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    Luther and Biopower: Rethinking the Reformation with Foucault

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    In this article, we propose an alternative Foucauldian reading of Martin Luther’s thought and early Lutheranism. Michel Foucault did not mention the Reformation often, although he saw it as an amplification of pastoral power and the governing of people’s everyday lives. We aim to fill the gap in his analysis by outlining the disciplinary and biopolitical aspects in Luther and early Lutheranism. Therefore, we also contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the birth of biopolitics, which, we argue, predates Foucault’s periodisation. Our approach to tackling these questions is three-pronged. First, we establish the context by highlighting a few Reformation-era examples of the conceptual opposite of biopower, namely, sovereign power. Second, we scrutinise the disciplinary aspects of early Lutheranism, underscoring the fact that disciplinary institutions appear to subject people to new models of behaviour. Third, we describe the biopolitical undercurrents in Luther’s thought and its early reception. We argue that the reformer’s views on issues such as marriage and poor relief appear to carry a biopolitical significance before the alleged birth of biopolitics

    Painting Culture, Painting Nature: Stephen Mopope, Oscar Jacobson, and the Development of Indian Art in Oklahoma

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    Let the Students Map Canadian Studies: Exploring Stereotypes of Canada

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    This article investigates the perceptions and stereotypes of Canada held by students in Nordic, Scandinavian, and Baltic countries participating in Canadian studies courses. Drawing upon eighty-seven papers submitted between 2021 and 2023, the study employs lexicometric analysis to discern recurring “othering” strategies employed by students. The interdisciplinary nature of the Canadian studies course, blending literature, history, and political science, aims to equip students with the knowledge necessary to examine the nuances of the Canadian social model. By examining cultural stereotypes, the study redefines Canadian studies as an integral component of (North) American studies, highlighting the importance of challenging initial representations and fostering critical thinking. Findings reveal students’ engagement in the process of othering, reflecting on Canadian identity, multiculturalism, and the integration of First Nations. The study underscores the significance of pedagogical interventions in creating spaces for transformation and critical reflection. Ultimately, it demonstrates the potential of area studies to assist students in structuring academic texts and encourages further exploration of themes related to memorial policies and reconciliation in courses on Canadian studies

    Utilizing Game-Based American Simulation Pedagogy to Teach Norwegian Students American Studies

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    In Scandinavian countries, the teaching of American studies has traditionally taken place within the discipline of English. In recent years, English has moved away from the predominantly Anglo-American approach to include perspectives from a wider range of English-speaking countries. American studies is devoted less class time than it used to get, and consequently, new methods of teaching and learning need to be adopted. This paper argues that the American immersion pedagogy Reacting to the Past (RTTP), an in-class game method that takes students to historical moments through characters acting out American historical twists, is an excellent high-impact teaching method. RTTP is a student-centered pedagogy that offers engagement and active learning of American history to Norwegian students. Through collected data from English students at the University of Agder, the paper aims to discuss how this methodology can enhance learning and integration of American studies

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    Foreword

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    A Circulation Society, Reconsidered: Syrian Jewish Merchant Networks after the Exodus from Aleppo

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    This article analyses the durability of transregional Syrian Jewish merchant networks through the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, when the centre of these trading networks shifted several times in response to economic transformations and political pressures. Migration patterns from Aleppo following the Ottoman collapse and the exodus after 1947 call for a modified conceptualisation of centres, peripheries and circulation from dominant approaches to merchant networks and circulation societies. Centres are generally thought of as the origin points of persons and goods – namely, women, religious specialists and collateral-free credit – which circulate exclusively within the network; peripheries are nodes which merely receive and depend on centres in these respects. I add to this by analysing central or critical nodes as those where different kinds of mobility intersected to inject new vitality into the networks. Peripheries are not only dependent nodes, but vital points of refuge and transition in times of duress. Furthermore, beyond persons and credit, the circulation of aesthetic and ethical standards, in addition to name values, has helped to maintain the integrity of the network in a period of geographic reconfiguration

    Political Martyrdom Revisited: Iran’s Contemporary Perspective and Insights from the Woman-Life-Freedom Uprising

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    Martyrdom holds significant cultural and historical importance in Iranian culture. It has deep roots in Shia Islam, the predominant religion in Iran, and frequently appears in Iranians’ collective memory. The concept of martyrdom gained significant prominence during the Iran-Iraq War (1980 - 1988) when many Iranians, including soldiers and civilians, lost their lives while defending their country. The war led to a surge in a culture surrounding martyrdom, with commemorations, ceremonies and rituals that continue today. Years after the war, new conceptions of martyrdom appeared, and the traditional ones transformed. The latest uprisings in Iran in 2022, with the slogan ‘woman-life-freedom’, have spurred a lively discussion as to how to consider martyrdom nowadays. This article examines the concept of martyrdom, offering fresh interpretations influenced by generational shifts and the rise of social activism in the 2020s, which diverge from traditional revolutionary ideologies. Drawing from survey data and qualitative interviews, the research proposes a taxonomy of martyr categories

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