR in the period of 1940-th on a capture above all things for soldiery aims by intranuclear energy and to the offensive on a planet Earth of nuclear era known from the opened sources is executed. The important role of the scientific ukrainian origin of G.B. Kistiakowsky in development and creation in the National nuclear center of the USA − Los-Alamos of laboratory of the first implosend atomic bombs of the USA. The large deposit of the American scientist is marked in area of physical chemistry, of theory and practice chemical EM G.B. Kistiakowsky in a fight for stopping in the world of race of armaments and nuclear disarmament. Practical value. Popularization and deepening for students, engineer and technical specialists and research workers of scientific and technical knowledges in area of nuclear physics, modern experimental physics, atomic science and technology, extending their scientific range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in human society.Приведен научно-исторический очерк о выдающемся американском ученом-химике и физике Джордже Богдане Кистяковском, имевшем украинские «корни» и внесшем огромный вклад в разработку и создание первых атомных бомб США. Благодаря его научным достижениям в области изобретения новых химических взрывчатых веществ и успешному развитию им метода взрывной имплозии в 1945 году была реализована на практике теория ядерного взрыва. Отмечены усилия этого ученого в последние десятилетия его жизни в борьбе за прекращение в мире гонки вооружений и ядерное разоружение
СИЛОВОЙ АКТИВНЫЙ ФИЛЬТР ПРИ РАБОТЕ НА НЕСИММЕТРИЧНУЮ И НЕЛИНЕЙНУЮ НАГРУЗКИ С УПРАВЛЕНИЕМ ПО ОПТИМИЗАЦИОННОМУ АЛГОРИТМУ
Get PDFPurpose is to develop a method for controlling a power active filter based on search optimization using software of Mathlab package and applying this method for balancing and compensating for all components of reactive power in a three-phase system feeding unbalanced linear and nonlinear loads simultaneously. Methodology consists in the development of a visual model of the power supply system that supplies unbalanced and non-linear loads, to the connection points of which a power active filter on IGBT transistors is connected according to a parallel type scheme. We propose an algorithm for calculating the chosen optimization criterion using a visual model, linking the visual model with an optimizing program, and performing a search engine optimization process using an embedded program that implements the deformable polyhedron algorithm. Results lead to an optimal mode, which is characterized by the amplitudes of the control signals of the power active filter control system determined by the search, as well as the initial value of the voltage on the filter energy exchange capacitor. Originality lies in the fact that the proposed method of controlling the operation of the power filter makes it possible to dispense with the construction of a relatively complex filter control system based on Clark's mathematical transformations. Practical value lies in the fact that finding a quasi-steady-state optimal mode of the power supply system with a power active filter is performed automatically in the process of search optimization with a simplified control system. The above principles can be implemented in the microprocessor control system for power active filters.Статья посвящена исследованию трехфазной четырехпроводной системы электроснабжения, питающей несимметричную трехфазную и однофазную нелинейную нагрузки. Силовой активный фильтр представляет собой четырехплечевой мостовой инвертор на IGBT транзисторах. Инвертор питается от энергообменного конденсатора и инжектирует корректирующие токи через буферные реакторы. В отличие от классической системы управления, основанной на преобразованиях Кларк для напряжений и токов, в рассматриваемом варианте предложено управление источниками эталонных сигналов, априори имеющими синусоидальную форму и совпадающими с фазами питающих источников электрической энергии. Определение необходимых амплитуд эталонных сигналов составляет сущность задачи поисковой оптимизации. Оптимизация осуществляется методом деформируемого многогранника с использованием визуальной модели системы электроснабжения с силовым активным фильтром. По завершении оптимизации система приходит к оптимальному режиму, характеризующемуся полной компенсацией всех составляющих реактивной мощности
ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ОПТИМАЛЬНЫХ РЕЖИМОВ ДВИЖЕНИЯ РЕЛЬСОВОГО ЭЛЕКТРОПОДВИЖНОГО СОСТАВА
No full textPurpose. To develop a methodology for simulating of an electromotive railway rolling stock in terms of power-optimal modes on a track with a given profile and a set motion graph. Methodology. We have used combined genetic algorithm to determine optimum modes of an electromotive railway rolling stock motion: a global search is performed by a genetic algorithm with a one-point crossover and roulette selection. At the final stage of the optimization procedure we have used Nelder-Mead method for the refinement of the optimum. Results. We have obtained that traction motor on a tramcar, while driving on a fixed site, has an excessive power of the cooling system. Its using only in the considered area allows to modernize the cooling system in the way of its power reducing, which in turn provides an opportunity to increase the overall efficiency of the electromotive railway rolling stock. Originality. For the first time, we have obtained the train motion equation in the program-oriented form. This allows to use it for determination of electromotive railway rolling stock optimal control laws according to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman method. Practical value. We have made the computer program to determine optimum modes of an electromotive railway rolling stock motion. The experimental studies of program results for the track section have confirmed the adequacy of the model, which allows to solve the traffic modes optimization problem for the tram track sections and increase the overall efficiency of the electromotive railway rolling stock.Разработана методика моделирования движения асинхронного тягового двигателя при движении электроподвижного состава по энергооптимальным режимам на участке пути с заданным профилем и установленным графиком движения. Определены оптимальные режимы движения электроподвижного состава на основе метода Гамильтона-Якоби-Беллмана. Определение режимов работы тягового привода предложено проводить заранее на основании решения задачи условной оптимизации его режимов. Определение оптимальных режимов работы тягового привода было проведено на основе комбинированных методов условной минимизации функции. Использование предлагаемой методики позволяет повысить общий КПД электроподвижного состава
МОНИТОРИНГ СТАБИЛЬНОСТИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОИЗОЛЯЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМ ТЯГОВЫХ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ МАШИН
Get PDFIntroduction. Electrical insulation systems make up about 0.03 % of the traction electric machines (TEM) mass, but they are of exceptional importance and affect the design capabilities and manufacturing techniques of electric machines, ultimately - on their specific weight and overall dimensions, on the reliability and durability of the TEM. Purpose. The monitoring of the stability of the manufacturing process of electrical insulating systems of the TEM based on the insulation resistance measurements. Methodology. The analysis of the manufacturing process is carried out for three versions of the case of insulation of the magnetic system of the DC traction electric motor. Practical value. Construction and analysis of special graphs (charts) of individual values and cumulative sums of insulation resistance, sliding range MR allow to find out whether the technological process of manufacturing electric insulating systems of traction electric machines is in a statistically controllable state.Показано, что сопротивление изоляции может служить информативным параметром стабильности технологического процесса изготовления электроизоляционных систем тяговых электрических машин. Установлено, что сопротивление изоляции находится в пределах ±3σ относительно среднего значения каждой выборки трех вариантов исполнения электроизоляционной системы. Представлены контрольные карты индивидуальных значений и кумулятивных сумм сопротивления изоляции магнитной системы тяговых электродвигателей постоянного тока
АНТОЛОГИЯ ВЫДАЮЩИХСЯ ДОСТИЖЕНИЙ В НАУКЕ И ТЕХНИКЕ. ЧАСТЬ 38: ЛАУРЕАТЫ НОБЕЛЕВСКОЙ ПРЕМИИ ПО ФИЗИКЕ ЗА 2005−2010 гг.
Get PDFPurpose. Implementation of brief analytical review of the distinguished scientific achievements of the world scientists-physicists, awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for period 2005-2010 yy. Methodology. Scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information of world level in area of modern theoretical and experimental physics. Results. The brief analytical review of the scientific openings and distinguished achievements of scientists-physicists is resulted in area of modern physical and technical problems which were marked by the Nobel Prizes in physics for the period 2005-2010. Originality. Systematization is executed with exposition in the short concentrated form of the known scientific and technical materials, devoted creation of quantum theory of optical coherentness by scientists-physicists, development of laser exact spectroscopy, opening form of spectrum for a black body and anisotropy of space microwave base-line radiation, opening of effect of giant magnetoresistance, opening of mechanism of spontaneous violation of symmetry in subatomic physics, development of new technology of transmission of light in optical fibres, invention of a semiconductor circuit for registration of images and results of innovative experiments on research of 2D material of graphen. Practical value. Popularization and deepening of scientific and technical knowledges for students, engineers and technical specialists and research workers in area of modern theoretical and experimental physics, extending their scientific range of interests and collaboration in further development of scientific and technical progress in human society.Приведен краткий аналитический обзор выдающихся научных достижений ученых мира, отмеченных Нобелевской премией по физике за период 2005-2010 гг. В число таких достижений вошли создание квантовой теории оптической когерентности, развитие лазерной точной спектроскопии, открытие чëрнотельной формы спектра и анизотропии космического микроволнового фонового излучения, открытие эффекта гигантского магнетосопротивления, открытие механизма спонтанного нарушения симметрии в субатомной физике, разработка новой технологии передачи света в оптических волокнах, изобретение полупроводниковой схемы для регистрации изображений и результаты новаторских экспериментов по исследованию двумерного материала графена
ПРИБЛИЖЕННЫЙ РАСЧЕТ ОСНОВНЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ПЛАЗМЫ ПРИ ВОЗДУШНОМ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОМ ВЗРЫВЕ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКОГО ПРОВОДНИКА
Get PDFPurpose. Obtaining approximate calculation correlations for determination of maximal values of temperature Tm, and pressures Pm at a shock wave and speed vm distribution of a shock wave in the plasma products of air electric explosion (EE) of metall conductor under act of large impulsive current (LIC). Methodology. Theoretical bases of the electrical engineering, scientific and technical bases of electrophysics, thermal physics and electrophysics bases of powerful high-voltage impulse technique, related to the theory and practice of the phenomenon EE metallic explorer in gas environments under action of LIC. Results. New calculation correlations are got for approximate calculation in a local area of EE in atmospheric air of metallic explorer of maximal values of temperature Tm,, pressures Pm and speeds of vm of shock wave in «metallic plasma» appearing from an explosion under action of LIC of its conducting structure. It is set that numeral values of the sought after sizes of temperature Tm,, pressures Pm and speeds vm as it applies to air EE thin copper conductor under the action of LIC of the microsecond temporal range can arrive at a few ten of thousands of Kelvin, hundreds of technical atmospheres and thousands of meters in a second accordingly. It is shown that similar values of speed vm of shock wave in «metallic plasma» are comparable at speed of detonation wave in hard explosives. An accent is in this connection done on expedience of application air EE thin short metallic conductors at injury of live ammunitions with an ordinary and nuclear explosive. The real technical suggestions are offered on a possible receipt in the discharge circuit of powerful high-voltage generator of LIC of condenser type of «record» (most) values of the examined descriptions of «metallic plasma» at air EE thin metallic conductors. Comparison of the obtained results is executed for the probed descriptions of plasma at air EE of the metal conductor with known in the world information in area of electrophysics and thermal physics EE metal in gas environments. Originality. The obtained new theoretical results in area of high-current electrophysics and high-temperature thermal physics extend our physical views about the phenomenon of EE in atmospheric air of thin metallic conductors under action of LIC of the nanosecond and microsecond duration. Practical value. Application of the calculation correlations obtained in practice for the indicated descriptions of «metallic plasma» will allow technicians-and-engineers in a certain measure to accelerate and improve adjusting of difficult electric charts of powerful high-voltage generator of LIC at a receipt in his discharge circuit by air EE of thin metal conductors required on protocol of lead through of heavy-current electrophysics experiments of parameters of plasma in the local zone of its explosion.Приведены результаты приближенного расчета максимальных значений температуры Tm, давления Pm и скорости vm распространения ударной волны в «металлической плазме», образующейся при воздушном электрическом взрыве (ЭВ) тонкого металлического проводника под воздействием большого импульсного тока (БИТ). Показано, что при ЭВ в атмосферном воздухе тонкого медного проводника в разрядной цепи высоковольтного генератора БИТ микросекундного временного диапазона максимальные значения температуры Tm, давления Pm и скорости vm в локальной зоне ее взрыва могут достигать соответственно нескольких десятков тысяч градусов кельвина, сотен технических атмосфер и тысяч метров в секунду. Сформулированы возможные пути получения в разрядной цепи мощной конденсаторной батареи высоковольтного генератора БИТ «рекордных» значений температуры Tm, давления Pm и скорости vm
МЕТОДИКА ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ЛИНЕЙНЫХ ИМПУЛЬСНЫХ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЕЙ
Get PDFPurpose. Development of a technique of experimental studies linear pulse electromechanical converters parameters, which are used as shock-power devices and electromechanical accelerators, and comparing the experimental results with the calculated indices obtained using the mathematical model. Methodology. Method of experimental investigations of linear electromechanical converter is that the electrical parameters are recorded simultaneously (inductor winding current) and mechanical parameters characterizing the power and speed indicators of the joke with actuator. Power indicators are primarily important for shock-power devices, and high velocity - for electromechanical accelerators. Power indices were investigated using piezoelectric sensors, a system of strain sensors, pressure pulsation sensor and high-speed videorecording. Velocity indicators were investigated using a resistive movement sensor which allows to record character of the armature movement with actuating element in each moment. Results. The technique of experimental research, which is the simultaneous recording of electrical and mechanical power and velocity parameters of the linear electromechanical converter pulse, is developed. In the converter as a shock-power device power indicators are recorded using a piezoelectric transducer, strain sensors system, pressure pulsation sensor and high-speed video. The parameters of the inductor winding current pulse, the time lag of mechanical processes in relation to the time of occurrence of the inductor winding current, the average speed of the joke, the magnitude and momentum of electrodynamics forces acting on the plate strikes are experimentally determined. In the converter as an electromechanical accelerator velocity performance recorded using resistive displacement sensors. It is shown that electromechanical converter processes have complex spatial-temporal character. The experimental results are in good agreement with the calculated figures obtained by means of a mathematical model that describes the ultrafast electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical processes that occur when the yoke moves relative to the inductor. Originality. For the first time offered during experimental studies of impulse linear electromechanical converter to both to measure the electrical parameters, namely the inductor winding current, and mechanical parameters characterizing the power and velocity performance with yoke actuator. Practical value. The technique of experimental investigations the parameters of the linear pulse electromechanical converter that can be used to investigate the shock-power devices and electromechanical accelerators is proposed.Разработана методика экспериментальных исследований, которая состоит в одновременной регистрации электрических и механических силовых и скоростных параметров линейного импульсного электромеханического преобразователя. При работе преобразователя в качестве ударно-силового устройства силовые показатели регистрируются с использованием пьезодатчика, системы тензодатчиков, датчика пульсации давления и скоростной видеосъемки. При работе преобразователя в качестве электромеханического ускорителя скоростные показатели регистрируются с использованием резистивного датчика перемещений. Показано, что электромеханические процессы в преобразователе носят сложный пространственно-временной характер. Результаты экспериментальных исследований удовлетворительно согласуются с расчетными показателями, полученными при помощи математической модели, которая описывает быстропротекающие электромагнитные, тепловые и механические процессы, возникающие при перемещении якоря относительно индуктора
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ГРАФИКОМ НАГРУЗКИ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОГО ЗДАНИЯ С УЧЕТОМ ВОЗНИКАЮЩИХ РИСКОВ ПРИ ПОДКЛЮЧЕНИИ КИНЕТИЧЕСКОГО ЭНЕРГОНАКОПИТЕЛЯ В СИСТЕМУ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ
No full textPurpose. The purpose of the paper is to analyze load schedules of the administrative building and develop a structural scheme for connecting the kinetic energy storage in the power supply system of this building, which will allow using it as a consumer regulator, as well as a theoretical study of the risks that arise. Methodology. To conduct the research, the theory of designing internal electrical networks of buildings, the theory of plotting electric load graphs, methods of the theory of electromechanical systems and for analyzing the risk system, the T. Saati method of hierarchies were used. Results. The structure of kinetic energy storage (KES) connection to the power supply system of the administrative building is developed and the structural diagram of the KES proposed for installation is given, the average daily winter and summer load schedules are presented, a set of groups and subgroups of risks and their influence on the work of the power supply system of the building are connected with the connection of the KES. Originality. For the first time, the application of the kinetic energy storage in the power supply system of the building with the analysis of emerging risks is considered, which makes it possible to improve the reliability of the developed system and the efficiency of load regulation. Practical value. The application of the proposed scheme will make it possible to use administrative buildings as load regulators of the external power supply system, and also effectively manage the load in the internal power supply system of the building.Цель. Целью статьи является разработка структурной схемы подключения кинетического энергонакопителя в систему электроснабжения административного здания, что позволит использовать это здание в качестве потребителя - регулятора, а также теоретическое исследование возникающих при этом рисков. Методика. Для проведения исследований использовались теория проектирования внутренних электрических сетей зданий, теория построения графиков электрической нагрузки, методы теории электромеханических систем и для анализа системы рисков метод иерархий Т. Саати. Результаты. Разработана структура подключения кинетического энергонакопителя (КЭН) в систему электроснабжения административного здания и приведены суточные графики нагрузок, исследован набор групп и подгрупп рисков и их влияние на работу системы электроснабжения здания при подключении КЭН. Научная новизна. Впервые рассмотрено применение кинетического энергонакопителя в системе электроснабжения здания с анализом возникающих рисков, что позволяет повысить надежность работы разработанной системы и эффективность регулирования нагрузки. Практическое значение. Применение предложенной схемы позволит использовать административные здания в качестве регуляторов нагрузки внешней системы электроснабжения, а также эффективно управлять нагрузкой во внутренней системе электроснабжения здания
МЕТОДИКА ОБРАБОТКИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ДАННЫХ ПРИ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИИ ДИСПЕРСИИ ИМПЕДАНСА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ТКАНЕЙ С ПОМОЩЬЮ СХЕМЫ ЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ ФРИКЕ
Get PDFPurpose. Modeling the dispersion of the biological tissue impedance of vegetable and animal origin using the Fricke equivalent circuit; development of a technique for experimental data processing to determine the approximation coefficients of the dispersion of the biological tissue impedance for this equivalent circuit; study of the features of the equivalent circuit at modeling the dispersion of the impedance, resistance, and reactance; the definition of the frequency domain in which using of the equivalent circuit is correct; revealing and generalization of the main regularities of dissipation of biological tissue impedance of vegetable and animal origin. Methodology. The technique is based on the scientific provisions of theoretical electrical engineering – the theory of the electromagnetic field in nonlinear media in modeling the dispersion of the biological tissue impedance. Results. The electric circuit of the Fricke equivalent circuit allows modeling the dependences of the impedance module of biological tissues, active and reactive components of impedance with acceptable accuracy for practical purposes in the frequency domain from 103 to 106 Hz. The equation of impedance of the Fricke equivalent circuit for biological tissues makes it possible to approximate the frequency dependences of the impedance modulus, active and reactive parts of the total resistance only by using the approximation coefficients corresponding to each part. The developed method for determining the values of the approximation coefficients of the impedance equation for the Fricke equivalent circuit for biological tissues allows to determine these values with high accuracy for various biological tissues. It is shown that the frequency dependences of the active component of the total resistance for tissues of vegetable and animal origin are similar. Originality. The developed technique operates with the normalized values of the impedance modulus of the Fricke equivalent circuit, the active and reactive components of the impedance as a function of frequency, which allows a comparative analysis of the dependencies of these parameters of various biological tissues of plant and animal origin. Practical value. The approximate dependences of the absolute impedance modulus, active and reactive components of the impedance allow modeling processes occurring in biological tissues with the passage of a current of different frequency. Dependence of the impedance of biological tissue can be applied to the design of diagnostic and control equipment to determine the properties of tissues of animal and vegetable origin, including developing more effective medical equipment.Разработана методика обработки экспериментальных данных для определения коэффициентов аппроксимации импеданса биологических тканей растительного и животного происхождения при моделировании дисперсии импеданса с помощью схемы замещения Фрике. Проведен анализ свойств схемы замещения Фрике, ее возможностей и особенностей при моделировании дисперсии импеданса, резистанса и реактанса. Показано, что при нормировании дисперсии активные составляющие импеданса для тканей растительного и животного происхождения подобны