International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU)
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Optimizing Spatial Learning with RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) to Sharpen Conceptual Understanding
Full text linkThis study aims to design and test the effectiveness of interactive didactic designs for teaching Flat Surface Shapes to eighth graders. This didactic design specifically integrates the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach with game technology as the primary supporting medium. The methodology used is Didactical Design Research (DDR), which involves three cycle phases: 1) Preliminary Research, to analyze needs and identify three types of Learning Obstacles—namely ontogenetic, epistemological, and didactic—faced by students; 2) Testing Phase (Prototyping/Testing) through pilot experiments and teaching experiments; and 3) Retrospective Analysis to evaluate the learning process. The research participants were eighth-grade students. Research Results: The resulting didactic design proved to be highly valid theoretically (with an average score of 3.86 on a scale of 4) and highly practical in implementation, with 93.1% of students responding positively to the use of games. The analysis shows that this DD reduced the number of students who experienced limitations in conceptual understanding across test cycles. The integration of RME and games proved effective because games serve as a dynamic modelling medium, helping students transition from a contextual understanding to the formalization of mathematical concepts (for example, in calculating volume). This DD produced an empirically supported Local Learning Trajectory (LLT), indicating that the effectiveness of spatial learning is enhanced when the RME process is supported by game media that facilitates the transition from situational to formal thinking
Beautıful Character, Pıety, And Excellence in Islamıc Polıtıcal Thought: A Normatıve Model for Foreıgn Polıcy Analysıs
Full text linkModern foreign policy theories typically focus on interest calculations, power balances, and security concerns while excluding moral responsibility and normative values when explaining state behaviors. This study aims to develop an original normative model by transferring the fundamental concepts of Islamic political thought—beautiful character (husn al-akhlaq), piety (taqwa), and excellence (ihsan)—into foreign policy analysis. The main research question is: How can the principles of beautiful character, piety, and excellence in Islamic political thought construct a normative model in modern foreign policy analysis, and what are the theoretical, methodological, and practical contributions of this model? The study's hypothesis posits that if these three principles are positioned as normative variables at the center of foreign policy analysis, a more just, responsible, and sustainable model can be established in international relations. The research adopts a qualitative and interpretive approach, conducting comparative analysis between classical Islamic sources (Quran, Hadith, al-Ghazali, al-Mawardi) and contemporary foreign policy theories. The findings demonstrate that beautiful character represents virtue-based rationality in political action, piety represents self-regulation bounded by divine accountability consciousness, and excellence represents the perfection form of morality. The model provides applicable indicators to state behaviors through its three-layered normative structure. The theoretical contribution of the study lies in completing the dimensions of meaning, purpose, and responsibility that existing foreign policy theories have left incomplete. The causal connection established between moral integrity in domestic politics and foreign policy success constitutes the model's distinctive aspect. At the practical level, it is revealed that the model can contribute to trust-building in diplomatic relations, crisis prevention, and conflict resolution processes. The model, which provides epistemic pluralism, proposes an alternative paradigm based on universal values against Western-centric hegemonic discourse. The study proves both the theoretical and practical value of a normative foreign policy model that centers moral principles during a period of increasing global crises
Global Warming and Renewable Energy: Indonesia's Efforts in Implementing the Clean Development Mechanism
Full text linkGlobal warming, driven by the rise in greenhouse gas emissions, has become a serious threat to the sustainability of life on Earth. National development policies that prioritize economic growth often overlook environmental aspects, thereby exacerbating the global climate crisis. This paper explores the interconnection between sustainable development, the greenhouse effect, and emission mitigation strategies, with a focus on Indonesia’s role in reducing emissions through the development of renewable energy and the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as part of the Kyoto Protocol. By utilizing its renewable energy potential, such as hydropower and geothermal energy, Indonesia has the opportunity to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and curb carbon emissions. However, these efforts face various technical, institutional, and economic challenges. A synergy between national policies, technological investment, and international cooperation is essential to ensure an effective and sustainable transition toward low-carbon development
The Effectiveness of Problem Based Learning and Project Based Learning on Mathematical Concept Understanding: A Study of Junior High School Students
Full text linkThis study aims to compare the effectiveness of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) and Project Based Learning (PjBL) models on junior high school students’ mathematical concept understanding. This research employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method using a pretest–posttest control group design. The population consisted of seventh-grade students from a junior high school in Yogyakarta, from which two sample groups were selected using purposive sampling based on predetermined characteristics. A concept understanding test was used as the main instrument to measure students’ mathematical concept mastery. Data were collected through pretest and posttest assessments and analyzed using a paired sample t-test to determine the improvement within each group and an independent two-sample t-test to compare the effectiveness between the two learning models. The findings indicate a significant increase in students' mathematical concept understanding after the implementation of both PBL and PjBL models. The results also show that although both models are effective in enhancing conceptual understanding, there is no statistically significant difference in effectiveness between PBL and PjBL. These results suggest that both learning models can be used as alternative student-centered instructional approaches to support deeper conceptual understanding in mathematics learning at the junior high school level
The Model of Behavior Change and Modification from the Perspective of Islam and Positive Psychology
Full text linkThe present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of behavior change and modification with an Islamic approach and determining its similarities and differences with the model of behavior change and modification with a positive psychology approach. The research method is qualitative, of a descriptive-analytical and inferential type, and has also been carried out using the comparative method. The data collection method was documentary, and by studying sources and describing and analyzing the data, the Islamic model of behavior modification and change was inferred. The findings of the research indicate that the most important similarities between the two approaches are: an optimistic view of human nature, a positive view of religion, belief in behavior change and modification, belief in human capacities, talents, and abilities, emphasis on a positive attitude and human virtues, and application in the fields of counseling, therapy, and education. Likewise, the most important differences were differences in ontology, teleology, axiology, methodology, and defensive pessimism. The process of the behavior change and modification model with an Islamic approach consists of monitoring actions (moraghebeh), facing the problem, identifying the problem, desire to change (tobah), setting the goal of change (taqwa), designing a change plan (tafakkor), implementing the plan, receiving feedback (mohasebeh), and follow-up (mojahedeh). Whereas the process of the behavior change and modification model in positive psychology (the selected model) includes the stages of pre-contemplation, contemplation, planning, action, maintenance, and termination
Humanist Film Law Policy in Indonesia
Full text linkFilm law policy in Indonesia has an important role in regulating and developing the film industry which is not only oriented to economic and cultural aspects, but also upholds human values. The humanist approach in film regulation emphasizes the protection of the rights of film workers, freedom of expression, and cultural diversity and moral values in society. This study aims to analyze film law policies in Indonesia with a humanist approach, identify challenges in their implementation, and provide recommendations for more inclusive and beneficial policies. Law Number 33 of 2009 concerning Cinema has accommodated aspects of the protection of workers' rights and freedom of expression, there are still obstacles in its implementation, such as excessive censorship and lack of protection for independent filmmakers. Therefore, more adaptive and participatory policies are needed to ensure that the Indonesian film industry develops sustainably while respecting the principles of human rights. The problem that will be discussed in this study is how is the humanist film law policy in Indonesia. The research method used is a normative research method with a statute approach and a theoretical approach, and analyzed using content analysis
Spouses' Obligations in the Afghan Legal System
Full text linkThe family is the most fundamental social institution of human society, whose vitality, dynamism, and health guarantee the secure continuity of human generations. Although human relationships within this institution are organized based on the laws and standards of innate morality, and its continued existence deeply depends on ethical principles, human behavior sometimes does not observe moral norms, necessitating legal rules and regulations. Accordingly, relationships within the family institution require legal rules to organize internal family conduct. For this reason, the present research attempts to discuss the obligations of the family from the perspective of the Afghan legal system
Afghan Deportation from Iran “Pressure or Opportunity”
Full text linkThe mass deportation of Afghans from Iran and Pakistan in 2024–2025 has intensified one of the world’s most enduring migration crises. Decades of war, foreign intervention, and economic fragility have left Afghanistan ill-prepared to absorb the return of millions, many of whom were born and raised in exile. This article examines the socio-economic and political consequences of forced returns under the administration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, with particular attention to housing shortages, unemployment, fragile livelihoods, food insecurity, and the vulnerability of women and children. It argues that the deportation surge constitutes both a humanitarian emergency and a governance challenge, further strained by sanctions and limited international support. At the same time, the study identifies opportunities: returnees bring skills, labor potential, and cross-border experiences that could contribute to reconstruction and economic resilience. Whether deportation is ultimately a source of crisis or a catalyst for recovery depends on coherent reintegration policies and sustained international cooperation
Coaching Based Supervision with the TIRTA Flow Model to Enhance Teacher Performance and Professionalism at SMAN 1 Gunungsari, West Lombok
Full text linkThis study aims to gain a deep understanding of the implementation of data-based supervision coaching TIRTA (Objective, Identification, Action Plan, Responsibility) flow in improving teacher performance and professionalism at SMA Negeri 1 Gunungsari, West Lombok Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach. The data sources are divided into two, namely primary data and secondary data. The data analysis used is data collection (data collection), data condensation (data condensation), data display (data presentation), and data drawing and verification of conclusions (drawing and verifying conclusions). Meanwhile, checking the validity of the data includes testing credibility, testing transferability, testing dependability, and testing consistency. The research findings show that: a) The implementation of supervision through the TIRTA flow coaching approach (Objective, Identification, Action Plan, and Responsibility) has proven effective in improving teacher performance and professionalism, b) Factors that support the implementation of TIRTA Flow Coaching-Based Supervision (Objective, Identification, Action Plan, and Responsibility) at SMA Negeri 1 Gunungsari include transformational leadership of the principal, involvement of driving teachers as role models, a strong collaborative culture and support for educational reports. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors in the implementation of TIRTA Flow Coaching-Based Supervision (Objective, Identification, Action Plan, and Responsibility) include doubts among some teachers about change, limited initial understanding, lack of self-confidence, c) Solutions or efforts made by the TIRTA Flow Coaching-Based Supervision team (Objective, Identification, Action Plan, and Responsibility) at SMA Negeri 1 Gunungsari West Lombok include: conducting ongoing socialization, empowering exemplary groups, and strengthening an appreciative culture. This strategy is able to create a more humanistic, participatory, and oriented supervision atmosphere towards developing teacher competencies, not just administrative assessments
Scientific Analysis of Limits and Retribution (Hudud and Qisas) in Support of Human Dignity
Full text linkHudud and Qisas, in the Islamic legal system, are types of punishments decreed to protect material and spiritual life and to preserve human dignity. Hudud encompasses specific, fixed offenses, such as stoning for adultery committed by a married person (Zina al-Muhsana), one hundred lashes for other cases of adultery, and the execution of the perpetrator in cases such as incestuous adultery, rape, adultery of a non-Muslim man with a Muslim woman, sodomy (Liwat), and waging war against God and society (Muharaba). This article provides a scientific analysis of it, stating that from Islam's perspective, the establishment of punishment originates from divine mercy; mercy necessitates that any behavior causing corruption be considered a crime. A criminal is like a diseased limb in the body of society; in some cases, the diseased limb needs to be amputated, and in others, surgery is required to preserve the health of the community. Therefore, punishment in Islam plays a therapeutic role. Qisas (retribution in kind) existed before Islam, but Islam transformed it from a state of unbridled chaos into a law; however, for intentional murder, the ruling is not solely Qisas, as pardon and reconciliation are also recommended. Throughout history, scholars have defended this law because the philosophy of Qisas pertains to the greatness and extraordinary value of the human right to life and aids truth and justice. The objection of human rights to the law of Qisas stems from their failure to comprehend the hidden secret within it. This is because the execution of justice through the implementation of Qisas guarantees the right to life, in which equality and justice are stipulated. Consequently, the punishments of Hudud and Qisas are prescribed to treat a society where criminality has reached a highly dangerous state, the veils of chastity have been torn, and the society is afflicted with such a severe illness that its cure through ordinary means is impossible, requiring a shock to the society, which can only be treated through the implementation of Hudud and Qisas