Advances in molecular oncology (E-Journal) / Успехи молекулярной онкологии
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РАННЯЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА И ТОТАЛЬНАЯ ГАСТРЭКТОМИЯ ПРИ НАСЛЕДСТВЕННОМ ДИФФУЗНОМ РАКЕ ЖЕЛУДКА
Get PDFThe case report describes a rare case of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, associated with a CDH1 gene mutation and reported in the Russian population for the fist time. In february 2013, after a medical genetic counseling in the laboratory of clinical oncogenetics of the Institute of Clinical Oncology of the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia the 28 years old patient was applied to due to a family history of gastric cancer. Based on the results of the molecular genetic study, thе mutation in the CDH1 gene was found, which determines the risk of diffuse gastric cancer during life beyond 80 %. Histological examination of the material of the gastric mucosa biopsy performed during the esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed single foci of the ring-cell cancer in the intrinsic plate of the gastric mucosa. In the department of abdominal oncology, the Research Institute of Clinical Oncology of the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia a splash-preserving gastrectomy for Roux was performed with the formation of a small intestine tank, lymphodissection D2
Изоформы актина и неопл астическая трансформация
Get PDFThe cytoplasmic actins (β and γ) play crucial roles during key cellular processes like adhesion, migration, polarization and cytokinesis. The understanding of their specific underlying mechanisms would be of major relevance not only for fundamental research but also for clinical applications, since modulations of actin isoforms are directly or indirectly correlated with severe pathologies. The major goal of the research was to elucidate the function of the actin isoforms during motile activities, adhesions and cell division and to investigate whether their expression and/or structural organization is related to pathological function. Selective depletion of β- and γ-cytoplasmic actins allowed attributing functional diversities of β- and γ-сytoplasmic actins. β-Сytoplasmic actin plays a preferential role in contractile activities, whereas γ-cytoplasmic actin mainly participates in the formation of a submembranous network necessary for cell shape flexibility and motile activity. The roles of isoforms in regulating the integrity of adherens and tight junctions respectively were demonstrated. Unique roles of β- and γ-cytoplasmic actins in normal cells were shown. Similar results were obtained in cancer cells compared with normal epithelial cells in culture and in human pathological tissue sections of mammary gland, colon, lung and cervix. Malignant cell transformation requires changes in the ability of cells to migrate. The disruption of actin cytoskeleton and intercellular adhesions is an important component of the acquisition of invasive properties in epithelial malignancies
Действие акадезина на клетки рака молочной железы в условиях гипоксии
Get PDFThe riboside derivative acadesine (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside) is currently being tested in clinical trials as a promising anti-tumor drug. Intracellular target of acadesine is adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (АМРК), an important regulatory molecule of energy metabolism. It is expected that acadesine would be active in tumors under hypoxia conditions. In normoxia (cells incubated in 21 % oxygen), acadesine inhibited proliferation and induced cell death of breast adenocarcinoma, including the triple negative breast cancer line. When oxygen partial pressure was decreased to 1 % (experimental hypoxia), acadesine inhibited activation of reporter construct responsive to HIF-1α (hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha) transcription factor. This effect was observed for acadesine in concentrations close to cytotoxic. Acadesine retained cytotoxicity under hypoxia and decreased the survival of the MDA-MB-231 cell line when used in combination with cisplatin. These results considerably widen acadesine’s field of application and allow to assume its efficacy in chemotherapy combination regimens for breast cancer, including the tumors with low oxygenation
Фармакогенетическое тестирование аллельных вариантов гена CYP2D6 при гормоноположительном раке молочной железы
Get PDFTamoxifen is the drug of choice for endocrine therapy of hormone receptor- positive breast cancer in women in the reproductive period. The metabolic activity of tamoxifen is determined by the activity of the enzyme CYP2D6, encoded by the gene of the same name: under the action of the enzyme, tamoxifen passes into the metabolically active form, endoxyphene. Pharmacogenetic testing of the CYP2D6 gene in patients with hormone-positive breast cancer can help predict the effectiveness of therapy and assess the risk of side effects with the aim of improving long-term treatment outcomes.Тамоксифен является препаратом выбора при эндокринотерапии гормоноположительного рака молочной железы у женщин в репродуктивном возрасте. Метаболическая активность тамоксифена в организме определяется активностью фермента CYP2D6, кодируемого одноименным геном: под действием фермента тамоксифен переходит в метаболически активную форму – эндоксифен. Фармакогенетическое тестирование гена CYP2D6 у пациентов с гормоноположительным раком молочной железы поможет прогнозировать эффективность терапии и оценить риск развития побочных эффектов в целях улучшения отдаленных результатов лечения
Метаболические аспекты адоптивной иммунотерапии опухолей
Get PDFIn wide number of approaches to treatment of cancer immunotherapy plays special role. This approach exploits capabilities of immune system to support genetic constancy of different cells and tissues of the organism. Immunotherapy is designed to induce tumor cell destruction by T-lymphocytes whose receptors can recognize peptides of mutant proteins complexed with the molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. In clinical practice T-lymphocytes can result in sustained and complete responses in patients whose cancers were resistant to available treatment options. Recent evidences suggest that efficiency of such therapy generally depends on metabolic properties of T-lymphocytes. A number of approaches allows modulate T-cell metabolism providing strategies to optimize activity of anti-tumor T-lymphocytes.В широком ряду методов лечения онкологических заболеваний особое место принадлежит иммунотерапии – терапевтическому подходу, использующему возможности иммунной системы организма в поддержании генетического постоянства его клеток и тканей. Иммунотерапия нацелена на то, чтобы вызывать разрушение опухолевых клеток Т-лимфоцитами, чьи рецепторы способны распознать пептиды мутантных белков, связанные с молекулами главного комплекса гистосовместимости. В клинической практике Т-лимфоциты способны вызывать стойкое улучшение и даже полное излечение больных, опухоли которых устойчивы к другим доступным методам лечения. Ряд работ, появившихся в последние годы, указывают на то, что эффективность такой терапии в значительной степени зависит от процессов энергетического метаболизма Т-лимфоцитов. Существуют несколько подходов, способных модулировать метаболизм Т-лимфоцитов и достичь оптимального проявления их противоопухолевых свойств
Трансформирующий фактор роста бета-1 в онкогенезе аденокарциномы легкого человека
Get PDFBackground. The transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is one of the most important tissue factors secreted by the development of epithelial tumors. Increased expression of TGF-β1 in lung tumors promotes cancer cells survival enhancing their growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, immune system suppression.Objective: to study molecular mechanisms of TGF-β1 action on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells by means of proteomic high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results. Intracellular signaling pathways responsible for the involvement of TGF-β1 in the oncogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer have been found, which include the differential expressed proteins of the families of cullin, ETS oncogenes, histone diacelases, cyclin-dependent kinases, and the signaling pathway phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K).Conclusions. Important patterns are determined that could be used for the development of new approaches for detection of lung cancer metastasis candidate markers and potential therapy targets of this decease
Тимидинкиназа 1 как потенциальный опухолеассоциированный маркер: структура, функции, активность в нормальных и опухолевых тканях
Get PDFIn the review the role of the thymidine kinase (TK) to ensure the replication of DNA de novo and spare (salvage the) way in health and activate alternate ways in carcinogenesis is described. The structure of cytoplasmic TK (TК-1), also called fetal, and the level of regulation of its activity in the cells and their change during the cell cycle is described. Considering the data about the absence of TK-1 in resting (G0) cells, TK-1 is positioned as a marker of proliferating cells, which activity is recorded from late G1 phase, peaking in S-phase, it is stored in the G2 and mitosis, quickly decreasing to undetectable levels in the early G1 phase. Data on the expression TK-1 (as compared with Ki-67 and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen)) in tumor tissues (colorectal, breast, cervical, lung, renal, prostate and ovarian cancer), as well as some benign and precancerous pathological processes in relation to the clinical and diagnostic features of these processes are systemized. These data suggest that the proliferative index studies on TK-1 (antibody to the domain HRA-210) should be used together with Ki-67 and PCNA, for a more complete assessment of the proliferative status of malignant tumors and pre-cancerous and benign conditions, with the aim of prognosis of the tumor process and treatment planning
Роль эпигенетических факторов в патогенезе нейрофиброматоза 1-го типа
Get PDFThe article describes the role of epigenetic processes in the tumorigenesis of neurofibromatosis type 1. The clinical manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 is characterized by a pronounced polymorphism erased from with single neurofibromas to severe forms with thousands of tumors and complications even in patients with the same mutations. More than 1400 mutations in the NF1 gene have been reported, but have not yet identified genotype-phenotype correlations. Detected in the majority of neurofibromas mutation of the second allele of the gene NF1 and loss of heterozygosity may result from common disorders of genome stability and cell cycle regulation. Chance of tissue-specific inactivation of the second allele is extremely low and can not prove the detection of neurofibromas in most patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. At the same time, the role of epigenetic factors for blocking of oncosupressors has been proven and can be applied to the development of malignant tumors and neurofibromas. This assumption is proved by the fact that the majority of neurofibromas are formed in puberty, while inheriting the disease from mother to clinical manifestations more severe. This review presents the research on the role of miRNAs and specific methylation in the promoter region of NF1 tumorogenesis in neurofibromatosis type 1. Mutations in the NF1 gene are of great importance in the development of many malignancies. Due to the possibility of pharmacological correction of activity of microRNAs using antisense sequences, the study of epigenetic processes in neurofibromatosis type 1 promising to diagnose and treat not only the disease but also sporadic malignancies
Профилактика злокачественных новообразований
No full textResearch in causation of cancer is an important part of cancer research in general and is an essential prerequisite for cancer prevention. The effective primary prevention is not visible without evidence based knowledge in the causation of cancer in humans.There is sufficient evidence that certain life style and environment factors cause cancer in humans. These factors include: smoking and other types of tobacco consumption, overweight and obesity, lack of physical activity, diet rich in processed meat and poor in vegetables and fruits, certain types of viral and bacterial infection, ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation, ambient air pollution, carcinogens at workplace, exogenous hormones.Cancer mortality is decreasing in majority of developed countries, including Russia. This mortality trend is mostly due to decrease in incidence and death rates of lung and other smoking related cancers and is caused by decline in smoking prevalence and change in tar content of cigarette smoke.In Russia trend in mortality from all cancers is as well determined by decrease in incidence and mortality from gastric cancer, which is due to decline in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and improvement of diet, increase in consumption of fruits and vegetables. Thus the decline in cancer mortality is mostly the result of primary prevention which is the most effective avenue of cancer control.
Нэйроэндокриные новообразования поджелудочной железы: новые аспекты морфологической классификации (Всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2017)
Get PDFThe fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of endocrine tumors published in 2017 contains substantial new findings in the topics of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs). In this edition, major modifications are mainly based on new molecular knowledge as well as the clinical behaviour of these tumors accommodated since the previous 2010 classification of degestive tumors was published. According to the new classification scheme PanNENs include malignant well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), which are called pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs), and poorly differentiated NENs, which are called pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (PanNECs). PanNENs futher divided into three Grade (G) on the base of cell proliferation: G1 (<2 mitoses on 10 HPF (high-power field) and Ki-67 Index <3 %), G2 (2–20 mitoses on 10 HPF or Ki-67 Index 3–20 %), G3 (>20 mitoses on 10 HPF or Ki-67 Index >20 %). The new category NET G3 was first introduced in this edition of the WHO classification. PanNECs is classified as G3 neoplasms (>20 mitoses on 10 HPF or Ki-67 Index >20 %) and additionally divided into small cell NEC and large cell NEC. In this review we focus on some of the new features of PanNETs and recommended changes of their terminology and classification