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The Relationship between Depression and the Signs and Symptoms and Long-Term Effects of Concussion
No full textThe purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between preexisting depression and baseline concussion measures. Additionally, this study sought to identify sex and age differences in depression scores, baseline concussion scores, and knowledge of signs, symptoms, and long-term effects of concussion. A Qualtrics survey, adapted from the 9 question Patient Healthcare Questionnaire and the Symptom Evaluation Section of the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool - 5th Edition, was distributed to 277 student-athletes at Tennessee State University. 114 responses were received. After exclusionary criteria, 112 responses were included in statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. Results indicated very strong correlation between knowledge of concussion symptoms and knowledge of long-term effects of concussion, strong correlation between depression severity score and concussion severity score, medium correlation between depression severity score and the number of reported concussion symptoms. All other areas examined showed weak to very weak correlations. When examining sex differences, females showed significantly more knowledge of concussion symptoms (p = .003) and long-term concussion effects (p = .006). All other areas approached but did not reach significance. No significant differences were seen between ages. These results support the inclusion of mood measurement in baseline concussion assessment and further research in concussion awareness and education in collegiate level athletes
Race and Perceptions of Criminal Injustice: A Social Dominance Theory Perspective
No full textThis study examined the relationship among ethnicity, prison reform attitudes, social dominance orientations, and perceptions of racial injustice within the criminal justice system. A measure used to identify whether or not individuals believe in whether or not there is racial injustice within the criminal justice system and a measure identifying an individual’s social dominance orientations were used to unearth potential impacts on an individual’s stance on prison reform. Analyses included an examination of a mediating and moderating model for predicting prison reform attitudes from an individual’s stance on social hierarchy values and perceptions of injustice. There were 256 male and female participants over the age of 18 who participated in this study. Measures were collected wholly online via social media platforms. Participants completed online measures investigating prison reform attitudes (PRA), social dominance orientations (SDO), and perceptions of racial injustice within the criminal justice system. A preliminary ANOVA was conducted for the potential impact of an individual’s ethnicity on prison reform attitudes with no statistically significant outcomes. Additional analyses of variance were conducted using an individual’s association to the criminal justice system (personal, relational, none at all) with prison reform attitudes, social dominance orientation, and perceptions of racial injustice as dependent variables. Results indicated prison reform attitudes and criminal justice associations produced statistically significant results, suggesting those who have no affiliation with the criminal justice system have stronger desire for prison reform. Further, hypothesis testing produced a negative correlation, depicting that individuals who are in agreeance that there are instances of racial injustice within the criminal justice system, correlated with beliefs that indicate support for prison reform. For the second hypothesis, results indicated that there may be support for the idea that perceptions of racial injustice can moderate the relationship between social dominance orientation and prison reform attitudes. Finally, the third hypothesis was rejected, suggested that there is no mediating effect of perceptions of injustice on prison reform attitudes
Employment Misclassification: Variations in Policy and the Diffusion of Penalty Laws Across U.S. States
No full textEmployment misclassification occurs when an employer either intentionally or unintentionally classifies an employee as an independent contractor. Misclassification of employees has a wide range of impacts on state budgets and the principal-agent relationship. Due to this, many states have adopted policy specifically to address the issue. Yet little is known about the policy response to misclassification outside a few legal journal articles and state-specific studies on the issue. To date, no academic studies exist on the topic. This dissertation seeks to fill the gap in academic literature by first examining the current landscape of employment misclassification policy, and then examining factors that contribute to the adoption of an employment misclassification penalty law. The dissertation will develop a basic understanding of the current policy environment and factors leading to adoption. Specifically, it draws upon principal-agent theory to understand the phenomenon and use policy diffusion literature to guide an empirical study of possible determinants of state policy adoption of employment misclassification penalty laws. This dissertation contributes to the literature on policy diffusion in general, but also lays the groundwork for future studies on employment misclassification policy ranging from isomorphism in these laws, the impact of employment misclassification policy on the gig economy, and additional studies on factors that contribute to the adoption of employment misclassification policies dimensions beyond the statutes themselves
Fire Ant Venom Alkaloids: Possible Control Measure for Soilborne and Foliar Plant Pathogens
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to evaluate fire ant venom alkaloids and an alarm pheromone analog against several plant pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora nicotianae, P. cryptogea, Pseudomonas syringae, Phytopythium citrinum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotonia rolfsii, Xanthomonas axonopodis, and X. campestris. All pathogens were tested against red imported fire ant venom alkaloid extract and alarm pheromone compound for growth inhibition in in vitro assay. The venom alkaloid extract inhibited fungal and oomycete pathogens. Neither of the treatments were effective against bacterial pathogens. Three soilborne pathogens, P. nicotianae, R. solani, F. oxysporum, and one foliar pathogen, B. cinerea were selected for further in-vivo assays on impatiens (Impatiens walleriana ‘Super Elfin XP violet’). Total plant and root weight were higher in venom alkaloid treated plants compared to an inoculated control. The venom alkaloid treatment reduced damping-off, root rot severity, and pathogen recovery in soilborne pathogen inoculated plants. Similarly, venom alkaloid reduced Botrytis blight. However, higher venom rates caused foliar phytotoxicity on plants. Therefore, additional work is needed to evaluate rates of venom alkaloids or formulations to eliminate negative impacts on plants. Overall, these results suggest that red imported fire ant venom alkaloids may provide a basis for new products to control soilborne and foliar plant pathogens